The Osteon Or Haversian System Quiz Questions

Dendritic cells are macrophages that guard against pathogens and are produced by the bone marrow. The stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum are both layers of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Therefore, dendritic cells can be found in both the stratum spinosum and the stratum granulosum.

The levator ani muscles are likely very weak and contributing to Mrs. M's urinary incontinence. These muscles provide support to the pelvic organs, including the bladder, uterus, and rectum. Weakness in the levator ani muscles can lead to a loss of control over the bladder, resulting in urinary incontinence. Given that Mrs. M has had multiple vaginal deliveries with no complications, it is possible that the levator ani muscles have been stretched or weakened, leading to her symptoms.

The correct answer is "medullary; yellow." The cavity in the diaphysis of long bones is called the medullary cavity. This cavity commonly contains yellow marrow.

The correct answer is the Palatine part of Maxilla. The palatine part of the maxilla refers to the posterior portion of the maxilla bone that forms the hard palate of the mouth. It is responsible for providing structural support and contributing to the formation of the roof of the mouth. The palatine bone, on the other hand, is a separate bone located behind the maxilla and forms a small portion of the hard palate. Therefore, the palatine part of the maxilla is the more accurate and specific answer in this context.

Parathyroid hormone is released in the blood when blood calcium levels become low. This hormone helps to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating the release of calcium from the bones, increasing calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion in the kidneys.

The smooth, connective tissue lining that covers the opposing bony surfaces of a synovial joint is called articular cartilage. This cartilage helps to reduce friction and absorb shock between the bones, allowing for smooth and painless movement within the joint. It also helps to distribute the forces evenly across the joint, protecting the underlying bones from damage. Ligaments, on the other hand, are tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to other bones, while the fibrous capsule is a structure that surrounds and supports the joint. The joint cavity is the space within the joint where synovial fluid is found.

The external intercostals elevate the ribs and expand the thoracic cavity to allow for inflow of air, while the internal and innermost intercostals depress and retract the ribs and compress the thoracic cavity to expel air.

The biceps brachii is the principal flexor in elbow flexion. It is a muscle located in the upper arm that crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints. When the biceps brachii contracts, it causes flexion at the elbow joint, bringing the forearm closer to the upper arm. The other options listed, brachialis, brachioradialis, and triceps brachii, are also muscles in the upper arm but have different functions and are not primarily responsible for elbow flexion.

Pronator teres is the muscle that assists pronator quadratus in pronation. It is responsible for rotating the forearm and wrist inward, allowing the palm to face downwards. The other muscles listed, such as brachioradialis, anconeus, and supinator, have different functions and are not directly involved in pronation.

The child cannot form sufficient vitamin D3, which is the best explanation for the cause of rickets. Vitamin D3 is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the diet, and its deficiency can lead to impaired bone mineralization and the development of rickets. The child's symptoms of bowed legs are consistent with the characteristic deformities seen in rickets, which is caused by a lack of vitamin D3.

The temporal bone is not part of the lateral wall of the orbit. The lateral wall of the orbit is formed by the zygomatic process, the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, and the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone. The temporal bone is located on the side of the skull, but it does not contribute to the structure of the lateral wall of the orbit.

The correct answer is Pubofemoral Ligament. The pubofemoral ligament is a strong ligament that connects the pubis to the femur. It helps to stabilize the hip joint and prevent excessive movement. The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body and is also involved in hip stability. The ischiofemoral ligament is located at the back of the hip joint and helps to limit hip extension. The lesser trochanter is a bony prominence on the femur.

The correct answer is Annular Ligament. The annular ligament is a ring-shaped ligament that wraps around the head of the radius bone in the forearm. It holds the radius bone in place and allows for the rotation of the radius around the ulna bone. This rotation enables supination (turning the palm up) and pronation (turning the palm down) of the forearm. The radial collateral ligament and ulnar collateral ligament are not directly involved in the movements of supination and pronation.

Synchondroses are joints where bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, not fibrocartilage. Fibrocartilage is found in other types of joints such as symphyses. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The teres major muscle does not support the glenohumeral joint. The glenohumeral joint is the main joint of the shoulder, responsible for the movement and stability of the arm. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles are all rotator cuff muscles that help stabilize and support the glenohumeral joint. However, the teres major muscle is not part of the rotator cuff and is not directly involved in supporting the joint.

The structure labeled by 2 is the Lumbricals.

The iliopsoas muscle is responsible for flexing the hip joint. It is a combination of two muscles, the psoas major and the iliacus, which work together to bring the thigh towards the abdomen. This muscle is located deep in the abdomen and plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs.

The medial pterygoid plate is a bony structure located in the skull. It is part of the sphenoid bone and helps form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone is located in the nasal cavity and helps form the nasal septum. The vomer is also part of the nasal septum. The lateral pterygoid plate is a bony structure located in the sphenoid bone and helps form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. Therefore, B is correctly labeled as the medial pterygoid plate.

The Dermis is composed of connective tissue, and is part of the skin. The dermis is the layer of skin that lies beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue. It contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It provides support and nourishment to the epidermis and helps regulate body temperature.

Appositional growth refers to the process of bone growth where new bone tissue is added to the surface of existing bones. This type of growth occurs in the periosteum, which is the outer layer of the bone. As new bone tissue is added to the surface, it gradually increases the diameter of the bone. This allows the bone to become stronger and more resistant to fractures. Therefore, the correct answer is increasing the diameter of the bone.

The statement is false because a meniscus is not a type of bursa. A meniscus is a C-shaped piece of cartilage located in the knee joint that helps to cushion and stabilize the joint. It acts as a shock absorber and helps to distribute weight evenly across the joint. Bursae, on the other hand, are small fluid-filled sacs located throughout the body that help to reduce friction between tissues such as muscles, tendons, and bones.

The fibial (lateral) collateral ligament is the least likely to be fractured in this scenario. The lateral aspect of the knee refers to the outer side, and the fibial collateral ligament is located on the inner side of the knee. Therefore, it is less likely to be directly impacted by a hit on the lateral aspect of the knee. The other ligaments mentioned, such as the medial meniscus, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), and tibial (medial) collateral ligament, are more vulnerable to injury in this situation.

Opposition refers to the movement of the thumb towards the fingers or the movement of the fingers towards the thumb. It allows for grasping and manipulating objects. In the given list, dorsiflexion, inversion, and retraction do not involve the movement of the thumb towards the fingers or vice versa. Therefore, the correct answer is opposition.

The major function of the muscles labeled by X is hip adduction. Hip adduction refers to the movement of bringing the leg towards the midline of the body. The muscles responsible for hip adduction are located on the inner side of the thigh and include muscles such as the adductor longus, adductor magnus, and adductor brevis. These muscles work together to bring the leg closer to the body's midline, allowing for movements such as crossing the legs or bringing the thighs together.

The sprinter's symptoms, including pain in the back of the thigh, difficulty rising from a seated position, and bruising extending into the back of the knee, suggest an injury to the Biceps femoris muscle. The Biceps femoris is one of the hamstring muscles located at the back of the thigh. Its functions include hip extension and knee flexion. The sprinter's symptoms align with a strain or tear in the Biceps femoris muscle, which can occur during explosive movements like sprinting.

Approximately 99% of calcium is stored in the bones in the adult body. This is because calcium plays a critical role in maintaining bone health and strength. It is necessary for the formation and maintenance of bone structure. The remaining 1% of calcium is found in the blood and other body fluids, where it is involved in various physiological functions such as muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting.

Rickets is not a disease caused by polymer deficiency and resulting in soft, deformed bones. Rickets is actually a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which leads to soft and weak bones. The correct answer is stating that rickets is caused by a polymer deficiency, which is not true.

The correct answer is that the superior, middle nasal, and inferior conchae are part of the ethmoid bone. This means that all three conchae are not part of the ethmoid bone, but rather separate structures within the nasal cavity.

The given activities, including stimulation of osteoclasts, reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys, formation of calcitriol, and inhibition of osteoblasts, suggest a response to low blood calcium levels. This is because these activities aim to increase the levels of calcium in the blood. Additionally, the increased production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is consistent with the response to low blood calcium, as PTH helps to increase calcium levels in the blood by promoting calcium reabsorption from the kidneys and stimulating osteoclast activity.

The skeletal system performs various functions, including the protective enclosure of the viscera, maintenance of electrolyte balance, maintenance of acid-base balance, and production of blood cells. However, it does not play a role in the regulation of body temperature. This function is primarily carried out by the integumentary system, which includes the skin, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The integumentary system helps in maintaining the body's internal temperature through processes like sweating and dilation or constriction of blood vessels.

The cribiform plate is a part of the ethmoid bone, not the frontal bone. It is located in the roof of the nasal cavity and contains small openings called foramina, which allow for the passage of the olfactory cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for our sense of smell. Therefore, the statement that the cribiform plate is associated with the frontal bone is not true.

The correct answer is perforating canal-->central canal -->canaliculus -->lacuna -->canaliculus -->lacuna. This pathway represents the most likely route for a glucose molecule to travel from the nutrient foramen in compact bone to an osteocyte in the second row of lacunae of an osteon or Haversian system. The glucose molecule would enter the bone through the perforating canal, then move into the central canal. From there, it would travel through canaliculi, which are small channels that connect lacunae, before reaching the desired osteocyte in the second row of lacunae.

The humerus articulates with the radius via the capitulum. The capitulum is a rounded knob-like structure located on the lateral side of the distal end of the humerus. It forms a joint with the head of the radius, allowing for flexion and extension movements of the forearm. This articulation is part of the elbow joint, which also includes the articulation between the humerus and the ulna.

Zone 3 represents the cessation of mitosis, enlargement of chondrocytes, and thinning of lacuna walls. This zone is known as the hypertrophic zone and is characterized by the chondrocytes enlarging and aligning in rows. The lacuna walls also become thinner during this stage. This process is an important step in the development and growth of cartilage.

The eponychium is the thin layer of skin that covers the base of the nail. It is composed of dead epidermal cells, which are the outermost layer of the skin. These cells are constantly being shed and replaced by new cells from the deeper layers of the epidermis. The eponychium acts as a protective barrier for the nail matrix, preventing infection and damage to the growing nail.

The joint between the L2 and L3 vertebrae is a symphysis. A symphysis is a type of joint where the bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, allowing for limited movement. In the case of the L2 and L3 vertebrae, there is a symphysis joint between them that allows for slight movement and flexibility in the spine.

The correct answer is Brachioradialis because it is the only muscle listed that is labeled in the question. The other muscles mentioned, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Carpi Radialis, and Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, are not labeled in the question.

The temporalis muscle is responsible for mandibular elevation. It is a large fan-shaped muscle located on the side of the head. When it contracts, it pulls the mandible (lower jaw) upwards, allowing for the closing of the mouth and chewing of food. The other muscles listed do not have the primary function of mandibular elevation.

The fracture described in the question extends from the symphysis pubis to the inferior ramus of the pubis. This fracture is in the pelvic region, specifically in the area where the thigh adductor muscles attach. Thigh adductors are responsible for bringing the thigh towards the midline of the body. Therefore, if these muscles are impaired due to the fracture, it would be difficult for the woman to bring her thighs together, making walking difficult and causing pain in the groin area.

The maxillary sinus is the space labeled by X. If Mary does not treat her cold, she could potentially get inflammations of the maxillary sinus.

The parietal bone forms the sides and roof of the skull. It is bordered by the sphenosquamosal suture, lambdoid suture, and squamous suture. However, the sagittal suture is not a border of the parietal bone. The sagittal suture is the midline joint between the two parietal bones and runs from the front to the back of the skull.

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D and it plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) primarily acts to increase blood calcium levels but does not directly affect phosphate absorption. On the other hand, calcitriol stimulates the small intestine to absorb more phosphate, which helps in maintaining phosphate homeostasis in the body. This is why the correct answer is "stimulate the small intestine to absorb more phosphate."

Severe hypocalcaemia is a condition characterized by dangerously low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle function, including the muscles involved in breathing. Laryngospasm, a sudden spasm of the vocal cords, can occur as a result of hypocalcaemia, leading to difficulty in breathing and potentially suffocation. This is the most serious effect because it directly affects the ability to breathe and can be life-threatening.

When you walk up the stairs, your hip and knee joints extend to lift your body weight. Extension is the movement that increases the angle between two body parts. In this case, as you lift your body weight, your hip and knee joints straighten or extend, allowing you to take a step forward and move up the stairs.

The petrous part of the temporal bone is true concerning the petrous part of the temporal bone. It is part of the cranial floor, houses the middle and inner ear cavities, and has the Jugular foramen and carotid canal. However, it does not have the External auditory meatus.

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The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except anteriorly and inferiorly, which means that the front and bottom of the shoulder joint are not fully covered by the tendons. This lack of coverage in these specific areas makes the shoulder more vulnerable to dislocations, as the tendons are not providing full support and stability in those directions.

Melanocytes are not found in the epidermis. Melanocytes are specialized cells located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis, called the basal layer. These cells produce melanin, the pigment responsible for giving color to the skin, hair, and eyes. The epidermis is primarily composed of keratinocytes, which produce the protein keratin and form the protective barrier of the skin. Fibroblasts are found in the dermis, the layer beneath the epidermis, and are responsible for producing collagen and other connective tissues. Stem cells and tactile (Merkel) cells are also found in the epidermis.