CRNA Pharm Sympathomimetic Short Review

The explanation for the given correct answer is that cAMP is generally considered an up-regulator because it increases contractility, while cGMP is considered a down-regulator because it causes smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation. Therefore, the statement that cAMP is an up-regulator and cGMP is a down-regulator is true.

Ephedrine's direct action occurs by stimulating adrenergic receptors similar to epinephrine. This means that ephedrine activates specific receptors in the body that are typically activated by epinephrine, a hormone involved in the "fight or flight" response. Indirect actions of ephedrine may be due to central stimulation, peripheral postsynaptic norepinephrine release, or inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake. In other words, ephedrine can also affect the release and reuptake of norepinephrine, another hormone involved in regulating various bodily functions.

All others are increased.

Incremental doses

According to ppt, don't know what N/P says

Bradycardia can progress to sinus arrest.

When reversing nondepolarizers---- goal is to maximize nicotinic transmission and minimize muscarinic side effects

Phenylephrine also causes a significant decrease in renal blood flow.

Dose:
IV bolus of 50-100 mcg (0.5-1 mcg/kg)
Continuous: 0.25-1 mcg/kg/min

According to N/P
Beta stimulation @ 0.01-0.03 mcg/kg/min
Beta/A1 @ 0.03-0.15 mcg/kg/min
A1 @ 0.15-0.3 mcg/kg/min

Albuterol is commonly used for the treatment of asthma. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing. Albuterol is a bronchodilator medication that works by relaxing the muscles in the airways, allowing for easier breathing. It is often prescribed as a quick-relief medication to provide immediate relief during asthma attacks or as a preventive measure before physical activities that may trigger symptoms.

Stimulation of Beta1 receptors by epinephrine leads to an increase in cardiac output, contractility, and heart rate. These effects result in an increased demand for oxygen by the myocardium, as the heart needs more oxygen to meet the increased workload. Therefore, the correct answer is "increases."

Isoproterenol and dobutamine are synthetic catecholamines

Activation of beta-2 receptors stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, inhibits glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen into glucose), and enhances the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Therefore, the activation of beta-2 receptors leads to an increase in insulin secretion, which helps to lower blood sugar levels and maintain glucose homeostasis in the body.

Ephedrine is not a catecholamine. It is a sympathomimetic amine that acts as a decongestant and bronchodilator. Catecholamines, on the other hand, are a class of neurotransmitters that include dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

When using phentolamine - reflex tachycardia and postural hypotension limit the usefulness to the treatment of hypertension caused by excessive alpha stimulation (such as with pheochromocytoma)

Phosphodiesterase inhibitors have vasodilatory properties.

According to wikipedia ;)

Does not decrease uterine blood flow.

The indirect effects of dopamine are caused by the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter that is released in response to dopamine. It plays a role in various physiological processes such as regulating blood pressure, heart rate, and mood. The release of norepinephrine can have an impact on the body and brain, leading to changes in arousal, attention, and overall functioning. Therefore, the release of norepinephrine is responsible for the indirect effects of dopamine.

Patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors should not receive ephedrine because it can cause a hypertensive crisis. This is because ephedrine increases the levels of norepinephrine in the nerve cleft, and since norepinephrine is already in abundance in patients on monoamine oxidase inhibitors, administering ephedrine can lead to a dangerous increase in blood pressure.

Epinephrine is a hormone that stimulates B2 receptors, leading to vasodilation of skeletal muscles. Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels, which results in decreased resistance to blood flow. As a result, the diastolic blood pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest, is decreased. Therefore, when using epinephrine, the B2 stimulation causes a decrease in diastolic blood pressure.