PSY 320--Human Motivation--Final Exam

1.

In the early 1900s, most psychologists believed that motivation was explained by…
- A.
  
  Will power
- B.
  
  Instincts
- C.
  
  Environmental incentives
- D.
  
  Beliefs and expectations
- E.
  
  Greed
Correct Answer
B. Instincts

Explanation
In the early 1900s, psychologists believed that motivation was primarily explained by instincts. Instincts refer to innate, automatic behaviors that are driven by biological factors. This belief was influenced by the works of early psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and William James, who emphasized the role of instinctual drives in human behavior. They believed that these instinctual drives, such as the need for food, sex, and self-preservation, were the main motivators behind human actions. This perspective has since been challenged and expanded upon by other theories of motivation, but in the early 1900s, instincts were seen as the primary explanation for motivation.

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2.

John believes that women make better parents than men because women have an inborn tendency to "mother" children. John's statement would reflect which of the following theories of motivation?
- A.
  
  Instinct
- B.
  
  Incentive
- C.
  
  Cognitive
- D.
  
  Expectation-attribution
- E.
  
  Philosophical
Correct Answer
A. Instinct

Explanation
John's belief that women make better parents than men because of their inborn tendency to "mother" children aligns with the instinct theory of motivation. This theory suggests that certain behaviors are innate and instinctual, meaning they are biologically programmed and do not require external rewards or incentives. In this case, John believes that women's natural instinct to nurture and care for children drives their ability to be better parents.

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3.

External stimuli or rewards which we desire and can motivate behavior are called…
- A.
  
  Needs
- B.
  
  Drives
- C.
  
  Incentives
- D.
  
  Peripheral cues
- E.
  
  Focus
Correct Answer
C. Incentives

Explanation
Incentives are external stimuli or rewards that we desire and can motivate behavior. They serve as a form of motivation for individuals to engage in certain actions or behaviors in order to obtain the desired outcome or reward. Incentives can vary in nature and can include financial rewards, recognition, praise, or other tangible or intangible benefits that individuals find appealing and motivating.

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4.

A race car driver wants to win the prize money and feels as if the money is pulling him to win. Which of the following would explain this behavior?
- A.
  
  Pleasure center theory
- B.
  
  Fixed action patterns
- C.
  
  Incentive theory
- D.
  
  Instinct
- E.
  
  Motivation
Correct Answer
C. Incentive theory

Explanation
The incentive theory explains the race car driver's behavior because it suggests that individuals are motivated to take action in order to attain rewards or incentives. In this case, the driver is motivated to win the prize money, which acts as the incentive pulling him towards victory. The theory suggests that the anticipation of the reward creates a strong motivation and drives the individual to work towards achieving their goal.

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5.

Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that…
- A.
  
  Obtain rewards or incentives important for survival
- B.
  
  Are personally rewarding
- C.
  
  Satisfy biological needs
- D.
  
  Are instinctual fixed action patterns
- E.
  
  Provide stimulation
Correct Answer
B. Are personally rewarding

Explanation
Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that are personally rewarding. This means that we are driven to do things because we find them enjoyable, fulfilling, or satisfying on a personal level. These behaviors may not necessarily be driven by external rewards or incentives, but rather by our own internal desires and interests. Intrinsic motivation plays a crucial role in our overall well-being and can lead to higher levels of engagement, persistence, and creativity in our activities.

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6.

Intrinsic is to ____ as extrinsic is to ____.
- A.
  
  Biological; psychological
- B.
  
  Instinct; social
- C.
  
  Biological; internal
- D.
  
  Internal; external
- E.
  
  Internal; reward
Correct Answer
D. Internal; external

Explanation
The term "intrinsic" refers to something that is inherent or internal, while "extrinsic" refers to something that is external or outside. In this context, the relationship between the two pairs is that "intrinsic" is the opposite of "extrinsic." Therefore, the correct answer is "internal; external."

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7.

Carl works hard to get A's on his report card because his mother pays him 25 dollars for each one. Carl's behavior is being influenced by…
- A.
  
  Fixed action patterns
- B.
  
  Hierarchy of needs
- C.
  
  Extrinsic motivation
- D.
  
  Drive-reduction theory
- E.
  
  Human motivation
Correct Answer
C. Extrinsic motivation

Explanation
Carl's behavior of working hard to get A's on his report card is being influenced by extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation refers to the drive to engage in a behavior in order to receive external rewards or avoid punishment. In this case, Carl's mother pays him 25 dollars for each A he gets, which serves as an external reward that motivates him to work hard and achieve good grades.

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8.

An incentive is ____, whereas needs are ____.
- A.
  
  External; internal
- B.
  
  A fixed action pattern; instinctual
- C.
  
  A biological need; social needs
- D.
  
  a safety need; self-actualization needs
- E.
  
  Optional; necessary
Correct Answer
A. External; internal

Explanation
An incentive is external, meaning it is something that comes from outside of oneself and motivates behavior. Needs, on the other hand, are internal, meaning they are inherent to an individual and drive behavior based on internal desires or requirements.

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9.

Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important concepts in which of the following theories of motivation?
- A.
  
  Instinct theory
- B.
  
  Drive-reduction theory
- C.
  
  Self-actualization
- D.
  
  Cognitive theory
- E.
  
  Biological theory
Correct Answer
D. Cognitive theory

Explanation
Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important concepts in cognitive theory of motivation. This theory suggests that motivation is driven by our thoughts, beliefs, and expectations about the outcomes of our actions. It emphasizes the role of cognitive processes in shaping and directing behavior. In cognitive theory, individuals are motivated to achieve their goals and fulfill their expectations based on their beliefs and perceptions of the world. This theory highlights the importance of cognitive factors in understanding and explaining human motivation.

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10.

Which of the following words best explains incentive theory of motivation?
- A.
  
  Pulling us
- B.
  
  Pushing us
- C.
  
  Helping us
- D.
  
  Compelling us
- E.
  
  Forcing us
Correct Answer
A. Pulling us

Explanation
The word "pulling us" best explains the incentive theory of motivation because it suggests that individuals are motivated by external rewards or incentives that attract or "pull" them towards a certain behavior or goal. Incentives can be positive, such as rewards or recognition, and they serve as a driving force to encourage individuals to engage in specific actions or behaviors. This theory emphasizes the role of external factors in motivating individuals and highlights the importance of rewards in influencing behavior.

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Psy 320--human Motivation--final Exam

In the early 1900s, most psychologists believed that motivation was explained by…

John believes that women make better parents than men because women have an inborn tendency to "mother" children. John's statement would reflect which of the following theories of motivation?

External stimuli or rewards which we desire and can motivate behavior are called…

A race car driver wants to win the prize money and feels as if the money is pulling him to win. Which of the following would explain this behavior?

Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that…

Intrinsic is to as extrinsic is to .

Carl works hard to get A's on his report card because his mother pays him 25 dollars for each one. Carl's behavior is being influenced by…

An incentive is , whereas needs are .

Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important concepts in which of the following theories of motivation?

Which of the following words best explains incentive theory of motivation?

Psy 320--human Motivation--final Exam

In the early 1900s, most psychologists believed that motivation was explained by…

John believes that women make better parents than men because women have an inborn tendency to "mother" children. John's statement would reflect which of the following theories of motivation?

External stimuli or rewards which we desire and can motivate behavior are called…

A race car driver wants to win the prize money and feels as if the money is pulling him to win. Which of the following would explain this behavior?

Intrinsic motivation influences us to engage in behaviors that…

Intrinsic is to ____ as extrinsic is to ____.

Carl works hard to get A's on his report card because his mother pays him 25 dollars for each one. Carl's behavior is being influenced by…

An incentive is ____, whereas needs are ____.

Beliefs, expectations, and goals are important concepts in which of the following theories of motivation?

Which of the following words best explains incentive theory of motivation?

Intrinsic is to as extrinsic is to .

An incentive is , whereas needs are .