Pathology Trivia MCQ: Quiz! Exam
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- 1.
Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult’s body:
- A.
30%
- B.
45%
- C.
60%
- D.
70%
Correct Answer
C. 60%Explanation
In a healthy male adult's body, the correct proportion of water to body weight is 60%. This means that approximately 60% of the total body weight is made up of water. Water is essential for various bodily functions such as digestion, circulation, temperature regulation, and waste removal. Maintaining proper hydration is crucial for overall health and well-being.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male’s body:
- A.
30%
- B.
20%
- C.
10%
- D.
4%
Correct Answer
D. 4%Explanation
In an adult male's body, the correct proportion of blood to body weight is 4%. This means that blood makes up approximately 4% of an adult male's total body weight. Blood is a vital fluid that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. It also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature, pH balance, and immune responses. Maintaining the correct proportion of blood to body weight is essential for overall health and proper functioning of the body.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:
- A.
Perspiration
- B.
Feces
- C.
Perspiration and expiration
- D.
Urine and feces
Correct Answer
C. Perspiration and expirationExplanation
Insensible fluid loss refers to the water lost from the body through perspiration and expiration. Perspiration is the process of sweating, where water is released from the sweat glands to regulate body temperature. Expiration is the process of breathing out, where water vapor is exhaled from the lungs. Both of these mechanisms contribute to the insensible fluid loss, as they result in water leaving the body without us being consciously aware of it.Rate this question:
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- 4.
When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the:
- A.
Blood into the cells
- B.
Interstitial compartment into the cells
- C.
Interstitial compartment into the blood
- D.
Cells into the interstitial compartment
Correct Answer
C. Interstitial compartment into the bloodExplanation
When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the interstitial compartment into the blood. This is because osmosis is the movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration. In this case, the elevated osmotic pressure in the blood indicates a higher solute concentration, causing water to move from the interstitial compartment, where the solute concentration is lower, into the blood, where the solute concentration is higher.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What would a deficit of plasma proteins likely cause?
- A.
Increased osmotic pressure
- B.
Decreased osmotic pressure
- C.
Increased hydrostatic pressure
- D.
Decreased hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer
B. Decreased osmotic pressureExplanation
A deficit of plasma proteins would likely cause a decreased osmotic pressure. Plasma proteins, such as albumin, help maintain the balance of fluids between the blood vessels and tissues. They exert an osmotic pressure that prevents excessive fluid from leaving the blood vessels and entering the surrounding tissues. When there is a deficit of plasma proteins, this osmotic pressure decreases, leading to an imbalance in fluid distribution and increased fluid leakage into the tissues.Rate this question:
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- 6.
What would cause edema?
- A.
Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- B.
Increased capillary osmotic pressure
- C.
Decreased capillary permeability
- D.
Increased capillary permeability
Correct Answer
D. Increased capillary permeabilityExplanation
Increased capillary permeability can cause edema. When the capillary walls become more permeable, fluid and proteins can leak out of the capillaries and accumulate in the surrounding tissues, leading to swelling and edema. This increased permeability can be caused by inflammation, injury, or certain medical conditions.Rate this question:
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- 7.
What would be related to an elevated hematocrit?
- A.
Fluid excess
- B.
Fluid deficit
- C.
Increased sodium level
- D.
Decreased erythrocytes
Correct Answer
B. Fluid deficitExplanation
An elevated hematocrit is related to a fluid deficit. Hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume. When there is a fluid deficit, the concentration of red blood cells increases, leading to an elevated hematocrit. This can occur in conditions such as dehydration or excessive sweating, where there is a loss of fluids from the body.Rate this question:
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- 8.
What is a typical sign of dehydration?
- A.
Rapid, strong pulse
- B.
Low hematocrit
- C.
Increased urine output
- D.
Rough oral mucosa
Correct Answer
D. Rough oral mucosaExplanation
A rough oral mucosa is a typical sign of dehydration. Dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough fluids to function properly. When a person is dehydrated, their mouth may become dry and the oral mucosa may feel rough to the touch. This is because the body is not producing enough saliva, which helps to keep the mouth moist and the oral mucosa smooth. Therefore, a rough oral mucosa is a clear indication that the body is lacking adequate hydration.Rate this question:
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- 9.
What is the term for a combination of decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body cavity?
- A.
Dehydration
- B.
Third-spacing
- C.
Hypovolemia
- D.
Water retention
Correct Answer
B. Third-spacingExplanation
Third-spacing refers to the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, which are the spaces between cells. This condition occurs when there is a combination of decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body cavity. It is different from dehydration, which is a loss of body water, and hypovolemia, which is a decrease in blood volume. Water retention refers to the body's inability to eliminate excess water, which is not the same as third-spacing.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion?
- A.
It is a cation
- B.
It is present primarily in the intracellular fluid
- C.
It shifts out of the blood by active transport
- D.
Blood levels are controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Correct Answer
A. It is a cationExplanation
Sodium ion is a characteristic of a cation because it has a positive charge. Cations are formed when atoms lose electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. Sodium ion, with a positive charge of +1, is formed when a sodium atom loses one electron. Therefore, it is correct to say that sodium ion is a cation.Rate this question:
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- 11.
What are the common causes of hyponatremia?
- A.
Loss of the thirst mechanism
- B.
Excessive sweating
- C.
Excessive aldosterone secretion
- D.
Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations
Correct Answer
B. Excessive sweatingExplanation
Excessive sweating can lead to hyponatremia because when we sweat, we lose both water and electrolytes, including sodium. If the lost sodium is not adequately replaced, it can result in a decrease in the overall sodium concentration in the body, leading to hyponatremia. This can occur in individuals who engage in intense physical activity or work in hot environments where they sweat excessively.Rate this question:
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- 12.
What do both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia cause?
- A.
Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps
- B.
Oliguria
- C.
Elevated serum pH
- D.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Correct Answer
D. Cardiac arrhythmiasExplanation
Both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias. Hypokalemia, which is a low level of potassium in the blood, can disrupt the normal electrical activity of the heart, leading to abnormal heart rhythms. Similarly, hyperkalemia, which is a high level of potassium in the blood, can also interfere with the heart's electrical signals and cause cardiac arrhythmias. Therefore, both conditions can result in abnormal heart rhythms.Rate this question:
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- 13.
What does increased parathyroid hormone cause?
- A.
Movement of calcium ions into the bones
- B.
Increased activation of vitamin D
- C.
Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
- D.
Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys
Correct Answer
C. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tractExplanation
Increased parathyroid hormone causes increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract. Parathyroid hormone acts on the kidneys and bones to regulate calcium levels in the body. It increases the reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys to prevent its loss in urine and stimulates the release of calcium from the bones. Additionally, parathyroid hormone stimulates the production of active vitamin D, which in turn enhances the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.Rate this question:
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- 14.
What does hypocalcemia lead to? 1. low serum phosphate levels 2. nausea and constipation 3. skeletal muscle twitch and spasms 4. weak cardiac contractions
- A.
1, 2
- B.
1, 4
- C.
2, 3
- D.
3, 4
Correct Answer
D. 3, 4Explanation
Hypocalcemia, or low calcium levels, can lead to skeletal muscle twitch and spasms (option 3) and weak cardiac contractions (option 4). Calcium is essential for proper muscle function, so a deficiency can cause muscle twitches and spasms. In the heart, calcium plays a crucial role in the contraction of cardiac muscles, so a decrease in calcium levels can result in weak contractions.Rate this question:
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- 15.
What causes tetany?
- A.
Increased permeability of nerve membranes
- B.
Insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle
- C.
Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves
- D.
Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex
Correct Answer
A. Increased permeability of nerve membranesExplanation
Tetany is caused by the increased permeability of nerve membranes. This increased permeability allows for the influx of calcium ions into the nerve cells, leading to hyperexcitability and involuntary muscle contractions. Insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle and excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves are not the primary causes of tetany. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex is also not directly related to the development of tetany.Rate this question:
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- 16.
In which of the following is phosphate ion not a major component?
- A.
Bone metabolism
- B.
Metabolic processes involving ATP
- C.
Blood clotting
- D.
Acid-base balance
Correct Answer
C. Blood clottingExplanation
Phosphate ion is not a major component in blood clotting. Blood clotting primarily involves the interaction between proteins and platelets to form a clot, which helps in stopping bleeding. Phosphate ions are not directly involved in this process. However, phosphate ions play crucial roles in bone metabolism, metabolic processes involving ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), and acid-base balance in the body.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?
- A.
4.5-8
- B.
7.0
- C.
7.4
- D.
8
Correct Answer
C. 7.4Explanation
A normal serum pH would typically fall within the range of 7.35 to 7.45, which is slightly alkaline. The given answer of 7.4 falls within this range, making it a suitable choice for a normal serum pH.Rate this question:
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- 18.
When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? It:
- A.
Decreases
- B.
Increases
- C.
Remains constant
Correct Answer
A. DecreasesExplanation
Excess hydrogen ions in the blood contribute to an acidic environment, causing a decrease in serum pH. This is because hydrogen ions are positively charged and their accumulation increases the concentration of acidic substances in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH.Rate this question:
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- 19.
What is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance?
- A.
Respiratory system
- B.
Buffer systems in the blood
- C.
Kidneys
- D.
Brain
Correct Answer
C. KidneysExplanation
The kidneys are responsible for maintaining acid-base balance in the body by excreting or reabsorbing hydrogen ions (acid) and bicarbonate ions (base) in the urine. While the respiratory system and buffer systems in the blood also play a role in regulating acid-base balance, the kidneys are considered the slowest but most effective control because they can make long-term adjustments to the pH of the blood by altering the excretion or reabsorption of these ions.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?
- A.
Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities
- B.
All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys
- C.
The concentration of bicarbonate must remain constant
- D.
The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate must be 1:20
Correct Answer
D. The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate must be 1:20Explanation
To maintain serum pH within the normal range, the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate must be 1:20. This ratio is important because it helps to regulate the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. Carbonic acid (H2CO3) acts as an acid, while bicarbonate (HCO3-) acts as a base. The 1:20 ratio ensures that there is a proper balance between acids and bases in the blood, preventing it from becoming too acidic or too alkaline. This balance is crucial for the normal functioning of various physiological processes in the body.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?
- A.
Increased carbonic acid
- B.
Decreased carbonic acid
- C.
Increased bicarbonate ion
- D.
Decreased bicarbonate ion
Correct Answer
A. Increased carbonic acidExplanation
Abnormally slow respirations can lead to an increase in carbonic acid levels in the body. Carbonic acid is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in water, and it plays a role in maintaining the pH balance of the body. Slow respirations can result in a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, leading to an increase in carbonic acid. This can disrupt the acid-base balance in the body and potentially lead to respiratory acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 22.
What is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?
- A.
Slow, shallow respirations
- B.
Prolonged diarrhea
- C.
Mild vomiting
- D.
Excessive fluid in the body
Correct Answer
B. Prolonged diarrheaExplanation
Prolonged diarrhea is likely to cause metabolic acidosis. Diarrhea can lead to the loss of bicarbonate, which is an important buffer in the body that helps maintain the pH balance. When bicarbonate is lost, the body becomes more acidic, leading to metabolic acidosis. This can disrupt normal bodily functions and lead to symptoms such as fatigue, confusion, and rapid breathing.Rate this question:
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- 23.
What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?
- A.
Metabolic alkalosis
- B.
Metabolic acidosis
- C.
Respiratory alkalosis
- D.
Respiratory acidosis
Correct Answer
B. Metabolic acidosisExplanation
A serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicates metabolic acidosis. In metabolic acidosis, there is an excess of acid in the body or a decrease in bicarbonate levels, leading to a decrease in pH. Kidney disease can impair the kidneys' ability to remove acid from the body, resulting in an accumulation of acid and a decrease in pH. This can be confirmed by measuring other blood parameters such as bicarbonate levels and anion gap.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?
- A.
PH is below normal range
- B.
PH is above normal range
- C.
Bicarbonate level decreases
- D.
Bicarbonate level increases
Correct Answer
A. pH is below normal rangeExplanation
A serum value that indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis is when the pH of the blood is below the normal range. In metabolic acidosis, there is an excess of acid in the body, leading to a decrease in pH. A pH below the normal range indicates an imbalance in the acid-base levels, suggesting that the body is unable to adequately compensate for the excess acid. This can be a result of conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or kidney dysfunction.Rate this question:
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- 25.
When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body, serum:
- A.
Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
- B.
Bicarbonate ion levels increase
- C.
Carbonic acid levels increase
- D.
PH increases
Correct Answer
A. Bicarbonate ion levels decreaseExplanation
Excessive lactic acid accumulation in the body leads to a decrease in bicarbonate ion levels. Lactic acid is produced when the body breaks down glucose without enough oxygen. This process, called anaerobic metabolism, can occur during intense exercise or when there is a lack of oxygen supply. The excess lactic acid disrupts the balance of bicarbonate ions, which are important in maintaining the body's pH. The decrease in bicarbonate ions can result in a decrease in pH, leading to acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 26.
What does acidosis cause?
- A.
CNS hyperexcitability and nervousness
- B.
Hypokalemia
- C.
CNS depression and drowsiness
- D.
Hypernatremia
Correct Answer
C. CNS depression and drowsinessExplanation
Acidosis is a condition characterized by an excess of acid in the body. When acidosis occurs, it disrupts the balance of electrolytes in the body, leading to changes in the central nervous system (CNS). In this case, acidosis causes CNS depression and drowsiness. This means that the excessive acid levels in the body can impair the normal functioning of the CNS, resulting in symptoms such as decreased alertness, reduced motor skills, and a feeling of tiredness or drowsiness.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Compensation in the body for dehydration would include:
- A.
Increased ADH
- B.
Decreased aldosterone
- C.
Slow, strong heart contraction
- D.
Peripheral vasodilation
Correct Answer
A. Increased ADHExplanation
When the body is dehydrated, it needs to conserve water. One way it does this is by increasing the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland. ADH acts on the kidneys to decrease urine production and reabsorb more water back into the bloodstream. This helps to retain water and prevent further dehydration. Therefore, increased ADH is a compensatory mechanism in response to dehydration.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Emphysema impairs expiration causing the acid-base imbalance:
- A.
Metabolic acidosis
- B.
Metabolic alkalosis
- C.
Respiratory acidosis
- D.
Respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer
C. Respiratory acidosisExplanation
Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that affects the air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to exhale fully. This leads to a buildup of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, resulting in respiratory acidosis. In respiratory acidosis, there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the body, leading to an increase in acidity. This occurs because the impaired expiration in emphysema prevents the removal of carbon dioxide from the body effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is respiratory acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 29.
In patients with emphysema and impaired expiration, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance, would be:
- A.
Increased rate and depth of respiration
- B.
Decreased rate and depth of respiration
- C.
Increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate
- D.
Decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
Correct Answer
D. Decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonateExplanation
In patients with emphysema and impaired expiration, the lungs are unable to effectively remove carbon dioxide from the body. This leads to a buildup of carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH, resulting in respiratory acidosis. To compensate for this acid-base imbalance, the kidneys increase the reabsorption of bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions, leading to an increase in serum bicarbonate levels and a decrease in urine pH. This helps to restore the acid-base balance in the body.Rate this question:
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- 30.
An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:
- A.
Increased pCO
- B.
Decreased pCO2
- C.
Respiratory acidosis
- D.
Metabolic acidosis
Correct Answer
B. Decreased pCO2Explanation
During an anxiety attack, a person may experience rapid breathing or hyperventilation. Hyperventilation leads to excessive elimination of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the body, resulting in decreased levels of pCO2 (partial pressure of CO2 in the blood). This decrease in pCO2 can cause respiratory alkalosis, not respiratory acidosis. Therefore, the correct answer is decreased pCO2.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because:
- A.
Decreased body surface area and insensible fluid loss
- B.
Limited renal compensation
- C.
Decreased proportion of fluid to body weight
- D.
Slower metabolic rate
Correct Answer
B. Limited renal compensationExplanation
Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because of limited renal compensation. This means that their kidneys are not fully developed and therefore cannot effectively regulate the balance of fluids in their bodies. As a result, they are more prone to losing fluids and becoming dehydrated. Additionally, their decreased body surface area and slower metabolic rate contribute to a higher risk of dehydration as they are not able to efficiently absorb and retain fluids.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be: 1. increased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys 2. increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate 3. increased respiratory rate and depth 4. increased renin secretion
- A.
1, 2
- B.
2, 3
- C.
1, 4
- D.
3, 4
Correct Answer
A. 1, 2Explanation
Anesthesia and sedation can cause respiratory system depression, leading to a decrease in the body's ability to eliminate carbon dioxide. To compensate for this, the kidneys increase the reabsorption of bicarbonate ions, which helps to buffer the excess carbon dioxide in the blood. Additionally, there is an increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate, which helps to maintain acid-base balance. Therefore, options 1 and 2 are the correct answers.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Metabolic acidosis leads to:
- A.
Hypokalemia
- B.
Hyperkalemia
- C.
Hyponatremia
- D.
Hypercalcemia
Correct Answer
B. HyperkalemiaExplanation
Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood, leading to a decrease in pH. This acidosis can cause potassium ions to shift from inside the cells to the bloodstream, resulting in hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium in the blood). This occurs because hydrogen ions from the excess acid move into the cells in exchange for potassium ions, causing an increase in extracellular potassium levels. Therefore, hyperkalemia is a common consequence of metabolic acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:
- A.
Hypokalemia
- B.
Hypernatremia
- C.
Hyperchloremia
- D.
Hypovolemia
Correct Answer
D. HypovolemiaExplanation
Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day can lead to hypovolemia, which refers to a decrease in blood volume. This occurs because during intense exercise, the body loses a significant amount of fluid through sweating to regulate body temperature. The loss of fluid can lead to a decrease in blood volume, causing symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue, and increased heart rate.Rate this question:
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- 35.
Place the following events in the correct sequence that occurs when ketoacidosis increase in the blood of a diabetic. Not all options are used in the answers. 1. serum pH decreases 2. serum bicarbonate decreases 3. pCO2 decreases 4. respiration decreases 5. respiration increases 6. serum pH increases 7. urine pH decreases
- A.
1, 3, 7, 4, 2, 6
- B.
5, 2, 7, 3, 4, 1
- C.
2, 1, 5, 3, 6, 7
- D.
3, 1, 2, 5, 7, 6
Correct Answer
C. 2, 1, 5, 3, 6, 7Explanation
When ketoacidosis increases in the blood of a diabetic, the sequence of events is as follows:
2. serum bicarbonate decreases: Ketoacidosis leads to a decrease in serum bicarbonate levels.
1. serum pH decreases: The decrease in serum bicarbonate causes a decrease in serum pH.
5. respiration increases: The decrease in serum pH stimulates an increase in respiration rate.
3. pCO2 decreases: The increased respiration rate leads to a decrease in pCO2 levels.
6. serum pH increases: The decrease in pCO2 causes an increase in serum pH.
7. urine pH decreases: The increase in serum pH leads to a decrease in urine pH.Rate this question:
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- 36.
Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?
- A.
Bradycardia
- B.
Drowsiness
- C.
Seizures
- D.
Decreased urine pH
Correct Answer
C. SeizuresExplanation
Seizures can be a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis. Respiratory alkalosis occurs when there is an excessive elimination of carbon dioxide from the body, leading to a decrease in carbonic acid levels and an increase in pH. This can result in decreased cerebral blood flow and cerebral vasoconstriction, which can trigger seizures. Other symptoms of respiratory alkalosis may include dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, and tingling in the extremities.Rate this question:
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Feb 22, 2010Quiz Created by
Caitlinnorthcutt
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