Pmc 1 Exam 3
Androgens & Estrogens (Cox & Sumanasekera), Adrenocorticosteroids (Cox & Sumanasekera) and Antihistamines (Cox & McCune)
- 1.
A substituent attached to the 10 Carbon on the steroid nucleus shown here would have what numbering?
- A.
18
- B.
19
- C.
20
- D.
21
Correct Answer
B. 19Explanation
19 is attached to 10, 18 is attached to 13 (Cox Androgens)Rate this question:
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- 2.
Steroids bind receptors ____
- A.
Inside the cell membrane
- B.
Extracellularly
- C.
Intracellularly
Correct Answer
C. IntracellularlyExplanation
Steroids bind receptors intracellularly because they are lipid-soluble molecules that can easily pass through the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, steroids bind to specific intracellular receptors located in the cytoplasm or nucleus. This binding activates the receptor and initiates a series of cellular responses, including changes in gene expression. Unlike other signaling molecules that bind receptors on the cell membrane, steroids directly affect gene transcription and protein synthesis within the cell.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Steroids act by binding intracellular receptors; the steroid-receptor complex then enters the nucleus and changes levels of proteins by altering the rate of DNA replication.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
alters the rate of transcription and thus translation (Cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 4.
Testosterone exhibits poor bioavailability due to extensive 1st pass metabolism.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Cox androgensRate this question:
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- 5.
The steroid molecule shown here is transformed by which of the following enzymes?
- A.
Gyrases
- B.
Esterases
- C.
Deaminases
- D.
Phosphatases
Correct Answer
B. EsterasesExplanation
This steroid has an ester at C17, so it is transformed by esterases into a COOH and alcohol (Cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 6.
Esterases metabolize lipophilic esters found at C17 on steroid molecules. Where in the body can these enzymes be found?
- A.
Liver only
- B.
Lung and skin only
- C.
Fat tissues only
- D.
Throughout the body
Correct Answer
D. Throughout the bodyExplanation
esterases are found in nearly all tissues (cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 7.
The purpose of esterification of steroid molecules with long carbon chains at C17 is to
- A.
Reduce drug half-lfie
- B.
Make the molecule more hydrophilic
- C.
Extend drug half-life in the blood
- D.
Minimize the lipophilicity of the molecule
Correct Answer
C. Extend drug half-life in the bloodExplanation
long chains are more lipophilic and thus harder to break down in the blood, extending the half life (Cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 8.
Finasteride and Dutasteride act by which of the following mechanisms?
- A.
5a Reductase inhibition
- B.
5a Reductase induction
- C.
11b Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibition
- D.
11b Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase induction
Correct Answer
A. 5a Reductase inhibitionExplanation
they are 5aR inhibitors (cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 9.
5-alpha Reductase inhibitors, such as Dutasteride, are irreversible modifiers.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
5aRI's are irreversible (cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 10.
The antiandrogens Bicalutamide, Flutamide and Nilutamide act by blocking the effects of testosterone and DHT on androgen receptors in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Cox androgensRate this question:
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- 11.
Which feature of the molecule shown here is very rarely found in drug molecules today?
- A.
Tri-fluoro group
- B.
Nitro group
- C.
Amide group
- D.
Cyano group
Correct Answer
B. Nitro groupExplanation
Cox androgensRate this question:
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- 12.
Why is the nitro group found in antiandrogens such as Nilutamide and Flutamide so unusual in modern drugs?
- A.
Highly nephrotoxic
- B.
Highly hepatotoxic
- C.
Highly neurotoxic
- D.
Highly cardiotoxic
Correct Answer
B. Highly hepatotoxicExplanation
Nitro groups are rarely used because they are highly hepatotoxic upon conversion to free radicals (cox androgens)Rate this question:
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- 13.
Estrogens have an aromatic A ring, 18 Carbons and a 3-OH group. Which of the following is the most potent estrogen?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
A. Option 1Explanation
Estradiol is the most potent estrogen. Estrone is the most abundant estrogen. Other structures are Estriol and Progesterone (Cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 14.
The rightward reaction shown in this pictures is what type of reaction?
- A.
Oxidation
- B.
Reduction
- C.
Amination
- D.
Esterification
Correct Answer
A. OxidationExplanation
the rightward reaction is the oxidation of estradiol into estrone. oxidation because it gains a bond to oxygen (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 15.
What type of reaction is shown here?
- A.
Reduction
- B.
Dehydroxylation
- C.
Oxidation
- D.
Dehydration
Correct Answer
C. OxidationExplanation
This is the oxidation of estradiol into estrione. Oxidation because it gains a bond to oxygen (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following are Phase 2 reactions undergone by Estrogens?
- A.
Sulfation
- B.
Glucuronidation
- C.
Hydroxylation
- D.
Esterification
Correct Answer(s)
A. Sulfation
B. GlucuronidationExplanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 17.
The enzyme which catalyzes the Phase 2 reaction of estradiol shown here is which of the following?
- A.
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase
- B.
Methyltransferase
- C.
Thioesterase
- D.
Sulfotransferase
Correct Answer
D. SulfotransferaseExplanation
Sulfotransferase conjugates a sulfate group in Phase 2 to make the molecule more polar so it can be removed from circulation by the kidneys (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 18.
The reaction shown here occurs in Phase ___ and is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.
- A.
2; dehydrogenase
- B.
1; UGT
- C.
2; UGT
- D.
1; dehydrogenase
Correct Answer
C. 2; UGTExplanation
this reaction is the glucuronide conjugation of estradiol by UGT in phase 2 (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following enzymes is responsible for enterohepatic cycling?
- A.
Beta-glucuronidase
- B.
Estrogen 2/4-hydroxylase
- C.
COMT
- D.
UGT
Correct Answer
A. Beta-glucuronidaseExplanation
b-glucuronidase hydrolyzes estradil glucuronide back into estradiol so it can be cycled again (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 20.
The enzyme responsible for enterohepatic cycling, Beta-glucuronidase, can be found where?
- A.
Bacteria in the liver
- B.
Bacteria in the large intestine
- C.
Liver cell membranes
- D.
Intestinal cell membranes
Correct Answer
B. Bacteria in the large intestineExplanation
the enzyme is found in bacteria in the large intestine (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 21.
The drug-drug interaction between antibiotics and estrogens is due to the lack of Beta-glucuronidase that occurs after antibiotics kill intestinal bacteria. Estrogen levels decrease because estrogen can no longer undergo enterohepatic cycling.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 22.
Another name for the enzyme Estrogen 2/4-hydroxylase is
- A.
CYP2D6
- B.
CYP2C9
- C.
CYP3A4
- D.
CYP6D9
Correct Answer
C. CYP3A4Explanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 23.
The structure shown here is produced by metabolism of Estrogen by Estrogen 2-hydroxylase enzyme. This molecule is further metabolized by which of the following enzymes?
- A.
UGT
- B.
Estrogen 4-hydroxylase
- C.
COMT
- D.
Aromatase
Correct Answer
C. COMTExplanation
recognize that this product is now a catechol, which can be metabolized by COMT (catechol O-methyltransferase) (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 24.
The purpose of the addition of the 17-alpha alkyne group to this estrogen molecule is to
- A.
Increase molecular size
- B.
Decrease oral bioavailability
- C.
Increase oral bioavailability
- D.
Make the molecule ionic
Correct Answer
C. Increase oral bioavailabilityExplanation
this is Ethinyl Estradiol. the 17a-alkyne group increases oral bioavailability by preventing oxidation of C17 to a ketone (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 25.
Which of the following classes of drugs are estrogen antagonists?
- A.
Aromatase Inhibitors
- B.
Phenylethanolamines
- C.
PDE5 Inhibitiors
- D.
Triphenylethylenes
Correct Answer(s)
A. Aromatase Inhibitors
D. TripHenylethylenesExplanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 26.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, or SERMs, act as agonists for estrogen in bone tissue (not marrow) and antagonists in breast tissue.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
SERMs are agonists in some tissues and antagonists in others (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 27.
SERMs, such as Clomifene and Tamoxifen, act by which of the following mechanisms?
- A.
They prevent translocation of the receptor complex to the nucleus
- B.
They prevent estrogen from entering the cell membrane
- C.
They degrade the intracellular estrogen receptor in the cytosol before estrogen can bind
- D.
They kill cells to prevent estrogen action
Correct Answer
A. They prevent translocation of the receptor complex to the nucleusExplanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 28.
Which of the following antiestrogens is NOT an aromatase inhibitor?
- A.
Anastrazole
- B.
Exemestane
- C.
Letrozole
- D.
Clomifene
Correct Answer
D. ClomifeneExplanation
Clomifene is a triphenylethylene SERM (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 29.
The function of the enzyme Aromatase is to de-aromatize the A ring of androgen molecules.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Aromatase aromatizes the A ring of androgens to produce estrogens (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 30.
The enzyme Aromatase can produce Estrone from which of the following androgens?
- A.
Option 1
- B.
Option 2
- C.
Option 3
- D.
Option 4
Correct Answer
B. Option 2Explanation
Aromatase converts androstenedione to estrone and converts testosterone to estradiol. Other choices are testosterone, ethinyl estradiol and DHT (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 31.
Identify this drug.
- A.
Raloxifene
- B.
Anastrazole
- C.
Exemestane
- D.
Letrozole
Correct Answer
B. AnastrazoleExplanation
cox estrogensRate this question:
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- 32.
Suicide inhibition is another name for which type of binding, exhibited by steroid binding to aromatase?
- A.
Irreversible
- B.
Reversible
- C.
Shannon Burton binding
Correct Answer
A. IrreversibleExplanation
Irreversible binding of steroids to aromatase is known as suicide inhibition (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 33.
Which of the following are structural features of progestins, which promote gestation and relax the uterus?
- A.
C21-keto
- B.
3-keto
- C.
4-ene
- D.
Aromatic A ring
Correct Answer(s)
A. C21-keto
B. 3-keto
C. 4-eneExplanation
aromatic A are found in estrogens only (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 34.
Progesterone is converted to 6-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone by the addition of a hydroxy group at the 6 position. This reaction is a(n)
- A.
Oxidation
- B.
Reduction
Correct Answer
A. OxidationExplanation
adding a bond to an O is an oxidation (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 35.
5-beta-pregnanediol is produced by changing the 3-keto group of progesterone to a 3-OH and saturating the double bond at the 4 position. This reaction is a(n)
- A.
Oxidation
- B.
Reduction
Correct Answer
B. ReductionExplanation
Changing the ketone to an alcohol loses a bond to O, so this is a reduction (cox estrogens)Rate this question:
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- 36.
The follicular phase of menstruation involves the conversion of pregnenolone to DHEA. The luteal phase involves the conversion of pregnenolone to which of the following?
- A.
Cortisol
- B.
Aldosterone
- C.
Progesterone
- D.
Estradiol
Correct Answer
C. ProgesteroneExplanation
Luteal: pregnenolone to progesterone via 3B-dehydrogenase (S estrogens/androgens)Rate this question:
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- 37.
11-deoxycorticosterone is converted to Aldosterone in the Zona Glomerulosa via which of the following enzymes?
- A.
11b-hydroxylase
- B.
21b-hydroxylase
- C.
3b-dehydrogenase
- D.
3,20-lyase
Correct Answer
A. 11b-hydroxylaseExplanation
Dr. SRate this question:
-
- 38.
The enzyme Aromatase produces 17b-estradiol from which of the following androgens?
- A.
DHEA
- B.
Testosterone
- C.
Androstenedione
- D.
Cortisol
Correct Answer
B. TestosteroneExplanation
Dr. SRate this question:
-
- 39.
Estradiol enhances protein synthesis by altering the rate of transcription. Which of the following are functions of estradiol in the body?
- A.
Growth and maturation
- B.
Decreased protein production
- C.
Cell growth and proliferation
- D.
Building the endometrial lining
- E.
Raising HDL and lowering LDL
- F.
Decreased blood coagulation
Correct Answer(s)
A. Growth and maturation
C. Cell growth and proliferation
D. Building the endometrial lining
E. Raising HDL and lowering LDLExplanation
estrogen increases protein production and blood coagulation Dr. SRate this question:
-
- 40.
Are you going to read Dr. S's research paper in sharepoint?
- A.
No
- B.
Nah
- C.
Doubt it
- D.
What?
Correct Answer
B. NahExplanation
The answer "Nah" suggests that the person is not interested in reading Dr. S's research paper in SharePoint. This informal response indicates a lack of enthusiasm or willingness to engage with the research material.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Progestins reduce the risk of cancer from estrogen therapy and decrease water retention by competing with aldosterone.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Dr. SRate this question:
-
- 42.
Dutasteride blocks the conversion of Testosterone to which of the following?
- A.
DHT
- B.
Androstenedione
- C.
Estriol
- D.
Aldosterone
Correct Answer
A. DHTExplanation
Dr. SRate this question:
-
- 43.
Steroids are transported in the blood via transport proteins. Which of the following is NOT a transport protein for steroids?
- A.
Albumin
- B.
Corticosteroid Binding Globulin
- C.
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
- D.
Immunoglobulns
Correct Answer
D. ImmunoglobulnsExplanation
cox adrenocorticoids 1Rate this question:
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- 44.
One example of a drug-drug interaction involving competition for steroid transport proteins is that between oral contraceptives and prednisolone.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
cox adrenocorticoids 1Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which of the following substituents (numbered) is CORRECTLY matched with its designation as alpha or beta?
- A.
18 beta methyl
- B.
19 beta methyl
- C.
8 alpha Hydrogen
- D.
14 alpha Hydrogen
- E.
5 beta Hydrogen
Correct Answer(s)
A. 18 beta methyl
B. 19 beta methyl
D. 14 alpHa HydrogenExplanation
alpha: hydrogens at 5, 9 and 14
beta: hydrogen at 8, methyls atRate this question:
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- 46.
The most potent endogenous glucocorticoid is _____ while the most potent endogenous mineralocorticoid is _____.
- A.
Estrogen; Fludrocortisone
- B.
Methylprednisolone; Aldosterone
- C.
Cortisol; Aldosterone
- D.
Cortisol; Fludrocortisone
Correct Answer
C. Cortisol; AldosteroneExplanation
cox adrenocorticoids 1Rate this question:
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- 47.
A 17-Beta Ketol group, which may or may not be esterified, is a MUST for which type of activity?
- A.
Corticosteroid
- B.
Androgenic
- C.
Estrogenic
- D.
Physical
Correct Answer
A. CorticosteroidExplanation
cox adrenocorticoids 1Rate this question:
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- 48.
Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the reaction shown here?
- A.
11-alpha Hydrogenase
- B.
11-beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase
- C.
17-alpha Hydroxylase
- D.
17-beta Esterase
Correct Answer
B. 11-beta Hydroxysteroid DehydrogenaseExplanation
cox adrenocorticoids 1Rate this question:
-
- 49.
Cortisone is a prodrug of Hydrocortisone. The conversion of cortisone to hydrocortisone requires converting the 11-keto group to an 11-OH. This conversion is which type of reaction?
- A.
Reduction
- B.
Oxidation
- C.
Hydrolysis
- D.
Hydroxylation
Correct Answer
A. ReductionExplanation
converting a ketone to an alcohol loses an O bond, so it is a reduction (cox adrenocorticoids 1)Rate this question:
-
- 50.
This compound is hydrolyzed to a 17-beta ketol by which of the following enzymes?
- A.
Esterase
- B.
Hydroxylase
- C.
Phosphatase
- D.
Deaminase
Correct Answer
C. pHospHataseExplanation
the water-soluble phosphate salt in the molecule is hydrolyzed by a phosphatase (cox adrenocorticoids 1)Rate this question:
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