Bone Marrow And Hematopoietic STEM Cells! Trivia Questions Quiz

Macrophages are abundant in bone marrow stroma. Bone marrow stroma is a supportive connective tissue that provides a microenvironment for the development and maintenance of blood cells. Macrophages play a crucial role in the immune response and are involved in phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. They are present in high numbers in the bone marrow stroma, where they help regulate hematopoiesis and support the growth and differentiation of blood cells.

Haptoglobin is a protein produced by the liver that binds to free hemoglobin in the blood. When there is bleeding from muscle or other tissues, free hemoglobin is released into the bloodstream. By measuring the levels of haptoglobin in the urine sample, it can be determined whether the patient is bleeding from muscle or other tissue. If the haptoglobin levels are low or absent, it suggests bleeding from muscle or other tissues, whereas normal or high levels indicate bleeding from other sources.

IgA can be described as being found in secretions (saliva, tears) and being an important neutralizer of pathogens in the gut.

Exposure to an oxidizing drug could explain the high erythrocyte level of methemoglobin. Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin in which the iron molecule is oxidized, preventing it from binding oxygen effectively. Oxidizing drugs can cause this oxidation of hemoglobin, leading to an increase in methemoglobin levels. This can result in bluish skin color, known as cyanosis. Higher than normal levels of methemoglobin reductase would actually decrease methemoglobin levels, so it is not the correct answer. Nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, and exposure to pentachlorophenol would not directly cause an increase in methemoglobin levels.

The periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) contains T cells. This statement characterizes the immune cells and organs by describing the location of T cells within the lymphatic system. The PALS is a region of lymphoid tissue surrounding the central artery in the white pulp of the spleen, and it is primarily composed of T cells. This statement highlights the presence of T cells in a specific anatomical location, providing insight into the distribution and function of immune cells within the body.

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are responsible for presenting intracellular antigens to cytotoxic T cells. They play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response. However, in the context of eliminating an extracellular bacterium, MHC class I molecules are not directly involved. Extracellular bacteria are typically eliminated by the innate immune response, which includes components such as surface-bound antibody molecules, toll-like receptors, and complement components. Therefore, failure to express MHC class I molecules would have no effect on the immune system's ability to eliminate an extracellular bacterium.

Warfarin is used in the long-term treatment of diseases that cause unnecessary blood clots because it is an oral anticoagulant that inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver. By doing so, it prevents the formation of blood clots and reduces the risk of thromboembolic events. Unlike other options listed, such as Heparin, Citrate, Oxalate, and EDTA, which may be used for short-term or specific purposes, Warfarin is commonly prescribed for the long-term management of conditions like deep vein thrombosis, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism.

IgD can be described as found only on the surface of naïve B cells. This means that IgD is exclusively present on the surface of B cells that have not yet encountered an antigen and undergone activation. It is not found in the tissues, bloodstream, secretions, or blood. It is also not involved in activating the classical complement pathway, neutralizing pathogens in the gut, triggering opsonization of pathogens, or triggering mast cell degranulation. Therefore, the correct answer is IV only.

Heinz bodies are most likely to be present on the peripheral blood smear of a patient with G6PD deficiency. G6PD deficiency is an inherited condition that affects the red blood cells and leads to their destruction. Heinz bodies are denatured hemoglobin precipitates that form within the red blood cells due to oxidative stress. These bodies can be seen on a peripheral blood smear and are characteristic of G6PD deficiency.

Orthochromatophilic erythroblasts are the final stage of erythropoiesis before the release of mature red blood cells into the bloodstream. They are highly specialized cells involved in the production of red blood cells. Since red blood cells are the most abundant type of blood cell in the body, it can be predicted that orthochromatophilic erythroblasts, which are directly involved in their production, would be the most numerous hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow.

The patient is experiencing footdrop, which is characterized by the inability to dorsiflex the foot and toes. This suggests paralysis of the muscles responsible for dorsiflexion, which are the extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior. These muscles are innervated by the deep peroneal nerve, which may have been damaged due to the injury or the cast placement. The other muscle options listed do not contribute to dorsiflexion and would not be responsible for the observed symptoms.

The subcapsular sinus is a characteristic feature of lymph nodes. It is a space located beneath the capsule of the lymph node, where lymphatic fluid flows through. It acts as a filter, allowing lymphocytes and other immune cells to enter the lymph node and encounter antigens that may be present in the lymph fluid. This helps initiate an immune response and is an important part of the lymphatic system's function in fighting infections and diseases.

The patient's presentation of abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, vomiting after eating a fatty meal, and elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) suggest inflammation of the biliary tract. The elevated ALP and GGT levels indicate cholestasis, which is commonly seen in biliary tract inflammation. The other liver enzymes, such as aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), are within the reference range, indicating that hepatocellular damage is not the primary cause. Gall bladder stones can cause obstruction of the biliary tract, leading to inflammation and the symptoms described by the patient.

GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) is an enzyme that is found primarily in the liver. It is commonly used as a marker of liver dysfunction or damage. In this patient, the history of excessive alcohol consumption suggests the possibility of alcoholic liver disease. GGT levels are known to be elevated in patients with alcohol-related liver injury, making it the most likely enzyme to be raised in this patient.

The patient's laboratory results indicate a low hemoglobin (Hgb) level, low hematocrit (Hct), and low mean corpuscular volume (MCV), which are consistent with anemia. The low MCH and MCHC levels also suggest a microcytic hypochromic anemia, which is often caused by iron deficiency. The low serum ferritin level further supports the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia. Iron is a crucial metal ion cofactor in the synthesis of heme, which is necessary for the production of hemoglobin. Therefore, the drug most likely prescribed for this patient functions as a metal ion cofactor in heme synthesis to treat her hematopoietic disorder.

Collagenase is an enzyme produced by microorganisms that can break down the collagen, which is a major component of host tissues. By breaking down the collagen, the organism can disrupt the intercellular tight junctions between host cells, allowing it to spread and cause disease more easily. This enables the organism to overcome host defenses and facilitate its spread throughout the host's body.

Based on the blood types, both Potential 1 and Potential 3 could be the father of the child. The mother has blood type A-Rh+ and the child has blood type B-Rh-. This means that the child inherited the B antigen from one of the potential fathers. Potential 1 has blood type B-Rh+, which matches the child's blood type. Potential 3 has blood type AB-Rh-, which also matches the child's blood type since AB blood type can be formed by combining A and B antigens. Therefore, both Potential 1 and Potential 3 are equally likely to be the father of the child.

Weakness of the vastus medialis muscle can predispose an individual to patellofemoral syndrome and patellar dislocation. The vastus medialis muscle is responsible for stabilizing the patella (kneecap) and preventing it from moving laterally. If this muscle is weak, it can result in an imbalance in the forces acting on the patella, leading to malalignment and increased risk of patellofemoral syndrome and patellar dislocation. Strengthening exercises targeting the vastus medialis muscle are often recommended as part of the treatment and prevention of these conditions.

The L5-S1 vertebrae are located in the lower back, and the nerves that exit at this level supply sensation to the central dorsum and sole of the foot. Therefore, if there is stenosis at this level, it is likely to compress these nerves, leading to pain and/or paresthesia in the central dorsum and sole of the foot.