Test: Pharmacy Tech Chapter 9 On Compounding

A beyond-use date is a date assigned to a compounded prescription to indicate when the formulation should no longer be taken by the patient. This date is determined based on factors such as the stability and expiration date of the ingredients used in the formulation, as well as the storage conditions. It ensures that the medication remains safe and effective for the patient to use until a certain point in time.

The term "immiscible" refers to substances that are unable to mix or dissolve in each other. In the context of the given options, "miscible" means substances that are able to mix or dissolve in each other. "Mucilage" refers to a sticky substance that is used as a thickening agent, while "levigation" refers to the process of grinding a solid into a fine powder by mixing it with a liquid. Therefore, the correct answer is "immiscible" because it is the only term that describes substances that cannot be mixed.

A thickening agent is used in the preparation of suspensions to increase the viscosity of the liquid. By adding a thickening agent, the suspension becomes thicker and more resistant to flow, which helps to keep the solid particles suspended evenly throughout the liquid. This is important for maintaining the stability and consistency of the suspension, as well as ensuring that the desired dosage of the active ingredient is delivered accurately.

A lipophilic emulsifier is a substance that helps stabilize oil-based dispersion mediums. It is able to mix with both oil and water, allowing for the formation of stable emulsions. Lipophilic emulsifiers have a strong affinity for oil and help to disperse oil droplets evenly throughout the medium, preventing them from separating. This property makes lipophilic emulsifiers ideal for stabilizing oil-based products such as creams, lotions, and ointments.

Trituration refers to the process of grinding or pulverizing substances into fine powder form. It involves the use of a mortar and pestle or other grinding tools to break down the particles into smaller sizes. This technique is commonly used in pharmacy and laboratory settings to prepare powdered medications or mixtures. Therefore, trituration is the appropriate term for the fine grinding of powder.

Stability refers to the ability of a dosage form to maintain its chemical and physical integrity over time. It also includes the ability to withstand any microbiological contaminations. In other words, stability ensures that the medication remains effective and safe for use throughout its shelf life. This is an important quality for pharmaceutical products as it guarantees that the medication will deliver the desired therapeutic effect to patients.

An oil-in-water emulsion is a type of emulsion where oil is dispersed throughout a water base. In this emulsion, tiny droplets of oil are suspended in water, creating a mixture where the oil appears as small droplets. This type of emulsion is commonly used in various industries, such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, where it is desired to disperse oil in a water-based product. The oil-in-water emulsion is stable and can be easily mixed and applied, making it suitable for many applications.

Extemporaneous compounding refers to the process of preparing a drug product based on a physician's prescription. This means that the medication is not readily available in a pre-packaged form and needs to be specially prepared by a pharmacist or healthcare professional according to the specific requirements of the prescription. This ensures that the medication is tailored to the individual patient's needs and allows for adjustments in dosage or formulation if necessary.

A compression mold is a method used to make suppositories by compressing the ingredients in a mold. This process involves applying pressure to the ingredients, which helps to shape and form the suppository. By using a compression mold, the ingredients are compacted together, resulting in a solid and uniform suppository that can be easily inserted into the body.

Calibrate means to set, mark, or check the graduations of a measuring device. It involves adjusting the device to ensure accurate and precise measurements. This process is commonly done with instruments such as scales, thermometers, or gauges to ensure they are calibrated to a known standard. Valence refers to the combining capacity of an atom, balance refers to an instrument used for weighing, and birth mark is a mark on the skin present from birth.

The term "miscible" refers to the ability of substances to be mixed together completely, forming a homogeneous solution. It implies that the substances are soluble in each other in any proportion, without any separation or settling.

A hydrophilic emulsifier is a substance that helps stabilize water-based dispersion mediums by reducing the surface tension between water and other substances. It allows for the even distribution of particles or droplets throughout the medium, preventing them from separating or settling. This is important in applications such as food processing, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, where it is necessary to maintain a stable and uniform dispersion of ingredients.

A 10 ml oral syringe should be used to measure a 5 ml liquid volume because it has a capacity that is greater than the volume being measured. This allows for accurate measurement without the risk of overflowing or inaccuracies due to using a smaller syringe.

Spatulation refers to the process of mixing powders using a spatula. This method is commonly used in pharmacy and laboratory settings to ensure uniformity and homogeneity in the mixture. It helps in achieving a consistent distribution of particles and prevents any settling or separation of the powders. Spatulation is often preferred when working with small quantities of powders or when a more gentle mixing technique is required.

A compounding record is a documentation that provides a detailed account of what actually took place during the compounding process. It includes information such as the ingredients used, their quantities, the equipment and techniques employed, and any specific instructions or precautions followed. This record serves as a reference for future use, ensuring consistency and accuracy in the formulation. It also helps in tracking and identifying any issues or errors that may arise during compounding, enabling effective troubleshooting and quality control.

The punch method is a technique used for filling capsules. It involves using a punch and die set to compress the powdered or granulated material into the capsule. This method ensures accurate and uniform filling of the capsules, as the punch and die set provides precise control over the amount of material being filled. Additionally, the punch method allows for efficient and high-speed filling of capsules, making it a commonly used method in pharmaceutical and manufacturing industries.

Chapter 797 of the USP/NF regulations pertains to the sterile compounding of formulations. This chapter provides guidelines and standards for healthcare professionals involved in the preparation, storage, and handling of sterile medications. It covers topics such as facility design, personnel training, environmental monitoring, and quality assurance. By following the guidelines outlined in chapter 797, healthcare professionals can ensure the safety and efficacy of sterile compounded medications, reducing the risk of contamination and patient harm.

An emulsifier is a substance that helps stabilize emulsions. Emulsions are mixtures of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, that are held together by the emulsifier. The emulsifier works by reducing the surface tension between the two liquids, allowing them to mix more easily and preventing them from separating. This makes the emulsifier a crucial component in many products, such as salad dressings, mayonnaise, and lotions, where it helps to create a smooth and uniform texture.

Geometric dilution is a technique used to mix two powders of unequal quantity. This method involves adding small portions of the larger quantity powder to the smaller quantity powder, ensuring thorough mixing after each addition. By gradually increasing the amount of the larger powder, the final mixture achieves a uniform distribution of both powders. This technique is commonly used in pharmaceutical and laboratory settings to ensure accurate and homogeneous mixtures.

The correct answer is "meniscus". The meniscus refers to the curved surface of a liquid in a container, typically caused by capillary action. It occurs due to the adhesive and cohesive forces between the liquid and the container, causing the liquid to either rise or dip at the edges. This phenomenon is commonly observed in a graduated cylinder or a test tube, where the liquid forms a concave or convex shape at the top.

The term "volumetric" refers to a method or technique used to measure volume. In the context of the given options, volumetric is the correct answer as it is the only term that directly relates to measuring volume. The other options, trituration, levigation, and oil-in-water emulsion, do not specifically pertain to volume measurement.

Levigation is the correct answer because it refers to the process of reducing the particle size of a powder drug by grinding it with a solvent in which it is insoluble. This technique is commonly used in pharmacy to create a smooth and uniform mixture of a drug with a solvent, making it easier to administer or incorporate into other formulations. Sonication, stability, and trituration are not directly related to the process of reducing particle size through grinding with a solvent.

An oral syringe is used to administer a dose of liquid medication to a patient. This type of syringe is specifically designed for oral use and has a long, narrow tip that allows for easy and accurate dosage measurement. Unlike hypodermic syringes, which are used for injections, oral syringes are meant to be used by the patient to take medication orally. The Luer-Lok and Slip-Tip syringes mentioned in the options are types of hypodermic syringes used for injections, while Adapt-A-Cap is not a type of syringe at all.

Chapter 795 of the USP/NF deals with compounding nonsterile products. This chapter provides guidelines and standards for pharmacies and healthcare professionals on how to safely prepare and compound medications that are not required to be sterile. It includes information on the proper handling, storage, labeling, and beyond-use dates for nonsterile compounded products. This chapter ensures that nonsterile compounded products are prepared in a manner that minimizes the risk of contamination and ensures patient safety.

A 100 ml graduated cylinder cannot accurately measure volumes less than 20 ml because the graduated cylinder has markings at regular intervals, typically in increments of 1 ml. Therefore, it would be difficult to accurately measure volumes smaller than 20 ml since the markings are not precise enough.

Chapter 795 is the correct answer because it specifically addresses the nonsterile compounding of formulations. This chapter provides guidelines and regulations for pharmacies and healthcare facilities to ensure the safe and accurate preparation of nonsterile compounded medications. It covers topics such as personnel training, facilities and equipment, quality control, and documentation. By following the guidelines outlined in chapter 795, pharmacies can maintain the integrity and safety of nonsterile compounded formulations.

A primary emulsion refers to the initial emulsion that serves as the base to which other ingredients are added in order to create the final product. This means that the primary emulsion is the starting point of the emulsification process, where the lipophilic emulsifier is typically added to stabilize the emulsion. The primary emulsion acts as the foundation upon which other components are incorporated to achieve the desired texture, consistency, and properties of the final product.

Sonication refers to the process of using high frequency sound waves to agitate particles or molecules in a liquid, often for the purpose of breaking them apart or dispersing them evenly. This exposure to high frequency sound waves during sonication can cause physical effects such as cavitation, which is the formation and collapse of small bubbles in the liquid. These physical effects can lead to various applications, such as cell disruption, emulsification, and extraction. Therefore, sonication is the most appropriate term to describe exposure to high frequency sound waves.

When weighing a powder on a Class A prescription balance, it is important to use a clean weigh boat with each new powder. This is because using the same weigh boat for multiple powders can lead to cross-contamination, affecting the accuracy of the measurements. Using a clean weigh boat for each new powder ensures that the measurements are precise and reliable.

A flocculating agent is used in the preparation of suspension to help particles in the mixture come together and form larger aggregates or flocs. This process aids in the separation of solid particles from the liquid phase, making it easier to filter or settle them out. Flocculating agents work by neutralizing the charges on the particles, allowing them to attract and bind to each other. This helps improve the stability and uniformity of the suspension, making it easier to handle and administer.

An emulsion would be the appropriate dosage form for compounding a formulation containing a water-based vehicle and an active drug that is an oil. Emulsions are a type of mixture where two immiscible liquids, in this case, water and oil, are blended together with the help of an emulsifying agent to form a stable and uniform dispersion. This allows the oil-based drug to be evenly distributed within the water-based vehicle, ensuring proper dosage and administration.

Trituration refers to the process of grinding a substance into fine particles or powder. This process is commonly used in pharmacy and chemistry to prepare medications or mixtures. Therefore, trituration is the most suitable term to describe the fine grinding of a powder. Grinding, mucilage, and sensitivity are not directly related to the process of fine grinding in this context.

Fusion molding is a suppository preparation method where the active ingredients are dispersed or dissolved in a melted base. This process involves melting the base and mixing it with the active ingredients to form a homogeneous mixture. The mixture is then poured into molds and allowed to cool and solidify, resulting in suppositories with the active ingredients evenly distributed throughout the base. This method ensures proper dispersion and dissolution of the active ingredients, allowing for effective delivery and absorption when the suppositories are used.

Sensitivity refers to the ability of a balance to detect small changes in weight. In this context, it means that the amount of weight needed to move the balance pointer one division mark on the marker plate is directly related to the sensitivity of the balance. A balance with high sensitivity will require a smaller amount of weight to move the pointer, while a balance with low sensitivity will require a larger amount of weight. Therefore, sensitivity is the most appropriate term to describe the given statement.

A compounding record is the document that will provide a detailed account of how a compounded formula was prepared. It will include information such as the ingredients used, their quantities, the specific steps followed during the compounding process, and any additional notes or observations. This record is crucial for ensuring consistency, accuracy, and traceability in the compounding process, as well as for quality control purposes. The formulation record may contain the recipe or instructions for the compounded formula, but the compounding record is the one that documents the actual preparation process. The standard operation procedure and material safety data sheet are not directly related to documenting the compounding process.

Mucilage is the correct answer because it refers to the wet, slimy liquid formed as an initial step in the wet gum method. Mucilage is a thick, sticky substance that is produced by certain plants and has adhesive properties. It is commonly used as a binder or thickening agent in various industries.

Finger cots are small protective coverings that are worn over the fingers to provide protection from contamination, injury, or chemicals. They are commonly used in industries such as healthcare, electronics, and food handling to maintain hygiene and prevent the spread of germs. Unlike gloves, finger cots are designed to cover only the finger and offer more dexterity and sensitivity. Condoms, although they can be used as a protective covering, are not specifically designed for fingers and may not provide the same level of protection or comfort. Saran wrap, on the other hand, is a plastic wrap used for food storage and is not suitable for protecting fingers.

Geometric dilution is the technique used to mix two powders of unequal quantity. In this technique, a small amount of the more potent powder is mixed with an equal amount of the less potent powder. This mixture is then combined with an equal amount of the less potent powder again, and the process is repeated until the desired quantity is achieved. This method ensures that the powders are evenly distributed throughout the mixture, resulting in a uniform and accurate blend.

Glass mortar and pestle is recommended for mixing liquids and semisolids because glass is non-reactive, meaning it does not interact with the substances being mixed. This ensures that there is no contamination or alteration of the mixture. Glass is also smooth and easy to clean, making it ideal for working with liquids and semisolids. Additionally, glass mortar and pestle provide good visibility, allowing the user to monitor the consistency and progress of the mixture.

The question asks for a preference, and "arrest knob" is one of the options provided. Therefore, the correct answer is "arrest knob" because it is the preferred choice among the given options.

A formulation record is a document that contains all the necessary information and instructions for compounding a specific formulation. It includes the ingredients, their quantities, and the procedures to be followed during the compounding process. This record serves as a guide for compounding technicians to ensure consistency and accuracy in the final product. It helps in maintaining quality control and traceability of the formulation.

An aliquot refers to a portion or a fraction of a mixture or sample that is taken for analysis or testing. This term is commonly used in scientific and laboratory settings, where precise measurements and accurate analysis are crucial. By taking an aliquot, scientists can ensure that they have a representative sample of the mixture, allowing them to perform experiments and measurements with confidence. Calibrate, compression molding, and admixture are unrelated terms and do not pertain to the concept of dividing a mixture into portions.

Aliguots can be used with a Class A prescription balance when a prescription calls for less than 120 mg of an ingredient. This means that if the prescription requires a smaller amount of the ingredient, it can be accurately measured using the Class A prescription balance.

A good suspension is characterized by settling slowly and redispersing quickly. This means that when the particles in the suspension settle, they do so gradually rather than rapidly. However, when the suspension is agitated or stirred, the particles are able to disperse and mix back into the liquid easily and quickly. This characteristic ensures that the suspension remains stable and uniform over time, allowing for consistent and reliable performance.

An electronic balance must be "tared" before its use. Taring is the process of resetting the balance to zero to account for the weight of the container or any other objects placed on it. This ensures accurate measurement of the desired substance by subtracting the weight of the container. Taring is especially important when using an electronic balance as it relies on precise measurements and any additional weight can affect the accuracy of the reading.

Viscous liquids such as glycerin or propylene glycol have a higher resistance to flow compared to less viscous liquids. This means that it takes more time for these liquids to transfer out of a pipette. Therefore, it would require approximately 3 minutes for a viscous liquid to transfer out of a single volume pipette.

The sensitivity requirement of a Class A prescription balance refers to the smallest weight that the balance can accurately measure. In this case, the correct answer is 6 milligrams, which means that the balance can accurately measure weights as small as 6 milligrams.

The USP/NF recommended beyond-use date should be used as a last resort in assigning a beyond-use date to a compounded prescription because it is a widely recognized and trusted source for determining the stability and safety of compounded medications. The USP/NF sets standards for the quality and integrity of compounded preparations, and their recommended beyond-use dates are based on scientific evidence and expert consensus. It is important to consider other factors such as the manufacturer's beyond-use date and available scientific literature, but the USP/NF recommended date should be used as a final reference to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the compounded prescription.

The correct answer is volumetric flask. A volumetric flask is marked with "TC" which stands for "to contain". This means that when the flask is filled up to the mark, it will contain the specified volume of liquid. Volumetric flasks are commonly used in laboratories for precise measurements and the preparation of solutions.

Elixirs, tinctures, and liniments are all examples of nonaqueous solutions. This means that they are solutions in which the solvent is not water. Instead, they are typically made using alcohol or other organic solvents. Elixirs are medicinal solutions that contain alcohol as a solvent, while tinctures are herbal extracts dissolved in alcohol. Liniments are topical solutions that are applied to the skin and also contain alcohol or oil-based solvents. These nonaqueous solutions are commonly used in medicine and skincare products.