1.
The earliest type of society was the ______ society
Correct Answer
B. Hunting and gathering
Explanation
Hunting and gathering refers to the earliest type of society where humans relied on hunting animals and gathering plants for their survival. This type of society was prevalent during the Paleolithic era, before the development of agriculture or the rise of industrialization. People in hunting and gathering societies lived in small groups and were nomadic, constantly moving in search of food and resources. This lifestyle characterized human societies for thousands of years before the advent of agriculture.
2.
A ______ society is characterized by the domestication of plants.
Correct Answer
C. Horticultural
Explanation
A horticultural society is characterized by the domestication of plants. This means that people in this society cultivate and grow plants for their own use. Horticulture involves techniques such as planting, watering, and harvesting crops. In a horticultural society, people rely on agriculture as their main source of food and often have settled communities. This is different from a pastoral society, which relies on the domestication of animals, or a hunting and gathering society, which relies on hunting and gathering for food. A post-industrial society refers to a society that has moved beyond industrialization and is characterized by a focus on services and information.
3.
An example of a(n) ______ status would be being the child of a school teacher.
Correct Answer
D. Ascribed
Explanation
The given question is asking for an example of a status, and the correct answer is "ascribed." Ascribed status refers to a social position that is assigned to an individual at birth or based on characteristics that are beyond their control, such as their family background or ethnicity. Being the child of a school teacher is an example of an ascribed status because it is something that is given to a person without their choice or effort.
4.
When you join a sports team and are trying to determine the patterns of relationships among the members, you are determining the group's ______
Correct Answer
B. Social structure
Explanation
When you join a sports team and are trying to determine the patterns of relationships among the members, you are determining the group's social structure. Social structure refers to the patterned social arrangements and relationships within a group or society. By observing and understanding the relationships and interactions among the team members, you can gain insights into the social dynamics and hierarchies within the group.
5.
An example of a teacher's ____ is to be respected by his/her students.
Correct Answer
A. Rights
Explanation
The correct answer is "rights". In this sentence, the word "rights" fits logically as it implies that a teacher has certain entitlements or privileges that should be acknowledged and respected by their students. The other options do not align with the context of the sentence. "Conflicts" does not make sense in this context, "obligations" suggests a sense of duty rather than respect, and "status" refers to one's position or rank rather than the desired behavior of students towards a teacher.
6.
_____ societies make heavy use of mechanization.
Correct Answer
C. Industrial
Explanation
Industrial societies make heavy use of mechanization because they rely on advanced technology and machinery to carry out production and manufacturing processes. These societies have a high level of division of labor, with specialized roles and tasks, and they prioritize efficiency and productivity. Mechanization allows for mass production, automation of tasks, and the use of complex machinery to increase output and reduce the need for manual labor. This reliance on mechanization is a defining characteristic of industrial societies.
7.
Which of the following statements is NOT a statement characterizing postindustrial societies?
Correct Answer
B. More people work in blue collar jobs than in white collar jobs
Explanation
The correct answer is "more people work in blue collar jobs than in white collar jobs." This statement is not a characteristic of postindustrial societies because in postindustrial societies, there is a shift towards a greater number of people working in white collar jobs, which are typically professional or managerial positions, rather than blue collar jobs, which are manual or labor-intensive jobs.
8.
When the time you spend working at a fast-food restaurant causes you to do poorly on an Algebra test, you are experiencing _____
Correct Answer
D. Role conflict
Explanation
When the time spent working at a fast-food restaurant affects your performance on an Algebra test, it creates a conflict between your roles as a fast-food worker and a student. This conflict arises because the demands and responsibilities of these roles clash with each other, leading to difficulties in balancing them and causing negative consequences in one area (doing poorly on the Algebra test). Thus, the correct answer is role conflict.
9.
An example of a student's _____ is to study the material presented by the instructor in class.
Correct Answer
C. Obligations
Explanation
The word "obligations" fits best in the given sentence because it implies a sense of responsibility or duty towards studying the material presented by the instructor in class. It suggests that the student has a commitment or obligation to learn and understand the material as part of their role as a student.
10.
According to Ferdinand Tonnies, industrial societies are characterized by _____
Correct Answer
A. Interdependence among people because of job specialization
Explanation
Ferdinand Tonnies believed that industrial societies are characterized by interdependence among people because of job specialization. In these societies, individuals have specific roles and tasks that contribute to the overall functioning of the society. This specialization creates a reliance on others to fulfill different aspects of production and services, fostering interdependence among people. Tonnies argued that this interdependence is a defining feature of industrial societies, as opposed to preindustrial societies where social relationships were more personal and less reliant on specialized roles.
11.
When you are discussing with your friend what to do on a Friday night, you are engaging in ______
Correct Answer
C. Social interaction
Explanation
The given correct answer is social interaction because when you are discussing with your friend what to do on a Friday night, you are engaging in a social interaction. Social interaction refers to the process of people interacting with one another, exchanging information, ideas, and emotions. In this scenario, you are actively engaging in a conversation with your friend, sharing opinions, and making plans together, which falls under the category of social interaction.
12.
Which of the following is a characteristic of organic solidarity?
Correct Answer
B. People have complex specialized statuses that make them interdependent
Explanation
Organic solidarity is a type of social cohesion that is based on the interdependence of individuals in a society. This interdependence is achieved through the existence of complex specialized statuses, where individuals have different roles and responsibilities that contribute to the functioning of the society as a whole. In this type of solidarity, individuals rely on each other's skills and expertise, creating a sense of mutual dependence. This characteristic distinguishes organic solidarity from mechanical solidarity, where social unity is achieved through a consensus of beliefs and values.
13.
In _____ societies, most people work in white-collar jobs.
Correct Answer
D. Postindustrial
Explanation
Postindustrial societies are characterized by a shift from manufacturing and agriculture to service-based industries. In these societies, the majority of people work in white-collar jobs, such as those in the fields of finance, technology, education, and healthcare. This is because postindustrial societies rely heavily on knowledge, information, and innovation, leading to a greater demand for skilled professionals in various sectors.
14.
Which of the following is true concerning our society?
Correct Answer
A. We are living in a postindustrial society
15.
Emile Durkheim stated that social solidarity is a result of a society's division of labor.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Emile Durkheim actually stated that social solidarity is a result of a society's collective consciousness. He argued that individuals in a society are bound together by shared beliefs, values, and norms, rather than just the division of labor. Durkheim believed that social solidarity is essential for maintaining social order and stability within a society.
16.
Being a professional ballplayer would be an example of an ascribed status.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Being a professional ballplayer is not an example of an ascribed status because it is not a status that is assigned to an individual at birth or based on their social characteristics. Instead, becoming a professional ballplayer is typically achieved through hard work, skill, and dedication, making it an achieved status.
17.
We live in a postindustrial society.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement "We live in a postindustrial society" is true. A postindustrial society is characterized by a shift from manufacturing and industrial production to a focus on services, information, and technology. In such societies, the majority of the workforce is employed in service-based industries like finance, healthcare, and education, rather than in manufacturing or agriculture. This shift has been driven by advancements in technology and automation, leading to a decline in traditional manufacturing jobs and the rise of knowledge-based industries.
18.
The industrial revolution took place in the 1970s when computers first became commonplace in American businesses and homes.
Correct Answer
B. False
19.
Role conflict can be reduced when we try to take a positive attitude when examining our situation.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Taking a positive attitude when examining our situation may help in managing role stress and improving overall well-being, but it does not directly reduce role conflict. Role conflict refers to the tension and strain experienced when an individual is faced with conflicting expectations or demands from different roles they hold. While a positive attitude may help in coping with role conflict, it does not eliminate or reduce it. Therefore, the given answer "False" is correct.
20.
In an industrial society, machines have replaced the power previously supplied by people and animals.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
In an industrial society, machines have indeed replaced the power previously supplied by people and animals. This is evident in various industries where machines and automation have taken over tasks that were previously performed manually. The use of machines has increased efficiency, productivity, and output in industries, leading to a significant reduction in the reliance on human and animal labor. Therefore, the statement "machines have replaced the power previously supplied by people and animals" is true in the context of an industrial society.
21.
This society subsists primarily by growing food with the help of plows and animals.
Correct Answer
C. Agricultural
Explanation
The given correct answer is "agricultural". This means that the society in question relies on the cultivation of crops and the use of plows and animals to grow food. This suggests that the society has advanced beyond the hunting and gathering stage and has developed a more organized and efficient system of food production. The term "postindustrial" refers to a society that has moved beyond industrialization, which is not relevant to the given information. The term "pastoral" refers to a society that relies on the raising of livestock, which is not mentioned in the given information.
22.
In this society, most people have service-related jobs.
Correct Answer
A. Postindustrial
Explanation
The given statement suggests that the society described in the question is characterized by having service-related jobs. This implies that the society has moved beyond an agricultural or pastoral economy, where people primarily rely on farming or herding, respectively, for their livelihoods. It also indicates that the society is not in a hunting and gathering stage, where people rely on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for sustenance. Instead, the society is in a postindustrial stage, where the majority of people are engaged in providing services rather than producing goods.
23.
This society exists primarily by raising animals that have been domesticated.
Correct Answer
C. Pastoral
Explanation
The correct answer is pastoral. This society exists primarily by raising animals that have been domesticated. Pastoral societies rely on the herding of animals for their livelihood and sustenance. They move from one grazing area to another in search of food and water for their animals. This lifestyle is typically associated with nomadic or semi-nomadic communities who depend on the herding of animals such as sheep, goats, or cattle for their survival.
24.
This society subsists by manual farming, with the aid of equipment or animals, and society members generally raise enough for themselves and their family.
Correct Answer
D. Horticultural
Explanation
This society is described as subsisting by manual farming, which suggests that they rely on cultivating plants for their survival. The use of equipment or animals implies that they have some level of technological advancement in their farming practices. However, the fact that they generally raise enough for themselves and their family indicates that their farming methods are not highly efficient or focused on producing surplus for trade or commerce. Therefore, the term that best describes this society is horticultural, which refers to a society that relies on small-scale, low-intensity farming for subsistence.
25.
Members of this society exist by hunting animals and gathering grew fruits and vegetables.
Correct Answer
B. Hunting and gathering
Explanation
The correct answer is hunting and gathering. This is because the statement mentions that the members of this society survive by hunting animals and gathering fruits and vegetables. Hunting and gathering refers to a type of society that relies on hunting animals and gathering wild plants for their sustenance. This type of society is typically characterized by small, mobile groups that move in search of food and have a limited division of labor.
26.
This society is marked by interdependence, basic goods and services are produced with the aid of science and technology.
Correct Answer
C. Postindustrial
Explanation
The correct answer is postindustrial because the statement mentions the production of goods and services with the aid of science and technology. This indicates a shift from traditional industrial methods to a more advanced and technologically driven society. The term "postindustrial" refers to a society that has moved beyond the industrial age and is characterized by a reliance on knowledge, information, and service-based industries.