A&p 2 Urinary & Respiratory

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Quizzes Created: 5 | Total Attempts: 11,439

Questions: 101 | Attempts: 817 | Updated: Mar 22, 2023

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Anatomoy and psyhiology quiz over urinary system & respiratory system

Questions and Answers

1.

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
- A.
  
  Pulmonary ventilation
- B.
  
  Transport of respiratory gases
- C.
  
  External respiration
- D.
  
  Pulmonary respiration
Correct Answer
B. Transport of respiratory gases

Explanation
The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body and the environment. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, where air is inhaled and exhaled. External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood. Pulmonary respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the lungs and the surrounding tissues. Transport of respiratory gases, on the other hand, refers to the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the bloodstream to and from the tissues. This process is primarily carried out by the circulatory system, specifically the cardiovascular system. Therefore, transport of respiratory gases is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system.

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2.

The loudness of a persons voice depends on the
- A.
  
  Thickness of vestibular folds
- B.
  
  Length of the vocal folds
- C.
  
  Strength of the instrinsic laryngeal muscles
- D.
  
  Force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
Correct Answer
D. Force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

Explanation
The loudness of a person's voice depends on the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds. The vocal folds vibrate when air passes through them, and the force with which the air rushes across the vocal folds determines the amplitude of the sound produced. A stronger force will result in a louder voice, while a weaker force will result in a softer voice. Therefore, the force with which air rushes across the vocal folds directly affects the loudness of a person's voice.

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3.

The walls of the alveioli are composed of to types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to _________.
- A.
  
  Secrete surfactant
- B.
  
  Trap dust and other debris
- C.
  
  Replace mucus int he alveioli
- D.
  
  Protect the lungs from bacterial invasion
Correct Answer
A. Secrete surfactant

Explanation
Type II cells in the alveoli secrete surfactant. Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing and sticking together. This helps to maintain the stability and integrity of the alveoli during breathing and allows for efficient gas exchange in the lungs.

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4.

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
- A.
  
  Less than the pressure in the atmosphere
- B.
  
  Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
- C.
  
  Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
- D.
  
  Greater than the intra alveolar pressure
Correct Answer
B. Greater than the pressure in the atmospHere

Explanation
When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, air moves out of the lungs. This is because air naturally moves from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure, in order to equalize the pressure. Therefore, when the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, the air will flow out of the lungs until the pressures become equal.

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5.

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?
- A.
  
  The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid
- B.
  
  The expansion of respiratory muscles that were contracted during inspiration and the lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall
- C.
  
  The negative feedback of expansion fibers used during inspiration and the outward pull of surface tension due to surfactant
- D.
  
  Combined amount of CO2 in the blood and air in the alveioli
Correct Answer
A. The recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

Explanation
Expiration is a passive act because it does not involve muscular contractions. Instead, it relies on two factors: the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration and the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid. The recoil of elastic fibers helps to push air out of the lungs, while the surface tension of the alveolar fluid creates an inward pull that aids in the process of expiration. These two factors work together to facilitate the passive act of expiration.

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6.

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
- A.
  
  Surface tension of water
- B.
  
  Surfactant
- C.
  
  Carilage rings
- D.
  
  Pseudostratifeid ciliated epithelium
Correct Answer
C. Carilage rings

Explanation
The correct answer is cartilage rings. The trachea is a tube-like structure that allows air to pass into and out of the lungs. The cartilage rings provide support and prevent the collapse of the trachea, maintaining its patency or openness. These rings are C-shaped and are located along the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea. They keep the trachea rigid while still allowing flexibility for movement and expansion during breathing. The surface tension of water, surfactant, and pseudostratified ciliated epithelium are all important for other respiratory functions but do not directly maintain the patency of the trachea.

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7.

Intrapulmonary pressure is the
- A.
  
  Pressure within the pleural cavity
- B.
  
  Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
- C.
  
  Negative pressure in the intrapleural space
- D.
  
  Difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure
Correct Answer
B. Pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Explanation
The correct answer is "pressure within the alveoli of the lungs." Intrapulmonary pressure refers to the pressure within the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange takes place. This pressure changes during the respiratory cycle, increasing during inspiration and decreasing during expiration. It is essential for the movement of air in and out of the lungs.

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8.

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by
- A.
  
  Boyles law
- B.
  
  Henrys law
- C.
  
  Charles law
- D.
  
  Daltons law
Correct Answer
A. Boyles law

Explanation
Boyle's law states that the pressure and volume of a gas are inversely proportional when the temperature and amount of gas are kept constant. This means that as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure increases, and vice versa. Boyle's law is derived from the ideal gas law and is applicable to ideal gases. It helps explain phenomena such as the inflation and deflation of balloons or the compression and expansion of gases in a piston.

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9.

The statement "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases
- A.
  
  Henrys law
- B.
  
  Boyles law
- C.
  
  Daltons law
- D.
  
  Charles law
Correct Answer
C. Daltons law

Explanation
Dalton's law states that in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. This means that each gas in the mixture exerts its own pressure independent of the other gases present. Therefore, the given statement accurately paraphrases Dalton's law.

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10.

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collasping by
- A.
  
  Humidifying the air before it enters
- B.
  
  Warming the air before it enters
- C.
  
  Interfering with the conhesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
- D.
  
  Protecting the surface of alveioli from dehydration and other enviromental variations
Correct Answer
C. Interfering with the conhesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Explanation
Surfactant is a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid. In the case of alveoli, surfactant interferes with the conhesiveness of water molecules, which in turn reduces the surface tension of the alveolar fluid. This reduction in surface tension helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by making it easier for the alveoli to expand and stay open during inhalation.

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11.

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be
- A.
  
  At least 3 micrometers thick
- B.
  
  0.5 to 1 micrometer thick
- C.
  
  Between 5 and 6 micrometers thick
- D.
  
  The thickness of the respiratory membrane is not important in the efficiency of gas exchange.
Correct Answer
B. 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick

Explanation
The correct answer is 0.5 to 1 micrometer thick. Gas exchange occurs through diffusion across the respiratory membrane, which consists of a thin layer of cells. If the membrane is too thick, diffusion of gases becomes slower and less efficient. Therefore, a thickness of 0.5 to 1 micrometer allows for a rapid and efficient exchange of gases between the respiratory surface and the bloodstream.

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12.

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)
- A.
  
  Decrease in pH (acidosis) strengthens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
- B.
  
  Decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond
- C.
  
  Increase in pH (alkalosis) strenghens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
- D.
  
  Increase in pH (alkalosis) weakens the hemoglobin oxygen bond
Correct Answer
B. Decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond

Explanation
The Bohr effect refers to the phenomenon where a decrease in pH (acidosis) weakens the hemoglobin-oxygen bond, resulting in more oxygen being released by hemoglobin. This occurs because when the pH decreases, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, which leads to the formation of additional bonds between the hydrogen ions and hemoglobin. These additional bonds cause a conformational change in the hemoglobin molecule, making it more difficult for oxygen to bind to it. As a result, oxygen is more readily released to the tissues that need it.

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13.

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is
- A.
  
  Loss of oxygen in tissues
- B.
  
  Increase of carbon dioxide
- C.
  
  PH (acidosis)
- D.
  
  PH (alkalosis)
Correct Answer
B. Increase of carbon dioxide

Explanation
The increase of carbon dioxide is the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person. When carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, it triggers the respiratory centers in the brain to increase the rate and depth of breathing. This response helps to remove excess carbon dioxide and restore the balance of gases in the body. Oxygen levels also play a role in regulating breathing, but the increase in carbon dioxide has a stronger effect on respiratory drive. pH levels (acidosis or alkalosis) can also affect breathing, but they are not as powerful a stimulus as an increase in carbon dioxide.

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14.

Nerve impulses from __________________ will result in inspiration
- A.
  
  The ventral respiratory group
- B.
  
  The chemoreceptor center
- C.
  
  Broca's center
- D.
  
  The preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
Correct Answer
A. The ventral respiratory group

Explanation
The ventral respiratory group is responsible for generating nerve impulses that result in inspiration. It is a group of neurons located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem. These neurons send signals to the muscles involved in breathing, causing them to contract and initiate the inhalation process. Therefore, when nerve impulses originate from the ventral respiratory group, it triggers the inspiration phase of breathing.

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15.

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is
- A.
  
  Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form
- B.
  
  About equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
- C.
  
  Greater thatn the oxygen combined with hemoglobin
- D.
  
  Not present except where it is combined with carrier molecules
Correct Answer
A. Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved form

Explanation
In the plasma, only about 1.5% of the oxygen is present in a dissolved form. This means that the majority of the oxygen in the plasma is not in a dissolved state, but rather combined with other molecules such as hemoglobin. Therefore, the quantity of oxygen in solution is much smaller compared to the oxygen combined with hemoglobin.

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16.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?
- A.
  
  During fetal life, lungs are filled with fluid
- B.
  
  Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants
- C.
  
  Descent of the diaphragm results in abdominal breathing
- D.
  
  The chest wall becomes more rigid with age
Correct Answer
B. Respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants

Explanation
The statement "respiratory rate is lowest in newborn infants" is incorrect. In fact, the respiratory rate in newborn infants is relatively higher compared to adults. Newborns typically have a respiratory rate of around 30-60 breaths per minute, whereas adults have a lower respiratory rate of around 12-20 breaths per minute.

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17.

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?
- A.
  
  The neural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
- B.
  
  Compliance and transpulmonary pressure
- C.
  
  The natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures
- D.
  
  Compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
Correct Answer
A. The neural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Explanation
The forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and collapse the lungs are the neural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid. The neural tendency for the lungs to recoil refers to the natural elasticity of the lung tissue, which causes it to want to shrink back to its original size. The surface tension of the alveolar fluid refers to the cohesive forces between the molecules of the fluid lining the alveoli, which creates a force that pulls the alveoli inward and collapses the lungs.

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18.

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?
- A.
  
  Psychic stimuli
- B.
  
  Decrease in lactic acid levels
- C.
  
  Proprioceptors
- D.
  
  Stimultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center
Correct Answer
B. Decrease in lactic acid levels

Explanation
The decrease in lactic acid levels does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated. During exercise, ventilation increases to meet the increased demand for oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. This increase in ventilation is primarily regulated by the respiratory center in the brain, which is stimulated by various factors such as psychic stimuli, proprioceptors, and simultaneous cortical motor activation of the skeletal muscles and respiratory center. Lactic acid levels are not directly involved in regulating ventilation during exercise.

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19.

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
- A.
  
  Adenocarcinoma
- B.
  
  Kaposi's sarcoma
- C.
  
  Small cell carcinoma
- D.
  
  Squamous cell carcinoma
Correct Answer
B. Kaposi's sarcoma

Explanation
Kaposi's sarcoma is not a form of lung cancer. It is a type of cancer that primarily affects the skin and mucous membranes, but can also involve other organs including the lungs. It is caused by a virus called human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and is most commonly seen in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS. Adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma are all types of lung cancer that arise from different cell types within the lungs.

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20.

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?
- A.
  
  Pulmonary ventilation
- B.
  
  Blood pH adjustment
- C.
  
  Internal repiration
- D.
  
  External respiration
Correct Answer
B. Blood pH adjustment

Explanation
Blood pH adjustment is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2. The primary function of blood pH adjustment is to maintain the acid-base balance in the body. This process is regulated by the kidneys and involves the excretion or retention of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). While maintaining proper blood pH is important for overall health, it is not directly involved in the process of oxygen supply and carbon dioxide removal, which primarily occurs through pulmonary ventilation, internal respiration, and external respiration.

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21.

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?
- A.
  
  Cartilage gradually decreases and disappears at the bronchiles
- B.
  
  Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross sectional diameter
- C.
  
  Proportionally smooth muscle decreases uniformly
- D.
  
  Lining of the tubes changes from ciliated columnar to simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli
Correct Answer
B. Resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross sectional diameter

Explanation
The statement that resistance to air flow increases due to the increase in cross-sectional diameter is not true. In reality, resistance to air flow decreases as the cross-sectional diameter increases. This is because a larger diameter allows for a greater volume of air to flow through the respiratory tract, reducing the resistance to airflow.

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22.

Which of the following determines lung compliance?
- A.
  
  Airway opening
- B.
  
  Flexibility of the thoracic cage
- C.
  
  Muscles of inspiration
- D.
  
  Alveolar surface tension
Correct Answer
D. Alveolar surface tension

Explanation
Lung compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and stretch during inspiration. Alveolar surface tension plays a crucial role in determining lung compliance. Alveoli are lined with a thin layer of fluid, and the surface tension of this fluid can affect the ease with which the alveoli can expand. High surface tension can make it more difficult for the alveoli to expand, resulting in decreased lung compliance. Therefore, alveolar surface tension is a key factor in determining lung compliance.

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23.

Tidal volume is air
- A.
  
  Remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
- B.
  
  Exchanged during normal breathing
- C.
  
  Inhaled after normal inspiration
- D.
  
  Forcibly expelled after normal expiration
Correct Answer
B. Exchanged during normal breathing

Explanation
Tidal volume refers to the amount of air that is exchanged during normal breathing. It represents the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled during each breath without any forced expiration or inspiration. This volume of air is essential for maintaining proper gas exchange in the lungs and ensuring a steady supply of oxygen to the body.

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24.

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
- A.
  
  Solubility in water
- B.
  
  Partial pressure gradient
- C.
  
  The temperature
- D.
  
  Molecular weight and size of the gas molecule
Correct Answer
B. Partial pressure gradient

Explanation
The direction of respiratory gas movement is determined by the partial pressure gradient. This means that gases will move from an area of higher partial pressure to an area of lower partial pressure. The difference in partial pressure creates a concentration gradient that drives the movement of gases. Solubility in water, temperature, and molecular weight and size of the gas molecule may affect the rate of gas movement, but they do not determine the direction of movement.

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25.

Possible causes of hypoxia include
- A.
  
  Too little oxygen in the atmosphere
- B.
  
  Obstruction of the esophagus
- C.
  
  Taking several rapid deep breaths
- D.
  
  Getting very cold
Correct Answer
A. Too little oxygen in the atmospHere

Explanation
Hypoxia refers to a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues. The given answer, "too little oxygen in the atmosphere," is a possible cause of hypoxia. If the surrounding environment has a low oxygen concentration, it can lead to a reduced oxygen intake by the lungs, resulting in insufficient oxygen reaching the tissues. This can occur in high-altitude areas or in enclosed spaces with limited ventilation.

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26.

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the
- A.
  
  Tidal volume
- B.
  
  Vidal capacity
- C.
  
  Inspiratory capacity
- D.
  
  Expiratory reserve volume
Correct Answer
B. Vidal capacity

Explanation
The vital capacity represents the total volume of exchangeable air in the lungs. It is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is calculated by adding the tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume. The tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing, while the inspiratory capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation. The expiratory reserve volume is the additional amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully after a normal exhalation. Therefore, the vital capacity encompasses all of these volumes and represents the total volume of exchangeable air.

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27.

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding repiratory exchange?
- A.
  
  Respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus
- B.
  
  Respiratory exchanges are not necessary
- C.
  
  Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta
- D.
  
  Because the lungs develop late in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchange
Correct Answer
C. Respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta

Explanation
During fetal life, the lungs are filled with fluid and are not functional for respiratory exchange. Instead, oxygen and nutrients are exchanged between the fetus and the mother through the placenta. The placenta acts as a barrier between the fetal and maternal blood supply, allowing for the exchange of gases and nutrients. This is necessary for the fetus to receive oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. Therefore, the statement that respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta is true.

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28.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
- A.
  
  Rising carbon dioxide levels
- B.
  
  Rising blood pressure
- C.
  
  Arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg
- D.
  
  Arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention
Correct Answer
B. Rising blood pressure

Explanation
Rising blood pressure is not a stimulus for breathing. The respiratory system is primarily regulated by the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the arterial oxygen levels and pH. When carbon dioxide levels rise or arterial oxygen levels decrease, the body responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. Similarly, when the arterial pH becomes acidic due to CO2 retention, the body increases breathing to remove excess carbon dioxide. However, rising blood pressure does not directly stimulate the respiratory system.

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29.

Respiratory control centers are located in the
- A.
  
  Midbrain and medulla
- B.
  
  Medulla and pons
- C.
  
  Pons and midbrain
- D.
  
  Upper spinal cord and medulla
Correct Answer
B. Medulla and pons

Explanation
The respiratory control centers are responsible for regulating breathing. They monitor the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and adjust the rate and depth of breathing accordingly. These control centers are located in the medulla and pons, which are regions of the brainstem. The medulla plays a crucial role in controlling the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps to fine-tune and coordinate the breathing process. Together, the medulla and pons ensure that breathing is properly regulated to maintain the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

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30.

The amount of air that can be inpired above the tidal volume is called
- A.
  
  Reserve air
- B.
  
  Expiratory reserve
- C.
  
  Inspiratory reserve
- D.
  
  Vital capacity
Correct Answer
C. Inspiratory reserve

Explanation
The inspiratory reserve refers to the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal volume breath. This extra air can be taken in during deep inhalation and is used during activities that require increased oxygen intake, such as exercise. It is an important measure of lung function and respiratory capacity. The other options, reserve air, expiratory reserve, and vital capacity, do not accurately describe this specific amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume.

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31.

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?
- A.
  
  Its concentration in the blood is decreased by hyperventilation
- B.
  
  Its accumulation in the blood is associated with a decrease in pH
- C.
  
  More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma that is carried in the RBCs
- D.
  
  CO2 concentrations are greater in venous blood than arterial blood
Correct Answer
C. More CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma that is carried in the RBCs

Explanation
CO2 is mostly transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) rather than being dissolved in the blood plasma or carried by red blood cells (RBCs). Only a small fraction of CO2 is dissolved in the blood plasma, while the majority is converted to bicarbonate ions in the red blood cells and transported to the lungs to be exhaled. Therefore, the statement that more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma that is carried in the RBCs is incorrect.

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32.

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by
- A.
  
  Osmosis
- B.
  
  Diffusion
- C.
  
  Filtration
- D.
  
  Active transport
Correct Answer
B. Diffusion

Explanation
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. In the case of oxygen and carbon dioxide, they are exchanged in the lungs and through cell membranes by diffusion. Oxygen, which is in higher concentration in the lungs or in the blood, will diffuse into the cells where it is in lower concentration. Similarly, carbon dioxide, which is in higher concentration in the cells, will diffuse out of the cells into the blood or lungs where it is in lower concentration. Therefore, diffusion is the correct answer for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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33.

Select the correct statement about pharynx
- A.
  
  The pharyngeal tonsil is located in the larynogopharynx
- B.
  
  The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
- C.
  
  The laryngopharynx blends posteriorly into the nasopharynx
- D.
  
  The palatine tonsils are embedded in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.
Correct Answer
B. The auditory tube drains into the nasopHarynx

Explanation
The correct statement about the pharynx is that the auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx. The auditory tube, also known as the Eustachian tube, connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and helps equalize pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere. This allows for proper functioning of the ear and helps prevent ear infections.

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34.

The larynx contains
- A.
  
  The thyroid cartilage
- B.
  
  A cricoid cartilage also called the adams apple
- C.
  
  An upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds
- D.
  
  Lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds
Correct Answer
A. The thyroid cartilage

Explanation
The larynx contains various structures, including the thyroid cartilage, which is a prominent feature commonly referred to as the Adam's apple. This cartilage helps protect the vocal cords and provides support to the larynx. It is the largest cartilage in the larynx and can be easily felt in the front of the neck. The other structures mentioned, such as the true vocal folds and false vocal folds, are also present in the larynx and play important roles in producing sound and protecting the airway.

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35.

Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?
- A.
  
  Diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax
- B.
  
  Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
- C.
  
  External intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax
- D.
  
  Diaphragm contracts, internal intercostals would relax
Correct Answer
B. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Explanation
When blowing up a balloon, the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract. The internal intercostals help in the process of exhalation by pulling the ribs downward and decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity. The abdominal muscles, including the rectus abdominis and external obliques, contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure, which assists in the forceful exhalation needed to blow up the balloon.

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36.

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?
- A.
  
  Chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cells
- B.
  
  As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
- C.
  
  As carbonic acid in the plasma
- D.
  
  Chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin
Correct Answer
B. As the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Explanation
When carbon dioxide enters the red blood cells, it combines with water to form carbonic acid. Carbonic acid then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. This allows for efficient transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, where it can be eliminated through exhalation.

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37.

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
- A.
  
  Middle lobe
- B.
  
  Cardiac notch
- C.
  
  Horizontal fissure
- D.
  
  Oblique fissure
Correct Answer
B. Cardiac notch

Explanation
The cardiac notch is not found on the right lobe of the lung. It is a feature of the left lung, where it is a concave space on the medial surface of the lung that accommodates the heart. The right lung, on the other hand, has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower) and is characterized by a horizontal fissure and an oblique fissure, which separate the lobes.

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38.

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?
- A.
  
  Allows the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction
- B.
  
  Helps divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
- C.
  
  Helps limit the spread of local infections
- D.
  
  Aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs
Correct Answer
D. Aids in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Explanation
The pleura is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. Its main roles include allowing the lungs to inflate and deflate without friction, helping to divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers, and helping to limit the spread of local infections. However, it does not directly aid in blood flow to and from the heart. The heart sits between the lungs, but its blood flow is facilitated by the coronary arteries and veins, not the pleura.

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39.

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include
- A.
  
  Thalamic control
- B.
  
  Voluntary coritcal control
- C.
  
  Stretch receptors in the alveioli
- D.
  
  Composition of alveolar air
Correct Answer
B. Voluntary coritcal control

Explanation
Voluntary cortical control refers to the ability of an individual to consciously control their breathing rate and depth. This means that a person can choose to breathe faster or slower and take deeper or shallower breaths. Factors such as stress, physical activity, and emotions can influence this voluntary control. The other factors mentioned, thalamic control, stretch receptors in the alveoli, and composition of alveolar air, do not directly involve conscious control and are more related to automatic regulation of breathing.

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40.

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
- A.
  
  Alveolar sacs
- B.
  
  Alveoli
- C.
  
  Respiratory bronchioles
- D.
  
  Alveolar ducts
Correct Answer
B. Alveoli

Explanation
The alveoli provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange. Alveoli are tiny, thin-walled sacs located at the ends of the respiratory bronchioles. They are surrounded by a network of capillaries, which allows for efficient exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the bloodstream. The large number and small size of the alveoli greatly increase the surface area available for gas exchange, making them the primary site for this crucial process in the respiratory system.

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41.

The respiratory membrane is a combination of
- A.
  
  Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts
- B.
  
  Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
- C.
  
  Atria and alveolar sacs
- D.
  
  Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs
Correct Answer
B. Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes

Explanation
The respiratory membrane is responsible for the exchange of gases between the alveoli and the capillaries in the lungs. It consists of the thin walls of the alveoli and the capillaries, as well as their fused basement membranes. This arrangement allows for efficient diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide from the bloodstream into the alveoli. By having a thin membrane and close proximity between the alveoli and capillaries, the respiratory membrane maximizes the surface area available for gas exchange.

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42.

Gas emboli may occur because a
- A.
  
  Person hold his breath too long
- B.
  
  Diver holds his breath upon ascent
- C.
  
  Pilot holds her breath upon descent
- D.
  
  Person breathes pure oxygen in a pressurized chamber
Correct Answer
B. Diver holds his breath upon ascent

Explanation
When a diver holds their breath upon ascent, the pressure decreases rapidly as they rise to the surface. This causes the air in their lungs to expand, potentially leading to the formation of gas emboli. Gas emboli are bubbles of gas that can block blood vessels and cause serious health issues, such as decompression sickness or arterial gas embolism. It is important for divers to exhale continuously during ascent to prevent the buildup of pressure in the lungs and minimize the risk of gas emboli.

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43.

Inspiratory capacity is
- A.
  
  The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
- B.
  
  The total amount of exchangeable air
- C.
  
  Functional residual capacity
- D.
  
  Air inspired after a tidal inhalation
Correct Answer
A. The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Explanation
Inspiratory capacity refers to the maximum amount of air that can be inspired by a person after a normal tidal expiration. It represents the sum of tidal volume (the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing) and inspiratory reserve volume (the additional amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation). Therefore, it is the total volume of air that can be taken in by the lungs during a deep breath following a regular exhalation.

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44.

Which center is located in the pons?
- A.
  
  Pontine respirator group (PRG)
- B.
  
  Expiratory
- C.
  
  Inspiratory
- D.
  
  Pacemaker neuron center
Correct Answer
A. Pontine respirator group (PRG)

Explanation
The correct answer is the pontine respirator group (PRG). The PRG is a center located in the pons, which is a region in the brainstem. It plays a crucial role in controlling and coordinating the respiratory rhythm, specifically the timing and pattern of breathing. The PRG receives input from various sensory and motor pathways and adjusts the activity of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles accordingly. It acts as a pacemaker neuron center, regulating the breathing rate and depth.

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45.

The nose serves all of the following functions except
- A.
  
  As a passageway for air movement
- B.
  
  As the initiator of the cough reflex
- C.
  
  Warming and humidifying the air
- D.
  
  Cleansing the air
Correct Answer
B. As the initiator of the cough reflex

Explanation
The nose serves as a passageway for air movement, warming and humidifying the air, and cleansing the air. However, it does not serve as the initiator of the cough reflex. The cough reflex is initiated by irritation of the respiratory tract, usually in the throat or lungs, and is a protective mechanism to clear the airways of any foreign particles or mucus. The nose plays a role in filtering and conditioning the air, but it is not directly involved in initiating the cough reflex.

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46.

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by
- A.
  
  17 weeks
- B.
  
  24 weeks
- C.
  
  28 weeks
- D.
  
  36 weeks
Correct Answer
C. 28 weeks

Explanation
At 28 weeks, the respiratory system of a premature baby is developed enough for survival. By this stage, the lungs have developed the necessary structures to support breathing, such as the alveoli and surfactant production. While a premature baby may still have some difficulty breathing, they have a higher chance of survival compared to earlier stages of development.

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47.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?
- A.
  
  The respiratory rate of a newborn is slow
- B.
  
  The respiratory rate of a newborn varies between male and female infants
- C.
  
  The respiratory rate of a newborn is approximatley 30 respirations per minute
- D.
  
  The respiratory rate of a newborn is at ist highest rate approximatley 40-80 respirations per minute
Correct Answer
D. The respiratory rate of a newborn is at ist highest rate approximatley 40-80 respirations per minute

Explanation
The respiratory rate of a newborn is at its highest rate approximately 40-80 respirations per minute. This is because newborns have a faster respiratory rate compared to adults. As they are adjusting to life outside the womb, their respiratory system needs to work harder to supply oxygen to their developing organs. This higher respiratory rate helps ensure that their oxygen needs are met and their body functions properly.

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48.

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control
- A.
  
  The pons is thought to be intstrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration
- B.
  
  The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing
- C.
  
  The ponitine respirator group (PRG) continously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive
- D.
  
  The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons
Correct Answer
A. The pons is thought to be intstrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration

Explanation
The statement "the pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration" is correct. The pons, a region in the brainstem, plays a crucial role in regulating the transition between inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out). It contains neurons that control the timing and coordination of respiratory muscles, allowing for a smooth transition between these two phases of the breathing cycle.

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49.

Which of the choice below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?
- A.
  
  Partial pressure of oxygen
- B.
  
  Temperature
- C.
  
  Partial pressure of carbon dioxide
- D.
  
  Number of red blood cells
Correct Answer
D. Number of red blood cells

Explanation
The number of red blood cells is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin. Oxygen binding to hemoglobin is primarily influenced by the partial pressure of oxygen, which determines the concentration gradient for oxygen to diffuse into the red blood cells. Temperature also affects oxygen binding, as higher temperatures promote oxygen release from hemoglobin. Additionally, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide affects oxygen binding, as an increase in carbon dioxide decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, promoting oxygen release to tissues. However, the number of red blood cells does not directly affect oxygen binding or dissociation.

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50.

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are
- A.
  
  The smooth muscles of the lung
- B.
  
  The diaphragm and intercostal muscles alone
- C.
  
  The visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs
- D.
  
  Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Correct Answer
D. Surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Explanation
The correct answer is surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is the space between the lungs and the thorax wall, and it is filled with pleural fluid. The surface tension created by this fluid helps to hold the lungs against the thorax wall. Additionally, the pleural cavity has a negative pressure, which means that the pressure inside the cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure. This negative pressure also contributes to keeping the lungs attached to the thorax wall.

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Apr 11, 2010

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A&p 2 Urinary & Respiratory

Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?

The loudness of a persons voice depends on the

The walls of the alveioli are composed of to types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to _________.

Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

Unlike inspiration, expiration is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, depends on two factors. Which of the choices below lists those two factors?

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

Intrapulmonary pressure is the

The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by

The statement "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collasping by

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n)

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is

Nerve impulses from __________________ will result in inspiration

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

Which of the following does not influence the increase in ventilation that occurs as exercise is initiated?

Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

Which of the following is not true of the respiratory tract from the medium bronchi to the aveoli?

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

Tidal volume is air

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?

Possible causes of hypoxia include

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding repiratory exchange?

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?

Respiratory control centers are located in the

The amount of air that can be inpired above the tidal volume is called

Which statement about CO2 is incorrect?

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by

Select the correct statement about pharynx

The larynx contains

Which respiratory associated muscles would contract if you were to blow up a balloon?

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?

Which of the choices below is not a role of the pleura?

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

The respiratory membrane is a combination of

Gas emboli may occur because a

Inspiratory capacity is

Which center is located in the pons?

The nose serves all of the following functions except

A premature baby usually has difficulty breathing. However, the respiratory system is developed enough for survival by

Which of the following statements is true regarding the respiratory rate of a newborn?

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control

Which of the choice below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin?

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are