K1 US Examination Questions & Answers

The vastus lateralis muscle lies deep to the iliotibial tract.

The calcaneus is the correct answer because it is the bone that forms the heel of the foot. It is the largest tarsal bone and plays a crucial role in weight-bearing and walking. The talus is another tarsal bone, but it is not located in the heel area. The fibula is a bone in the lower leg, while the cuboid is a bone in the midfoot.

The gastrocnemius is a muscle located in the back of the lower leg. It crosses the knee joint and attaches to the heel bone via the Achilles tendon. One of its main actions is knee flexion, which means bending the knee joint and bringing the lower leg closer to the thigh. This action is important for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

The triceps surae is formed by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The gastrocnemius is a large muscle located at the back of the lower leg, while the soleus is a smaller muscle that lies underneath the gastrocnemius. Together, these two muscles work to extend the foot and assist in movements such as walking, running, and jumping. They are both important for the overall strength and stability of the lower leg.

Dorsiflexion is the movement that will lengthen the fibers of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of pulling the toes towards the shin, which stretches the muscles of the calf, including the gastrocnemius and soleus. This movement helps to increase flexibility and range of motion in the ankle joint.

The fibularis muscles, also known as the peroneal muscles, are responsible for eversion and plantar flexion of the foot. Eversion refers to the movement of the foot away from the midline of the body, while plantar flexion refers to pointing the foot downward. These actions are performed by the fibularis longus and fibularis brevis muscles, which are located on the lateral side of the lower leg. Inversion and dorsiflexion, on the other hand, involve movement towards the midline and lifting the foot upward, respectively, and are not actions performed by the fibularis muscles.

A bursa is a fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between two structures, such as bones, tendons, or muscles, to reduce friction and allow smooth movement. Bursae are commonly found in areas where there is repetitive motion or pressure, such as the joints. They help to prevent irritation and damage by providing a lubricated surface that allows the structures to glide over each other easily.

The vertical crease created by the gluteus maximus muscles is known as the gluteal cleft. This term is commonly used to refer to the indentation between the buttocks, also known as the "butt crack". It is a natural anatomical feature that varies in appearance among individuals. The other options, such as "card swipe" and "bikini groove", do not accurately describe this specific anatomical feature.

The tibiofemoral joint is a modified hinge joint. This means that it allows movement in primarily one plane, like a hinge, but also allows for some rotation and gliding. The tibiofemoral joint is formed by the articulation between the femur and the tibia, and it is responsible for flexion and extension of the leg, as well as some rotation and gliding movements.

The region of the body located between the shoulder and the elbow is called the brachial region. This region includes the upper arm and is responsible for connecting the shoulder to the elbow. The brachial region contains important structures such as the brachial artery, brachial vein, and brachial plexus, which are responsible for supplying blood and innervation to the arm.

The region of the body that is located at the posterior knee is called the popliteal region. This area is located behind the knee joint and is formed by the muscles, tendons, and ligaments that surround the joint. The popliteal region is important for the movement and stability of the knee joint.

The anatomical term for the region on the underside of the foot is plantar. This term refers to the sole of the foot, which is the area that makes contact with the ground when walking or standing. The plantar region contains various structures, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves, that are important for foot movement and support.

The umbilicus is located in the abdominal region of the body. This refers to the area between the chest and the pelvis, which includes the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs. The umbilicus, also known as the belly button, is the scar left behind after the umbilical cord is cut at birth. It is located in the center of the abdomen, typically a few inches above the pelvis.

The anatomical term for the groin is inguinal. This term refers to the area where the thigh meets the lower abdomen, specifically the crease between the abdomen and the thigh. It is commonly used in medical and anatomical contexts to describe structures and conditions related to this area, such as inguinal hernias. The other options, pelvic, femoral, and pubic, do not specifically refer to the groin area, making inguinal the correct answer.

The anatomical term that describes the low back is "lumbar." This term refers to the region of the spine that is located between the thoracic (mid back) and sacral (lower back) regions. The lumbar region consists of five vertebrae, which are larger and more flexible compared to other vertebrae. It is responsible for providing support and stability to the upper body and allowing movement, such as bending and twisting.

The plan of movement that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the transverse plane. This plane is perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes, and it divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. It is often used in medical imaging to visualize structures in the body, such as organs or bones, and is also commonly referred to as the horizontal plane.

The plane that divides the body into two symmetrical right and left halves is called the mid sagittal plane. This plane passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal halves. It is also known as the median plane or the midline plane. The other options, sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes, do not specifically divide the body into symmetrical halves.

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is called the coronal plane. This plane runs vertically from side to side, dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections. It is also known as the frontal plane. The transverse plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions. The term "superior" refers to a position above or higher than another structure. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right portions.

Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. The sagittal plane divides the body into left and right halves and is perpendicular to the frontal and transverse planes. Flexion refers to the bending of a joint, decreasing the angle between two body parts, while extension refers to the straightening of a joint, increasing the angle between two body parts. Therefore, the actions of flexion and extension occur within the sagittal plane.

The term "superior" refers to a position that is closer to the head. In anatomical terms, it is used to describe the location of a body part that is situated above or higher than another part. This can be used to indicate the relative position of different body structures, such as organs or bones, in relation to each other.

The sternum is located in the front of the body, facing towards the anterior side. It is positioned in front of the spine, making it anterior to the spine.

The heart is deep to the rib cage because it is located behind the rib cage, closer to the spine. This means that the heart is positioned further away from the surface of the body compared to the rib cage.

The tibialis anterior is distal to the biceps femoris because it is located further away from the trunk or origin of the limb. In anatomical terms, "distal" refers to a position that is farther away from the center of the body or point of attachment, while "proximal" refers to a position that is closer to the center or point of attachment. Since the tibialis anterior is located in the lower leg, which is farther away from the trunk compared to the biceps femoris in the thigh, it is considered distal to the biceps femoris.

The term "superior" refers to a position or location that is above or higher than another. In the context of the question, it means that the shoulders are positioned higher than the knees. This is anatomically accurate as the shoulders are located on the upper part of the body, while the knees are on the lower part.

Extension is the movement that straightens or opens a joint. It involves increasing the angle between two bones or body parts, typically in the opposite direction of flexion. For example, when you straighten your arm after bending it, you are performing extension at the elbow joint. Similarly, when you straighten your leg after bending it, you are performing extension at the knee joint. Therefore, extension is the correct answer to the question.

Lateral flexion is the action that describes side bending of the neck or trunk. This movement occurs when the spine curves laterally, allowing the head or trunk to tilt towards one side. It is commonly seen when performing exercises such as side bends or when bending the neck to the side. Lateral rotation refers to the rotation of a body part away from the midline, horizontal abduction refers to moving a limb away from the midline in a horizontal plane, and lateral deviation is not a commonly used term to describe this action.

Protraction is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of the scapula away from the spine. This movement is commonly seen when someone pushes their shoulders forward or when they reach their arms forward. Retraction, on the other hand, describes the movement of the scapula towards the spine. Elevation refers to the upward movement of the scapula, while adduction refers to the movement towards the midline of the body.

Plantar flexion is the correct answer because when stepping on the gas pedal, the ankle joint moves in a way that points the foot downwards, towards the ground. This movement is known as plantar flexion, which involves the extension of the ankle joint and the pointing of the toes away from the body.

A ball and socket joint is capable of circumduction, which is the movement of a body part in a circular motion. This type of joint allows for a wide range of motion in multiple directions, as the rounded end of one bone fits into the concave socket of another bone. This structure allows for movement in all planes, including rotation and circumduction, making it the correct answer.

A synovial joint contains a joint cavity. Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which is filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps to lubricate the joint and reduce friction during movement. Examples of synovial joints include the knee, hip, and shoulder joints. In contrast, cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage, fibrous joints are connected by fibrous tissue, and sutures are immovable joints found only in the skull.

The acromion process is the portion of the scapula that articulates with the clavicle. It forms the highest point of the shoulder and provides attachment for various muscles and ligaments. The acromion process helps to stabilize the shoulder joint and allows for movement and rotation of the arm.

The joint formed where the humerus and scapula meet is called the glenohumeral joint. This joint is commonly known as the shoulder joint and allows for a wide range of motion in the arm. The glenohumeral joint is a ball-and-socket joint, with the head of the humerus fitting into the shallow socket of the scapula. This joint is supported by ligaments and muscles, and its structure allows for movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation of the arm.

The sternoclavicular joint is the attachment point between the axial and appendicular skeleton. It connects the clavicle (appendicular skeleton) to the sternum (axial skeleton). This joint allows for movement and stability of the shoulder girdle and is responsible for connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

The rhomboids and serratus anterior muscles both attach to the medial border of the scapula. The medial border is located on the inner side of the scapula, running parallel to the spine. This attachment site allows these muscles to exert their pulling and stabilizing actions on the scapula, contributing to movements of the shoulder joint.

By placing your fingers on the spine of the scapula, the medial border, and the lateral border, you are isolating the area known as the infraspinatus fossa. The infraspinatus fossa is a shallow depression on the posterior surface of the scapula, located below the spine of the scapula. It is the attachment site for the infraspinatus muscle, which plays a role in shoulder movement and stabilization.

The common attachment site of the deltoid and trapezius is the lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula.

The common attachment site of the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis is the coracoid process. The coracoid process is a small hook-like structure on the scapula (shoulder blade) that serves as a point of attachment for various muscles, including the biceps brachii and coracobrachialis. These muscles play a role in flexing and stabilizing the arm at the shoulder joint.

Teres major is a complete synergist with the latissimus dorsi. This means that these two muscles work together to perform the same action. The latissimus dorsi is responsible for actions such as extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint. The teres major assists in these movements and acts as a synergist to the latissimus dorsi, helping to stabilize and strengthen the shoulder joint during these actions.

The correct answer is Teres minor, subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus. These are the four muscles that make up the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, providing stability and allowing for movement of the shoulder. The teres minor, subscapularis, infraspinatus, and supraspinatus muscles work together to control and coordinate the movements of the shoulder joint, helping to rotate and stabilize the arm.

The supraglenoid tubercle is an attachment site for the long head of the biceps brachii. This bony landmark is located on the upper part of the glenoid fossa of the scapula. The long head of the biceps brachii originates from this tubercle and travels down the arm to insert on the radial tuberosity. This attachment allows the biceps muscle to flex the elbow and supinate the forearm. The other options listed, including the infraglenoid tubercle, coracoid process, and glenoid fossa, do not serve as attachment sites for the long head of the biceps brachii.

The pectoralis minor muscle depresses the scapula. This muscle is located in the upper chest area and attaches to the scapula. When it contracts, it pulls the scapula downward and forward, causing depression. The other muscles listed - rhomboid, pectoralis major, and infraspinatus - do not have the primary function of depressing the scapula.

The deltoid muscle is responsible for the abduction of the humerus at the shoulder joint. Abduction refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline of the body. The deltoid muscle is a large, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint and is capable of producing a wide range of movements, including abduction. It is the primary muscle involved in lifting the arm away from the body and is essential for activities such as raising the arm to the side or performing shoulder presses.

Bilateral contraction of the upper trapezius muscles will create extension of the head and neck. The upper trapezius muscles are located on the back of the neck and upper back, and when they contract, they pull the head and neck backwards, causing extension. This movement is commonly seen when looking up at the ceiling or tilting the head back.

The biceps brachii muscle tendon lies within the intertubercular groove. This is a groove located on the anterior aspect of the humerus bone. The biceps brachii muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow joint and supinating the forearm. Its tendon passes through the intertubercular groove and attaches to the top of the radius bone in the forearm.

The infraspinatus muscle is a synergist with the teres minor in lateral rotation of the arm at the shoulder joint. These two muscles work together to rotate the arm laterally, helping to stabilize and move the shoulder joint. The supraspinatus muscle is not involved in lateral rotation, while the subscapularis muscle is actually a synergist with the teres major in medial rotation of the arm. Therefore, the correct answer is the infraspinatus.

The deltoid muscle is located superficially to the supraspinatus tendon. It is a large, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint and is responsible for the abduction and flexion of the arm. Its position above the supraspinatus tendon allows it to provide support and stability to the shoulder joint during movement. The trapezius, infraspinatus, and biceps brachii muscles are not directly superficial to the supraspinatus tendon.

Rhomboids and trapezius are synergists in scapular adduction. Adduction refers to the movement of bringing the scapula closer to the midline of the body. The rhomboids and trapezius muscles work together to retract and stabilize the scapula during this movement.

The rhomboid muscle is an antagonist to the serratus anterior. The serratus anterior is responsible for protracting and stabilizing the scapula, while the rhomboid muscle retracts and stabilizes the scapula. These two muscles work in opposition to each other, with the serratus anterior pulling the scapula forward and the rhomboid pulling it backward.

The clavicular fibers of the pectoralis major are responsible for shoulder flexion. This means that they are involved in lifting the arm forward and upward, bringing the shoulder closer to the chest.

The biceps brachii is a muscle located in the upper arm. It is responsible for two main actions: shoulder flexion and forearm supination. Shoulder flexion refers to the movement of raising the arm forward, while forearm supination refers to the movement of rotating the forearm so that the palm faces up. Therefore, the correct answer is shoulder flexion and forearm supination.