1.
The two circulations of the heart are _________and ___________.
Correct Answer
B. Pulmonary and Systemic
Explanation
The correct answer is Pulmonary and Systemic. The circulatory system of the heart consists of two main circulations: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated, while the systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body's tissues and organs.
2.
What kind of valve is the tricuspid valve?
Correct Answer
A. Atrioventricular
Explanation
The tricuspid valve is a type of atrioventricular valve. It is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle of the heart. The tricuspid valve has three leaflets or cusps, which allow blood to flow from the atrium to the ventricle during the relaxation phase of the heart's pumping cycle. When the ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow of blood into the atrium. Therefore, the tricuspid valve is specifically classified as an atrioventricular valve.
3.
The pulmonic valve is situated between ____________________.
Correct Answer
C. Right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Explanation
The pulmonic valve is situated between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. This valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, which carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs to be oxygenated.
4.
Endocardium is which layer of the heart.
Correct Answer
B. Inner
Explanation
The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart. It is a thin, smooth membrane that lines the chambers of the heart and covers the heart valves. The endocardium is composed of endothelial cells and connective tissue, and its main function is to provide a smooth surface for blood flow and prevent blood clot formation.
5.
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that is made of ___________-.
Correct Answer
A. Muscle
Explanation
The myocardium is the layer of the heart that is made of muscle. This muscle layer is responsible for the contraction of the heart, which allows it to pump blood throughout the body. The myocardium is composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are interconnected and work together to create the pumping action of the heart.
6.
Which layer of the heart is the epicardium?
Correct Answer
C. Outer
Explanation
The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It is a protective layer that covers the heart and helps to reduce friction as the heart beats.
7.
What kind of blood do arteries and arterioles carry?
Correct Answer
A. Oxygenated
Explanation
Arteries and arterioles carry oxygenated blood. Arteries are responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body, while arterioles are smaller branches of arteries that also carry oxygenated blood.
8.
What percentage of the blood is made up of formed elements?
Correct Answer
C. 45%
Explanation
Formed elements refer to the cellular components of blood, which include red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These formed elements make up approximately 45% of the total volume of blood, while the remaining 55% is plasma. Therefore, the correct answer is 45%.
9.
What percentage of formed elements is erythrocytes?
Correct Answer
C. 45%
Explanation
Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, make up about 45% of the blood's volume in a healthy adult, a value known as the hematocrit.
10.
What is the oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes?
Correct Answer
A. Hemoglobin
Explanation
Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes. It binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and is responsible for their red color. It plays a crucial role in the transportation of oxygen throughout the body, allowing cells to receive the oxygen they need for energy production. Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, plasma is the liquid component of blood, and leukocytes are white blood cells, none of which are the oxygen carrying protein in erythrocytes.
11.
Where do blood cells originate?
Correct Answer
C. Bone marrow
Explanation
Blood cells originate in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found inside the bones. It is responsible for producing different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. These cells are then released into the bloodstream, where they perform various functions such as carrying oxygen, fighting infections, and helping with blood clotting.
12.
How many liters of blood does the average adult have?
Correct Answer
A. 5-6
Explanation
The average adult has approximately 5-6 liters of blood in their body.
13.
What is the normal lifespan of a RBC?
Correct Answer
B. 120 days
Explanation
The normal lifespan of a red blood cell (RBC) is approximately 120 days. This means that after 120 days, the RBC will undergo natural cell death and be replaced by new RBCs. This process ensures the continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues.
14.
What is the liquid portion of blood called?
Correct Answer
A. Plasma
Explanation
Plasma is the correct answer because it refers to the liquid portion of blood. It is a yellowish fluid that makes up about 55% of blood volume and carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, waste products, and clotting factors. Plasma also plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature and maintaining blood pressure.
15.
What is the function of a leukocyte?
Correct Answer
B. Protect from infection
Explanation
Leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, are responsible for protecting the body from infections. They are part of the immune system and work to identify and destroy pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Leukocytes can engulf and destroy foreign substances, produce antibodies, and coordinate immune responses to keep the body healthy and free from infections.
16.
What is a condition that could cause leukopenia?
Correct Answer
B. Leukemia
Explanation
Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a low white blood cell count. Leukemia, a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, can cause leukopenia. In leukemia, the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells, which can crowd out healthy cells and lead to a decrease in overall white blood cell count. Therefore, leukemia is a condition that could cause leukopenia.
17.
How many types of leukocytes are in blood?
Correct Answer
C. 5
Explanation
There are five types of leukocytes, also known as white blood cells, in the blood. These types include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type of leukocyte plays a different role in the immune system and helps to protect the body against infections and diseases.
18.
Which WBC comprises 40%-60% of the white blood cells?
Correct Answer
B. NeutropHils
Explanation
Neutrophils comprise 40%-60% of the white blood cells.
19.
20%-40% of WBC are comprised of _______________.
Correct Answer
A. LympHocytes
Explanation
20%-40% of white blood cells (WBC) are lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune system. They are responsible for recognizing and attacking foreign substances in the body, such as bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells. The percentage of lymphocytes in the total WBC count can vary depending on various factors, including the individual's health and any ongoing infections or diseases.
20.
Which WBC carries histamine?
Correct Answer
B. BasopHils
Explanation
Basophils are a type of white blood cell (WBC) that carry histamine. Histamine is an important chemical involved in the immune response and allergic reactions. When basophils are activated, they release histamine, which causes blood vessels to dilate and increases blood flow to the site of infection or injury. This helps to recruit other immune cells to the area and promotes inflammation. Therefore, basophils play a crucial role in the body's immune response.
21.
Another name for thrombocytes is______________.
Correct Answer
C. Platelets
Explanation
Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are small cell fragments in the blood that play a crucial role in blood clotting. They are responsible for forming a plug at the site of a damaged blood vessel to prevent excessive bleeding. Platelets are not the same as white blood cells or red blood cells, which have different functions in the body. Monocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. Therefore, the correct answer is platelets.
22.
Hemostasis is defined as _______________.
Correct Answer
D. Stoppage of blood
Explanation
Hemostasis is defined as the stoppage of blood. This refers to the body's natural process of preventing and controlling bleeding. It involves a series of complex mechanisms that occur in response to injury or damage to blood vessels. These mechanisms include vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and the formation of a blood clot to seal the damaged area. Hemostasis is essential for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system and preventing excessive blood loss.
23.
The first phase of hemostasis is _________________.
Correct Answer
B. Vascular stage
Explanation
The correct answer is the vascular stage. This refers to the initial response of blood vessels to injury, where the damaged blood vessels constrict to reduce blood flow and prevent further bleeding. This vasoconstriction is followed by the release of substances that promote platelet activation and aggregation, leading to the formation of a platelet plug.
24.
The test used to evaluate intrinsic pathway is called ____________.
Correct Answer
B. APTT
Explanation
The correct answer is APTT. The APTT, or activated partial thromboplastin time, is a test used to evaluate the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. It measures the time it takes for blood to clot in response to certain activators. This test is commonly used to diagnose and monitor clotting disorders, such as hemophilia, and to assess the effectiveness of anticoagulant medications.
25.
The breakdown and removal of a clot in the hemostasis process is ______________.
Correct Answer
B. Fibrinolysis
Explanation
Fibrinolysis is the process of breaking down and removing a clot in the hemostasis process. It involves the conversion of the protein fibrin, which forms the clot, into soluble fragments that can be cleared from the body. This process is important in preventing excessive clot formation and maintaining normal blood flow. Coagulation refers to the formation of a clot, vascular refers to blood vessels, and aggregation refers to the clumping together of platelets.
26.
What is the preferred site for venipuncture?
Correct Answer
B. Antecubital fossa
Explanation
The preferred site for venipuncture is the antecubital fossa. This area is located in the bend of the elbow and is easily accessible for drawing blood. It contains several large veins, such as the median cubital vein, which is commonly used for venipuncture. The antecubital fossa is a convenient and reliable site for blood collection, as it minimizes the risk of complications and provides a good blood flow for accurate testing. Other options, such as the ulnar vein or thrombotic vein, may not be as suitable or accessible for venipuncture.
27.
Sclerosed veins feel ______________.
Correct Answer
B. Cordlike
Explanation
Sclerosed veins feel cordlike because when veins become sclerosed, they can harden and lose their elasticity. This can cause them to feel like a firm cord or rope under the skin.
28.
Crooked or winding veins are also called ___________________.
Correct Answer
B. Tortuous
Explanation
Crooked or winding veins are also called tortuous. This term is used to describe veins that have twisted or curved paths, often appearing as bulging or knotted. The word "tortuous" is derived from the Latin word "tortus," meaning twisted.
29.
What is the preferred antiseptic for venipuncture?
Correct Answer
C. Isopropyl alcohol
Explanation
Isopropyl alcohol is the preferred antiseptic for venipuncture because it is effective in killing bacteria and preventing infection. It is commonly used in medical settings as it has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and is relatively safe to use. Isopropyl alcohol also evaporates quickly, which makes it convenient for use in venipuncture procedures. Betadine and iodine are also commonly used antiseptics, but they may cause skin irritation and are not as effective in killing certain types of bacteria. Jack Daniels is not a suitable antiseptic for venipuncture as it is an alcoholic beverage and not intended for medical use.
30.
What is the size (in inches) of the needle routinely used for venipuncture?
Correct Answer
A. 1-1.5
Explanation
The size of the needle routinely used for venipuncture is typically 1-1.5 inches.
31.
What is another name for winged infusion sets?
Correct Answer
C. Butterfly
Explanation
Winged infusion sets are commonly referred to as butterfly needles due to their shape resembling the wings of a butterfly. These needles are used for venipuncture and are designed to provide stability and control during the procedure. The "caterpillar," "dragonfly," and "beetlebug" options are not relevant to the context of the question and do not relate to winged infusion sets.
32.
Which is NOT a reason the tourniquet is used.
Correct Answer
C. To make veins blue
Explanation
The tourniquet is not used to make veins blue. A tourniquet is typically used to prevent venous flow of blood, which helps in locating veins and making them bulge, aiding in procedures such as blood draws or intravenous injections. The blue color of veins is a natural result of deoxygenated blood, and the tourniquet does not play a role in changing the color of veins.
33.
A pad used to correct the patient's clothing.
Correct Answer
B. Chux
Explanation
A Chux is a type of pad that is used to correct the patient's clothing. It is often placed under the patient to protect the bed or chair from any spills or accidents. The Chux pad is absorbent and helps to keep the patient dry and comfortable. It is commonly used in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare settings to maintain cleanliness and hygiene.
34.
The most common complication of phlebotomy.
Correct Answer
D. Hematoma
Explanation
Hematoma is the most common complication of phlebotomy. A hematoma occurs when there is bleeding under the skin, resulting in the formation of a localized blood clot. This can happen if the needle used during phlebotomy punctures a blood vessel, causing blood to leak into the surrounding tissues. Hematomas can vary in size and severity, and may cause pain, swelling, and discoloration at the site of the phlebotomy.
35.
Leaving the tourniquet on too long may cause ________________.
Correct Answer
B. Hemoconcentration
Explanation
Leaving the tourniquet on too long can cause hemoconcentration. This is because the tourniquet restricts blood flow to the area, leading to an accumulation of blood and an increase in the concentration of blood cells and proteins. Hemoconcentration can have negative effects on the body, such as thickening of the blood and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues.
36.
Tiny red spots on the skin caused by the rupturing of capillaries are called _____________.
Correct Answer
C. Petechiae
Explanation
Petechiae are tiny red spots on the skin that occur when capillaries rupture and cause bleeding under the skin. They are typically caused by trauma or injury and can be a sign of various medical conditions such as infections, autoimmune diseases, or certain medications. Phlebitis refers to inflammation of a vein, trauma refers to physical injury, and pimples are small papules on the skin caused by clogged pores. Therefore, the correct answer is petechiae.
37.
Accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
Correct Answer
B. Edema
Explanation
Edema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the tissues. This can occur due to various reasons such as an underlying medical condition, injury, or inflammation. When there is an excess of fluid in the tissues, it can cause swelling, pain, and discomfort. Therefore, edema is the correct answer as it accurately describes the accumulation of fluid in the tissues.
38.
Permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein.
Correct Answer
A. Fistula
Explanation
A fistula is a permanent surgical connection between an artery and a vein. This connection allows for the direct flow of blood between the two vessels, bypassing the capillaries. Fistulas are commonly created for dialysis patients to provide easy access for the removal and return of blood during treatment. They are also used in certain surgical procedures to improve blood flow or for the delivery of medications.
39.
Which would be considered a preanalytical error?
Correct Answer
A. Improper time of collection
Explanation
Improper time of collection refers to the error of collecting a sample at the wrong time. This can result in inaccurate test results as certain tests require samples to be collected at specific times to ensure accurate measurements. Collecting a sample at the wrong time can lead to false positives or false negatives, potentially leading to incorrect diagnoses or treatment plans. It is important to follow proper protocols and guidelines for sample collection to minimize pre-analytical errors.
40.
Which would be considered a post-analytical error?
Correct Answer
D. Improper use of serum separator
Explanation
An improper use of a serum separator would be considered a post-analytical error. This error occurs when the serum separator is not used correctly, leading to inaccurate test results. The serum separator is designed to separate the serum from the blood cells, allowing for more accurate analysis. If it is not used properly, the blood cells may mix with the serum, leading to incorrect test results. This error can be avoided by following proper procedures and ensuring that the serum separator is used correctly.
41.
The most important step in a routine venipuncture.
Correct Answer
C. Identify patient
Explanation
Identifying the patient is the most important step in a routine venipuncture because it ensures that the correct patient is receiving the procedure. This step helps prevent any potential errors or mix-ups in patient identification, ensuring patient safety and accurate record-keeping. It also allows healthcare providers to confirm important information such as allergies, medical history, and any special considerations before proceeding with the venipuncture.
42.
How many inches above the site should the tourniquet be tied?
Correct Answer
B. 3-4
Explanation
When applying a tourniquet, it is important to tie it several inches above the wound site to effectively stop blood flow to the injured area. Tying the tourniquet too close to the wound may not sufficiently occlude blood flow, while tying it too far away may make it less effective or increase the risk of complications. Therefore, the tourniquet should typically be tied around 3-4 inches above the site of the injury.
43.
If the patient continues to bleed after 8 minutes of pressure you should ______________.
Correct Answer
C. Call for help
Explanation
If the patient continues to bleed after 8 minutes of pressure, it is important to call for help. This is because the bleeding may be severe and require additional medical intervention. Calling for help ensures that medical professionals with the necessary expertise and resources can provide the appropriate treatment and support to stop the bleeding effectively.
44.
Which is not a reason for failure to collect blood?
Correct Answer
D. Patient drank too much liquid
Explanation
Drinking too much liquid is not a reason for failure to collect blood because it does not directly affect the process of blood collection. The other options listed are all potential reasons for failure to collect blood, such as a tube losing vacuum, the bevel of the needle not being against the vein side, or the needle not being fully inserted into the vein.
45.
Tubes may lose their vacuum due to ______________________.
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
Tubes may lose their vacuum due to manufacturing defects, an expired tube, or a fine crack in the tube. All of these factors can contribute to the loss of vacuum in a tube. Manufacturing defects can cause a leak in the tube, an expired tube may no longer maintain the necessary vacuum, and a fine crack in the tube can also lead to a loss of vacuum. Therefore, all of the options given are possible reasons for the loss of vacuum in tubes.
46.
If the needle passes completely through the vein you must pull it out of the arm and try another vein.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
If the needle passes completely through the vein, it is not necessary to pull it out of the arm and try another vein. This is because the needle is already in the vein and has successfully accessed it. Pulling it out and trying another vein would be unnecessary and potentially harmful.
47.
Using a butterfly may be necessary if the vein collapses with the evacuated tube system.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Using a butterfly may be necessary if the vein collapses with the evacuated tube system. This suggests that the use of a butterfly needle may be required in certain situations where the vein collapses during blood collection using the evacuated tube system. The butterfly needle is a smaller gauge needle with a flexible tubing that can be used to access difficult veins or veins that tend to collapse. Therefore, the statement is true as it highlights a potential need for using a butterfly needle in specific circumstances.
48.
A person should sustain from eating for how many hours prior to a fasting blood test.
Correct Answer
C. 12
Explanation
A person should refrain from eating for 12 hours prior to a fasting blood test. This is necessary to ensure accurate test results, as eating can affect the levels of certain substances in the blood, such as glucose and triglycerides. Fasting helps to establish a baseline for these measurements and allows healthcare professionals to interpret the results correctly.
49.
To measure diurnal variation of cortisol hormone what kind of specimen would be required?
Correct Answer
A. Timed
Explanation
To measure the diurnal variation of cortisol hormone, a timed specimen would be required. This means that the specimen would need to be collected at specific intervals throughout the day to capture the natural fluctuations of cortisol levels. This is because cortisol levels vary throughout the day, with the highest levels typically in the morning and the lowest levels in the evening. Collecting a timed specimen would provide a more accurate representation of the diurnal variation of cortisol hormone.
50.
Postprandial means ______________.
Correct Answer
A. After eating
Explanation
Postprandial means "after eating." It is a term used to describe the period of time following a meal. This term is commonly used in medical and scientific contexts to refer to the physiological changes that occur in the body after consuming food.