Psychology Chpt. 2 / Pt.1

The corpus callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It allows for communication and coordination between the two hemispheres, enabling them to work together and share information. Without the corpus callosum, the hemispheres would function independently, leading to difficulties in processing and integrating information.

The occipital lobes are responsible for processing visual information. They receive signals from the eyes and interpret them, allowing us to see and perceive the world around us. This involves recognizing shapes, colors, and depth perception. The occipital lobes play a crucial role in our ability to process and understand visual stimuli, making vision the correct answer.

A sensory neuron is responsible for transmitting information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. It detects external stimuli such as touch, temperature, and pain, and sends signals to the brain to interpret and respond to these stimuli. Therefore, a sensory neuron "tells you what's out there" by relaying sensory information from the environment to the brain.

A motor neuron is responsible for sending signals to control movement. It is a type of neuron that carries information from the central nervous system to the muscles or glands in the body, enabling them to contract or secrete. This allows for voluntary and involuntary movements to occur. Motor neurons play a crucial role in coordinating and executing various movements, such as walking, talking, and even breathing. They are an essential component of the body's motor system and are vital for maintaining proper functioning and control of movement.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals from terminal buttons to dendrites in the synapse. They play a crucial role in communication between neurons by binding to receptors on the receiving neuron's dendrites. This binding process triggers a response in the receiving neuron, allowing the transmission of signals and information throughout the nervous system.

A neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system. It is a specialized cell that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons are responsible for processing and transmitting information within the brain, spinal cord, and throughout the body. They have a unique structure, including dendrites that receive signals, a cell body that processes information, and an axon that transmits signals to other neurons or cells. Neurons play a crucial role in various functions such as sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive processes.

The correct answer is 2 because the human brain is divided into two cerebral hemispheres, the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere. Each hemisphere is responsible for controlling the opposite side of the body and is involved in various functions such as language processing, problem-solving, and motor control. The left hemisphere is typically associated with logical and analytical thinking, while the right hemisphere is more involved in creativity and spatial awareness.

Myelin is a fatty substance that covers the axon, which is the long, slender part of a neuron that transmits nerve impulses. It acts as an insulating layer, allowing for faster and more efficient transmission of electrical signals along the axon. The myelin sheath is formed by specialized cells called oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. By covering the axon, myelin helps to protect and support the neuron, ensuring proper communication within the nervous system.

The occipital lobes are located at the back of the head. These lobes are responsible for processing visual information and are specifically involved in tasks such as object recognition, color perception, and visual memory.

The frontal lobes are located behind the forehead. These lobes are responsible for various cognitive functions such as decision-making, problem-solving, and controlling voluntary movements. They play a crucial role in personality, behavior, and emotional expression.

Interneurons are a type of neuron that function as connectors within the central nervous system. They receive information from sensory neurons and transmit it to motor neurons, allowing for communication between different parts of the brain and spinal cord. In the given list, interneuron is the only option that fits this description, making it the correct answer.

Dendrites are the receiving ends of a neuron. They are branch-like structures that extend from the cell body and receive signals from other neurons. These signals are then transmitted to the cell body, where they are integrated and processed. The dendrites play a crucial role in the communication between neurons, as they receive incoming information and pass it along to the rest of the neuron.

The nervous system is responsible for receiving, processing, and sending signals to other neurons, muscles, and organs. It is a complex network of nerves and cells that allows for communication and coordination throughout the body. This system controls and regulates various bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and organ function. It is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which includes the nerves that extend throughout the body.

The cell body, also known as the soma, is the central part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the cell's functioning. It integrates and processes incoming signals from the dendrites and sends outgoing signals through the axon. The cell body is responsible for maintaining the overall health and functioning of the neuron.

A neuromodulator is a chemical that can alter the effect of a neurotransmitter. While neurotransmitters are responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells, neuromodulators can modulate or modify the activity of these neurotransmitters, either by enhancing or inhibiting their effects. They can affect the release, synthesis, reuptake, or breakdown of neurotransmitters, ultimately influencing the overall signaling within the nervous system. Neuromodulators play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and behavioral processes, including mood, memory, pain, and sleep.

The amygdala is associated with fear and anger. It is a part of the brain's limbic system and plays a crucial role in processing emotions, particularly those related to fear and aggression. The amygdala helps in recognizing and interpreting emotional stimuli, triggering the body's fight or flight response, and forming emotional memories. Dysfunction or abnormalities in the amygdala have been linked to various mood and anxiety disorders, highlighting its significance in fear and anger responses.

The hypothalamus is responsible for regulating various bodily functions, including eating and drinking. It monitors the body's nutrient and energy levels and sends signals to initiate hunger or thirst sensations when necessary. It also controls the release of hormones that regulate metabolism and appetite. Therefore, the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in maintaining proper nutrition and hydration in the body.

The parietal lobes are located at the top part of the brain, behind the ears. These lobes are responsible for processing sensory information, such as touch, temperature, and spatial awareness. They play a crucial role in integrating sensory inputs and helping us navigate and interact with our environment.

The meninges are a set of three protective layered membranes that cover and protect the brain. They provide a barrier between the brain and the skull, preventing direct contact and reducing the risk of injury. The three layers are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. The dura mater is the outermost and toughest layer, while the arachnoid mater is the middle layer and the pia mater is the innermost layer that is in direct contact with the brain. Together, these three layers provide cushioning and support for the brain, helping to maintain its integrity and function.

At the end of the axon, there are terminal buttons. Terminal buttons are small structures that contain neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another. When an electrical impulse reaches the terminal buttons, they release neurotransmitters into the synapse, the small gap between neurons. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron, allowing the signal to continue along the neural pathway. Therefore, terminal buttons play a crucial role in the transmission of signals between neurons.

The temporal lobes are responsible for processing auditory information and storing visual memories. Visual memory refers to the ability to remember and recall visual information, while hearing refers to the perception and processing of auditory stimuli. These functions are primarily carried out by the temporal lobes, making the answer "visual memory & hearing" correct.

The correct answer is "under the meninges." The meninges are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The blood vessels are located beneath these membranes, providing oxygen and nutrients to the brain and removing waste products.

The hippocampus is a region in the brain that plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories and learning. It is responsible for encoding and storing new information, allowing it to be stored in the brain for later retrieval. This process is essential for the formation of long-term memories and the integration of new knowledge into existing cognitive frameworks. The hippocampus also plays a role in spatial navigation and emotional regulation.

Receptors are molecules located on the surface of dendrites that bind to specific neurotransmitters or neuromodulators. When these molecules bind to the neurotransmitters or neuromodulators, they trigger a response in the dendrite, allowing for the transmission of signals between neurons. Receptors play a crucial role in the communication between neurons at the synapse, where neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Therefore, receptors are essential for the proper functioning of neural communication.

The term "sulcus" refers to a groove or furrow in the body, while "sulci" is the plural form. In this context, "sulcilsulcus" seems to be a repetition or combination of the term. However, the given options provide different possible meanings for the term. Out of the options provided, "creases" is the most suitable explanation for "sulcilsulcus" as it refers to the folds or wrinkles that can be found on various parts of the body, such as the skin or the brain.

The hypothalamus is located under the thalamus. The thalamus is a structure in the brain that acts as a relay station for sensory information. The hypothalamus is situated just below the thalamus and is responsible for regulating various bodily functions such as temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormone production. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and coordinating the body's response to internal and external stimuli.

The cell body, also known as the soma, is the "controlling" part of the neuron. It contains the nucleus and other organelles that are responsible for maintaining the cell's functions and regulating its activities. The cell body integrates incoming signals from the dendrites and decides whether to transmit an electrical impulse down the axon. It plays a crucial role in coordinating and controlling the neuron's overall activity.

The message leaves out of the neuron through the terminal buttons. Terminal buttons are located at the end of the neuron's axon and are responsible for transmitting the electrical signal, or message, to the next neuron in the neural network. They contain neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that allow communication between neurons. When the electrical signal reaches the terminal buttons, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse, or the tiny gap between neurons, where they bind to receptors on the next neuron, thus continuing the transmission of the message.

A synapse is the junction between two nerve cells, where information is transmitted from one cell to another. It is the site where an electrical impulse in the presynaptic neuron triggers the release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, allowing the transmission of the signal. The amygdala is a specific brain region involved in emotional processing and memory formation, but it is not directly related to the concept of synapse.

The term "bulgy parts" refers to the swollen or protruding areas in the brain, specifically in the gyri and sulci (creases) of the cerebral hemisphere. These bulgy parts are responsible for increasing the surface area of the brain, allowing for more neurons and connections. They play a crucial role in cognitive processes such as perception, attention, and memory. Additionally, the bulgy parts also contain blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain, ensuring its proper functioning.

The parietal lobes are responsible for various functions, including spatial location and attention. Spatial location refers to the ability to perceive and understand where objects are located in relation to oneself and to other objects in the environment. Attention, on the other hand, involves the ability to focus and concentrate on specific stimuli or tasks while filtering out distractions. These functions are crucial for our perception of space, navigation, and our ability to pay attention to relevant information in our surroundings.

The thalamus receives input from sensory organs. It acts as a relay station, receiving sensory information and sending it to the appropriate areas of the brain for further processing. The thalamus plays a crucial role in sensory perception, as it filters and directs sensory signals to the cerebral cortex, allowing us to perceive and interpret the world around us. It also helps regulate consciousness, sleep, and alertness. Therefore, the thalamus is the correct answer as it is directly involved in receiving input from sensory organs.

The cell membrane is the correct answer because it is the outermost layer of the neuron that separates the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. It acts as a barrier, controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. The cell membrane is responsible for maintaining the neuron's shape and integrity, and it also plays a crucial role in cell communication by allowing the transmission of electrical signals along the neuron.

The synaptic cleft is the gap between the axon and the membrane of another neuron, where communication occurs. It is the space where neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the axon terminal and bind to receptors on the membrane of the receiving neuron. This allows for the transmission of signals between neurons, enabling communication within the nervous system.

The terminal buttons are responsible for sending information from the dendrites to other neurons or cells. These small structures are located at the end of the axon and release neurotransmitters, which transmit signals across the synapse to the next neuron or cell. Therefore, the terminal buttons play a crucial role in the communication between neurons and are responsible for transmitting information received by the dendrites.

The frontal lobes are responsible for various functions including planning and memory search. These functions involve the ability to make decisions, set goals, and retrieve information from memory. Additionally, the frontal lobes are involved in motor control and reasoning. Motor control refers to the ability to coordinate and execute voluntary movements, while reasoning involves logical thinking and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the correct answer is planning and memory search, as well as motor control and reasoning.

The occipital lobes are primarily responsible for processing visual information in the brain. Seeing stars is a phenomenon often associated with the occipital lobes, typically occurring after a blow to the head or as a result of intense physical activity. This visual experience is characterized by the perception of bright, flickering lights or spots.

The cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and basal ganglia are all structures found in the forebrain. The forebrain is the largest and most complex part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, memory, emotions, and voluntary movement. It also contains the hypothalamus, which regulates various bodily functions and behaviors. The hippocampus, although not explicitly mentioned in the question, is also part of the forebrain and is involved in memory formation and spatial navigation. Therefore, the correct answer is forebrain.

The cerebral cortex is located under the blood vessels. The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain and plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions such as perception, memory, language, and consciousness. It is situated beneath the blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the brain.

The word "cortex" is typically associated with the brain, specifically the outer layer of the brain. However, none of the other options (skull, shell, head, medulla) are directly related to the term "cortex." The only option that can be loosely connected to "cortex" is "shell," as both refer to a protective covering or outer layer. Therefore, "shell" can be considered the most plausible answer based on the given options.

The axon is the part of a neuron that carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards the terminal buttons, which then transmit the signals to other neurons. It is responsible for transmitting information from one neuron to another, allowing for communication within the nervous system. The other options listed (cell body, terminal buttons, dendrites, cell membrane) are all parts of a neuron, but they do not specifically refer to the sending end of the neuron like the axon does.

The temporal lobes are located in front of the ears.

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four lobes: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe. These lobes are responsible for various functions such as motor control, sensory perception, language processing, and visual processing. Therefore, the correct answer is 8.

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A brain circuit refers to a set of interconnected neurons that influence each other's activity. These neurons work together to process and transmit information within the brain. They form complex networks that are responsible for various functions such as sensory perception, motor control, and cognitive processes. Brain circuits are essential for the proper functioning of the brain and allow for the integration and coordination of different neural activities.