Psyc 100 Exam Practice

As sleep cycles progress over the course of an average night, the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases. This is because REM sleep, also known as rapid eye movement sleep, is a stage of sleep characterized by vivid dreaming and heightened brain activity. REM sleep typically occurs in shorter intervals at the beginning of the night and becomes longer and more frequent as the night progresses. Therefore, the correct answer is that the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases over the course of the night.

Research has shown that cells in the hippocampus, a brain region involved in memory formation, are activated both during the learning process and during sleep. This suggests that sleep plays a role in consolidating memories. The activation of hippocampal cells during sleep may help to strengthen and integrate the information learned during wakefulness, leading to improved memory recall. This evidence supports the theory that sleep aids in memory consolidation.

The visual information is first sent via the optic nerve to the thalamus. The thalamus acts as a relay station and processes the information before sending it to the primary visual cortex, which is located in the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex is responsible for further processing and interpreting the visual information.

An organism's phenotype is the observable characteristics or traits that are determined by both its genotype (genetic makeup) and the environment it interacts with. While the genotype provides the genetic instructions, the environment plays a crucial role in how those genes are expressed. Environmental factors such as nutrition, temperature, and social interactions can influence the development and expression of certain traits. Therefore, the interaction between an organism's genotype and the environment is what ultimately shapes its phenotype.

Priming refers to the phenomenon where prior exposure to a stimulus influences the response to a related stimulus. In this scenario, John's prior studying of planets likely activated his knowledge and associations related to planets. When his friend asked about the kind of car he bought, John's immediate response of "A Saturn" suggests that his prior exposure to the planet Saturn influenced his answer. This demonstrates the concept of priming, where previous experiences or information can affect subsequent responses or behavior.

Minor deception may be permitted in research providing there is no foreseeable harm and there is a full debriefing. This means that if the deception used in the research study does not pose any potential harm to the participants and if they are provided with a thorough explanation and discussion of the study after their participation, then it may be considered acceptable. This ensures that participants are not negatively affected by the deception and are fully informed about the purpose and procedures of the study.

People with truly exceptional memories generally have learned techniques for organizing information. This means that they have developed strategies to effectively store and retrieve information, such as using mnemonic devices, creating mental associations, or categorizing information. These techniques allow them to encode and retrieve information more efficiently, leading to better memory performance. The other options, such as unusually large sensory memory capacity or substituted memory based on images, may contribute to memory abilities but are not necessarily indicative of exceptional memory skills. Additionally, while genetics may play a role in memory abilities, it is not the sole determining factor.

The answer suggests that the data in psychology is always drawn from behavior because behavior can be observed, while the mind cannot. In other words, psychologists cannot directly access or measure the mind, but they can observe and analyze behaviors as indicators of mental processes. This is why behavior becomes the main source of data in psychology, allowing researchers to make inferences and draw conclusions about the mind based on observable actions and patterns.

Neurons communicate through electrical signals within a single neuron and chemical signals between different neurons. Within a neuron, electrical impulses travel along the axon, allowing for rapid communication within the cell. Between neurons, chemical neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal of one neuron and received by the dendrites of another, facilitating communication between cells. This combination of electrical and chemical signaling allows for the transmission of information throughout the nervous system.

This answer convincingly demonstrates contingency because it shows a consistent relationship between a specific event (a family member walking into the room) and a specific behavior (the brain-damaged patient moving their left foot). This behavior is not observed to the same extent at other times, indicating that it is contingent upon the presence of the family member.

The list "8642097531" is the easiest to remember because it follows a simple pattern of ascending numbers from 0 to 9. This pattern makes it easier for our brains to recall and retain the information compared to the other lists that do not follow a clear pattern.

Rehearsal works best to encode information into long-term memory when it is used to link new information with existing memories and knowledge. This is because when we connect new information with what we already know, it creates a stronger and more meaningful memory trace. By relating new information to existing knowledge, we are able to better understand and remember it. This process helps to create associations and connections in the brain, making the memory more easily retrievable in the future.

The answer is difficult since contingencies between stimuli and behavior can be difficult to observe in all three states. This means that it is challenging to determine the specific state a severely brain damaged individual is in because the relationship between the stimuli they receive and their resulting behavior is not easily observable. This difficulty applies to distinguishing between a vegetative state, a minimally conscious state, and a locked-in state.

The density of cones at the fovea refers to the concentration of cone cells in the central part of the retina, which is responsible for detailed vision. This high density of cones contributes to our depth perception by providing clear and precise visual information. Therefore, the density of cones at the fovea does contribute to our depth perception, making it the correct answer for what does NOT contribute to it.

Maria's ability to remember where she was on her 17th birthday illustrates episodic memory because it involves recalling specific personal events from the past. On the other hand, her ability to remember how to play Fur Elise on the piano illustrates procedural memory because it involves remembering how to perform a specific skill or task. Episodic memory is explicit because it involves conscious recollection of personal experiences, while procedural memory is implicit because it is acquired through repetition and practice without conscious awareness.

The variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is most similar to that used in gambling because it involves providing reinforcement after a varying number of responses. In gambling, the reinforcement (winning) is unpredictable and can occur after a different number of attempts or bets. This creates a high level of motivation and persistence in both gambling and the variable-ratio schedule, as individuals are unsure when they will receive the reinforcement but are motivated to keep trying in the hopes of a reward.

The thalamus is often described as the relay station that connects various parts of the brain. It is a small structure located in the middle of the brain and plays a crucial role in relaying sensory and motor signals to different parts of the cerebral cortex. It acts as a gateway, receiving information from sensory organs and relaying it to the appropriate areas of the brain for processing. Additionally, the thalamus is involved in regulating consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

Different odorants attach to different combinations of receptors, allowing humans to recognize over 10,000 different odors. Each odorant molecule can bind to multiple receptors, and the specific combination of receptors that are activated by a particular odorant creates a unique pattern of neural activity. This pattern is then processed by the brain, enabling us to distinguish between different smells. Therefore, even though humans have only a few hundred types of receptors, the ability to detect a wide range of odors is achieved through the diverse combinations of receptors that can be activated by different odorants.

Reciprocal altruism refers to the idea that individuals may engage in altruistic behavior towards non-relatives because they expect to receive benefits in return in the future. This behavior can be explained by the concept of reciprocal altruism as it suggests that individuals are more likely to help others if they believe that their assistance will be reciprocated at a later time. This reciprocal exchange of favors can enhance the survival and reproductive success of both individuals involved, ultimately promoting the evolution of altruistic behavior towards non-relatives.

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The first thing to do/try is to determine the difference threshold for bottle size. This means finding out the minimum amount by which the bottle size needs to be increased in order for consumers to perceive it as noticeably bigger. By understanding this threshold, Skweeky-kleen can ensure that they are giving consumers a larger product without being wasteful or extravagant.

As you fall asleep, your EEG wave patterns change from beta waves to alpha waves to delta waves. Beta waves are associated with alertness and active thinking. As you start to relax, alpha waves become dominant, indicating a state of relaxation and calmness. Finally, as you transition into deep sleep, delta waves become prominent, reflecting the slowest and highest amplitude brain waves. These delta waves are characteristic of deep, restorative sleep.

Inferential statistics are useful in determining whether the results of experiments are due to chance. This means that researchers can use inferential statistics to analyze their data and determine if the observed effects or relationships are statistically significant or if they could have occurred by random chance alone. By using inferential statistics, researchers can make conclusions about the general population based on the data collected from a sample, providing a more accurate understanding of the true effects or relationships being studied.

The relationship between elaborative and maintenance can be compared to the relationship between association and repetition. Elaborative refers to the process of adding meaning or making connections to information, while maintenance refers to the process of retaining or keeping that information in memory. Similarly, association involves linking or connecting different pieces of information, while repetition involves the act of repeating or rehearsing information to enhance memory retention. Therefore, association is to repetition as elaborative is to maintenance.

Sleep does not directly contribute to the building of muscle spindles. Muscle spindles are sensory receptors within muscles that detect changes in muscle length and help regulate muscle tone and coordination. While sleep is important for muscle repair and growth, the process of building muscle spindles occurs during wakefulness through physical activity and exercise. Therefore, the statement "Allows the body to build muscle spindles" is not a reason why we sleep.

The vestibular sense is responsible for detecting both acceleration and balance. This sense allows us to perceive changes in our body's position and movement in relation to gravity. It helps us maintain our balance and coordination, and also contributes to our sense of spatial orientation. By detecting acceleration, the vestibular sense helps us to adjust our body's movements and posture accordingly, allowing us to move smoothly and maintain equilibrium.

Weber fractions relate the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) to the magnitude of the stimulus. The JND refers to the smallest change in a stimulus that can be detected by a person. The Weber fraction is a constant ratio that determines the relationship between the JND and the magnitude of the stimulus. It helps explain how sensitive we are to changes in stimuli and how our perception is influenced by the magnitude of the stimulus.

A complex sound like speech or music causes many different parts of the basilar membrane to flex simultaneously. This is because complex sounds consist of multiple frequencies, and each frequency activates a specific region on the basilar membrane. As a result, different parts of the membrane vibrate in response to different frequencies, allowing us to perceive the various components of the sound. This simultaneous flexing of multiple parts of the basilar membrane helps us distinguish and interpret the different elements present in complex sounds.

Sensory adaptation enables us to filter out constant or unchanging stimuli, freeing up attention for new or changing stimuli. This flexibility helps us adapt to our surroundings effectively by focusing on what is relevant while ignoring what remains constant.

Inclusive fitness refers to the reproductive success of individuals who share the same genes. It takes into account both an individual's own reproductive success and the reproductive success of their relatives, as they also carry similar genes. This concept is important in understanding the evolution of altruistic behaviors, as individuals may exhibit altruism towards their relatives in order to enhance their inclusive fitness.

Broca's aphasia involves the frontal area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech production. This means that individuals with Broca's aphasia have trouble forming words and sentences. On the other hand, Wernicke's aphasia involves the temporal/parietal area of the brain and results in difficulty with speech comprehension. This means that individuals with Wernicke's aphasia have difficulty understanding spoken and written language.

The cerebral cortex would not be classified as a subcortical structure of the brain because it is actually the outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, perception, and voluntary movement. Subcortical structures, on the other hand, are located beneath the cerebral cortex and are involved in more basic functions like regulating emotions, controlling movement, and maintaining homeostasis.

Introspection is a method used by structuralists, not psychologists in general, to study phenomena.

The statement that long-term episodic memory is highly constructive and prone to errors is the most accurate because it acknowledges that long-term memory is not a perfect reproduction of past events. Instead, it suggests that memory is influenced by personal biases, interpretations, and reconstructions, which can lead to inaccuracies. This aligns with research in cognitive psychology that shows how memory can be influenced by various factors, such as emotions, expectations, and context. Additionally, the statement does not make any specific claims about the location of long-term episodic memory or provide specific examples of memory deficits in a particular patient.

Food aversion learning differs from typical examples of classical conditioning because the relevant events, such as eating the food and getting sick, do not need to occur close together in time. In standard classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are usually presented in close temporal proximity for effective learning. However, in food aversion learning, a single pairing of eating the food and becoming sick can lead to a long-lasting aversion to that specific food, even if the events are not closely timed. This makes food aversion learning unique and distinct from typical classical conditioning.

Sugar and vinegar activate different neurons that carry the information to the brain. This means that when we taste sugar, specific neurons are stimulated and send signals to the brain, resulting in the perception of sweetness. On the other hand, when we taste vinegar, different neurons are activated, sending signals to the brain that are interpreted as sourness. This difference in activation of neurons is what causes the difference in taste perception between sugar (sweet) and vinegar (sour).

In visual search tasks, the correct answer states that search is serial for conjunctions of features, but parallel for single features. This means that when searching for an object that has multiple features combined (conjunctions of features), such as a red triangle, the search process is done in a sequential manner. However, when searching for an object that has only one distinct feature, such as a red or a triangle, the search process can be done simultaneously for all the objects in the visual field.

The Gestalt principle of closure refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete or fragmented objects as complete and whole. In the given scenario, even though the guitar hides parts of the musician's body, we still perceive the musician as a complete form. This is because our brains fill in the missing information and create a cohesive image based on the available visual cues. This phenomenon demonstrates the Gestalt principle of closure, where our minds naturally seek to perceive objects as whole and complete, even when parts are missing or obscured.

Blindsight and visual agnosia are two phenomena that provide evidence for the idea that perceptions can cause behavior even when we are not consciously aware of them. In blindsight, individuals who are blind in certain areas of their visual field due to brain damage can still accurately respond to visual stimuli in those blind areas, despite not consciously perceiving them. This suggests that perception and conscious awareness are not always necessary for behavior to occur. Similarly, in visual agnosia, individuals can have difficulty recognizing or identifying objects visually, yet they can still interact with those objects in a meaningful way, indicating that perception can influence behavior without conscious awareness.

The tendency of the conditioned stimulus (CS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR) is related to the number of CS-US pairings. The more times the CS and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are paired together, the stronger the association between them becomes. This strengthens the conditioned response, leading to a higher tendency for the CS to elicit the CR.

Extinction refers to the process of eliminating a learned behavior when the reinforcement is no longer provided. In the case of the given question, the fixed-ratio schedule, where every response is reinforced, would lead to the most rapid extinction. This is because the individual becomes accustomed to receiving reinforcement after every response, and when the reinforcement is suddenly removed, the behavior quickly diminishes. In contrast, variable-ratio schedules and fixed-interval schedules tend to result in slower extinction because the reinforcement is not as predictable or consistent, making it more difficult for the individual to learn that the behavior is no longer being reinforced.

According to the feature-integration theory of attention, it is NOT true that binding of simple stimulus features (such as color, shape, or orientation) does not require attention. The theory suggests that attention is required to bind different features together in an object, regardless of whether the features are simple or complex. Therefore, the statement contradicts the theory by implying that simple stimulus features can be bound without attention.

The operational definition of the independent variable, which is manipulating love by allowing a research assistant to hug each child after completing math problems, is invalid because it does not accurately measure or represent the concept of love. The fact that all the children reported not feeling loved suggests that the operational definition did not effectively capture the intended variable. Therefore, the operational definition is considered invalid in this scenario.

Empiricism is an approach to psychology that emphasizes the importance of sensory experience and observation in understanding the mind and behavior. It rejects the idea that mental events should be studied through philosophical inquiry or introspection, as it believes that knowledge should be derived from empirical evidence and scientific methods. Empiricists argue that psychology should focus on studying observable behavior and the relationship between stimuli and responses, rather than engaging in philosophical speculation about subjective mental experiences. Therefore, empiricism is most likely to reject the idea that mental events are an appropriate subject matter for study in philosophy.

The correct answer is "none of the others are true." This means that the researcher cannot conclude that variable B influences variable A or vice versa. It also means that the researcher cannot conclude that some unknown variable is affecting both variable A and B. The statement suggests that there is no direct causal relationship between the amount of time university students spend on Facebook and their grades. Other factors or variables may be influencing both variables A and B, but this cannot be determined based on the correlation alone.

In this scenario, your behavior of banging on the ceiling with a broom handle is reinforced by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, which is the loud music. By turning off the music, your neighbors are negatively reinforcing your behavior, as it increases the likelihood of you repeating the same action in the future to avoid the unpleasant stimulus of the loud music.

The correct answer suggests that for axons involved in anatomical coding of pitch, the pitch is signaled by which neurons fire, and loudness is signaled by the rate at which neurons fire. This means that different neurons are responsible for signaling different pitches, and the rate at which these neurons fire determines the loudness of the sound.

Lightness constancy is the ability of our visual system to perceive the relative lightness of an object regardless of the lighting conditions. In this case, the white shirt appears equally bright in both the sunny day and dimly lit room because lightness constancy compensates for the difference in the amount of light reflected. Our brain adjusts the perception of brightness to account for the varying lighting conditions, allowing us to perceive the shirt as equally bright in both environments. This phenomenon demonstrates how our visual system can maintain a consistent perception of an object's brightness despite changes in lighting.

The concept of natural selection is most important for psychologists interested in the functions of behavior. Natural selection refers to the process by which certain traits or behaviors become more or less common in a population based on their ability to enhance survival and reproduction. Understanding the functions of behavior helps psychologists to analyze why certain behaviors have evolved and how they contribute to an organism's survival and reproductive success. By studying the functions of behavior, psychologists can gain insights into the adaptive significance of different behaviors and their role in shaping an organism's behavior repertoire.

Dendrites on neurons collect excitatory and inhibitory potentials, which are electrical signals from other neurons. These potentials are then integrated and summed up in the neuron's cell body. Once a certain threshold is reached, the neuron generates an action potential, which is a brief electrical signal that travels along the axon of the neuron to transmit information to other neurons. Therefore, dendrites do not transmit action potentials themselves, but rather collect and integrate the signals that eventually lead to the generation of an action potential.

Concordance refers to the degree to which two people share the same phenotype. Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics or traits of an individual, such as physical appearance or behavior. Therefore, when two people share the same phenotype, it means that they have similar observable characteristics or traits. This could be due to a variety of factors, including genetic similarities, environmental influences, or a combination of both.

Colour vision is the result of the relative firing of the cone receptors. This means that different cone receptors in the retina are sensitive to different wavelengths of light, allowing us to perceive different colors. The brain then interprets the relative activation of these cone receptors to perceive and differentiate between different colors. This is why we can see a wide range of colors in our visual environment.

When a drug increases the rate of reuptake, it means that it enhances the reabsorption of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. This process reduces the amount of neurotransmitter available in the synapse, leading to a decrease in its concentration. As a result, there will be a decrease in the effects of the neurotransmitter, as there is less of it to bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Therefore, the correct answer is that increasing the rate of reuptake will diminish the effects of the neurotransmitter.

Our perception of flavor is not only influenced by taste and smell but also by sight and sound. When we eat or drink something, our brain combines information from all these senses to create the overall perception of flavor. The appearance of food or drink can affect our expectations and influence how we perceive its taste. Similarly, the sound of food being eaten or the ambient sounds in a dining environment can also impact our perception of flavor. Therefore, the correct answer is sight, sound, smell, and taste.

The phenomenon of satisfaction of search explains why radiologists may miss a subtle "target" on an X-ray after finding the first one. This phenomenon occurs when the detection of a second target is compromised due to reduced attention and cognitive resources after the initial target is found. In the case of radiologists, once they identify a significant finding, such as cancerous cells, they may become less vigilant in detecting additional abnormalities, leading to potential missed diagnoses.

Repeated presentation of the CS without the US will usually result in experimental extinction. Extinction occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (US). This leads to a decrease in the conditioned response (CR) as the association between the CS and US weakens. By repeatedly presenting the CS without the US, the conditioned response eventually diminishes and becomes extinct. This is a common method used in classical conditioning experiments to study the process of extinction.

A transfer of training occurs when an animal is able to apply what it has learned in one situation to a new and different situation. This suggests that the animal has gained a deeper understanding or insight into the problem, rather than simply relying on trial and error. This is because trial and error learning typically involves a more gradual learning curve and does not necessarily result in the ability to transfer knowledge to new situations.

Bar-shaped receptive fields in the cortex facilitate edge detection, which is a critical step in vision. This means that certain neurons in the visual cortex are specifically tuned to respond to edges or lines in the visual field. These neurons are activated when a bar-shaped stimulus is presented, allowing for the detection and processing of edges in the visual scene. This process is important for object recognition and scene segmentation, as edges provide important cues for identifying objects and their boundaries.

In split-brain studies, when a picture of a common object was flashed to the left visual field, the patient would be unable to identify it verbally but would be able to identify it by touch with the left hand. This suggests that the left visual field is processed by the right hemisphere of the brain, which is responsible for touch sensations on the left side of the body. The inability to verbally identify the object indicates that the left hemisphere, which is responsible for language processing, does not have access to the information presented in the left visual field.

The correct answer is that the postsynaptic neuron will integrate the incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals, with its rate of action potentials depending on the relative amount of each type of signal. This means that the neuron will combine and process the incoming signals from different synapses, taking into account both the excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The rate at which the neuron fires action potentials will be determined by the balance between these two types of signals. If there are more excitatory signals, the neuron is more likely to produce action potentials, while an increase in inhibitory signals will decrease the rate of action potentials.