1.
The drug of choice in animals for the control of seizures and the dose is calculated in grains.
Correct Answer
A. Midazolam
Explanation
Midazolam is the correct answer because it is commonly used as a sedative and anesthetic in animals. It is also used to control seizures, making it the drug of choice for this purpose. The dose of midazolam is calculated in grains, which is a unit of measurement commonly used in veterinary medicine. Therefore, midazolam is the most appropriate option for controlling seizures in animals.
2.
The veterinarian suspects a 6 year old beagle with a fever and spinal pain has discospondylitis. Which of the following diagnostics are NOT indicated?
Correct Answer
E. All of these diagnostics are indicated
Explanation
All of the mentioned diagnostics are indicated because they can provide valuable information for diagnosing discospondylitis in the beagle. A urine culture can help identify any bacterial infection in the urinary tract that may be associated with the condition. A CBC/Chemistry panel can provide information about the overall health of the dog and detect any abnormalities in blood cell counts or organ function. Radiographs can help visualize any changes in the spinal column that may be indicative of discospondylitis. Lastly, a blood culture can help identify the specific bacteria causing the infection.
3.
What term refers to the state of being in a seizure?
Correct Answer
C. Ictus
Explanation
Ictus refers to the state of being in a seizure. It is a medical term used to describe the actual occurrence of a seizure. It does not refer to any specific type of seizure, but rather the general state of experiencing a seizure. The other options, pre-ictal and post-ictal, refer to the periods before and after a seizure, respectively. Grand mal is a specific type of seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions.
4.
Increased drinking and urination are side effects of phenobarbital about which you should educated an owner. What are the veterinary abbreviations for increased drinking and urination?
Correct Answer
D. PU/PD
Explanation
The veterinary abbreviations for increased drinking and urination are PU/PD. These abbreviations stand for polyuria (increased drinking) and polydipsia (increased urination). These side effects are commonly associated with the use of phenobarbital, a medication used to treat seizures in animals. It is important to educate the owner about these potential side effects so that they can monitor their pet and seek veterinary advice if necessary.
5.
Which of the following is a treatment for a dog with idiopathic megaesophagus?
Correct Answer
C. Feeding a high calorie food
Explanation
Feeding a high-calorie food is a treatment for a dog with idiopathic megaesophagus because it helps to provide the necessary nutrients and energy to support the dog's overall health and weight maintenance. Idiopathic megaesophagus is a condition where the esophagus loses its ability to move food down into the stomach effectively, leading to regurgitation and difficulty in swallowing. Feeding a high-calorie food ensures that the dog receives enough calories despite the regurgitation, helping to prevent malnutrition and maintain a healthy body weight.
6.
Following a compressive spinal cord injury, which of the following is the last to be lost and thus these animals have a poor prognosis?
Correct Answer
D. Deep pain
Explanation
Following a compressive spinal cord injury, deep pain is the last to be lost. This means that even though animals may lose other functions such as proprioception, motor function, and superficial pain, they can still perceive deep pain. The fact that deep pain is the last to be lost indicates a poor prognosis for these animals, as it suggests severe damage to the spinal cord.
7.
Which of the following would NOT be a cause of megaesophagus in the dog?
Correct Answer
B. All of these can cause megaesopHagus in the dog
Explanation
All of the listed options can cause megaesophagus in dogs. Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disorder that can weaken the muscles responsible for swallowing, leading to megaesophagus. Addison's disease, a hormonal disorder, can cause muscle weakness and dysfunction, including in the esophagus. Congenital diseases can include structural abnormalities or developmental issues that affect the esophagus. Lead poisoning can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis, including in the esophagus. Therefore, all of these conditions can potentially cause megaesophagus in dogs.
8.
This drug is useful for the emergent treatment of seizures.
Correct Answer
C. Both Diazepam and Midazolam
Explanation
Both Diazepam and Midazolam are useful for the emergent treatment of seizures. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine that works by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called GABA in the brain, which helps to calm down excessive electrical activity and reduce seizures. Midazolam is also a benzodiazepine that acts similarly to Diazepam, by increasing the effects of GABA in the brain. Therefore, both Diazepam and Midazolam can be effective in quickly stopping seizures during emergencies.
9.
This is useful for long-term control of seizures.
Correct Answer
D. Zonisamide and Keppra
Explanation
Zonisamide and Keppra are both antiepileptic drugs that are commonly used for long-term control of seizures. Zonisamide works by inhibiting voltage-gated sodium and T-type calcium channels, which helps to reduce the occurrence of seizures. Keppra, on the other hand, works by binding to a specific protein in the brain called SV2A, which is involved in the release of neurotransmitters. By binding to this protein, Keppra helps to regulate the release of neurotransmitters and prevent excessive neuronal activity that can lead to seizures. Therefore, the combination of Zonisamide and Keppra can provide a more effective and comprehensive approach to controlling seizures in patients.
10.
You are an experienced veterinary technician training a student. A four-month-old intact female miniature Yorkshire Terrier presents with cervical pain and acute onset of paralysis in all four limbs. What important information would you relay to the student?
Correct Answer
D. Do not flex the neck.
Explanation
The important information to relay to the student is to not flex the neck. This is because the dog is presenting with cervical pain and acute onset of paralysis in all four limbs. Flexing the neck could potentially worsen the condition or cause further injury. It is crucial to handle the dog with care and avoid any movements that may exacerbate the symptoms.
11.
Two major components of IVDD medical therapy include:
Correct Answer
D. Corticosteroids, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants and narcotics.
Explanation
The correct answer is Corticosteroids, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants, and narcotics. This combination of medications is commonly used in the medical therapy for intervertebral disc disease (IVDD). Corticosteroids help reduce inflammation and swelling in the affected area, NSAIDs provide pain relief and reduce inflammation, muscle relaxants help relax the muscles around the spine, and narcotics are used for severe pain management. By combining these medications, it aims to address the various symptoms and provide relief for patients with IVDD.
12.
Which of these idiopathic neurologic diseases has the best prognosis?
Correct Answer
D. Idiopathic Vestibular Disease
Explanation
Idiopathic Vestibular Disease has the best prognosis among these idiopathic neurologic diseases. This means that patients with this condition are more likely to have a positive outcome or recovery compared to those with Degenerative Myelopathy or Discospondylitis. The term "idiopathic" indicates that the cause of the disease is unknown, but despite this, patients with Idiopathic Vestibular Disease have a better chance of improvement or resolution.
13.
You are in an exam room obtaining a history and the owner tells you that their pet has had a seizure. You know that sometimes owners confuse seizures with which of the following conditions?
Correct Answer
A. Syncope
Explanation
Sometimes owners confuse seizures with syncope. Syncope is a temporary loss of consciousness due to a lack of blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as low blood sugar, heart problems, or dehydration. Syncope can sometimes present with similar symptoms to seizures, such as sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, and muscle twitching. However, unlike seizures, syncope is not caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
14.
Name a cause of seizures besides epilepsy.
Correct Answer
A. All of these are potential causes of seizures
Explanation
All of the listed options (toxin, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, neoplasia) can potentially cause seizures. Seizures can be triggered by various factors, not limited to epilepsy. Toxins, such as certain drugs or chemicals, can disrupt normal brain activity and lead to seizures. Hypocalcemia (low calcium levels) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can also affect brain function and potentially cause seizures. Neoplasia, which refers to the abnormal growth of cells (such as tumors), can exert pressure on the brain and disrupt its normal functioning, leading to seizures.