Psychology Exam: Memory, Thinking, Intelligence And Language

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  • 1/44 Questions

    A relatively permanent type of memory that stores a huge amount of information for a long time is known as your

    • Personal memory
    • Sensory memory
    • Long-term memory
    • Short-term memory
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About This Quiz

This Psychology Exam focuses on Memory, Thinking, Intelligence, and Language. It assesses understanding of sensory memory, short-term memory capacities, connectionist network views, schema theory, and the use of mental imagery and elaboration in memory processing.

Psychology Exam: Memory, Thinking, Intelligence And Language - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory storage comes out is called _______.

    • Retention

    • Retrieval

    • Storage

    • Encoding

    Correct Answer
    A. Retrieval
    Explanation
    Retrieval is the memory process that occurs when information that was retained in memory storage comes out. It involves the ability to recall or remember previously learned information or experiences. During retrieval, the brain searches for the stored information and brings it back into conscious awareness. This process is essential for accessing and using stored memories to make decisions, solve problems, and engage in various cognitive tasks.

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  • 3. 

    The three processes of memory are encoding, ________, and retrieval.

    • Rehearsal

    • Storage

    • Recollection

    • Fixation

    Correct Answer
    A. Storage
    Explanation
    The three processes of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding refers to the process of converting information into a format that can be stored in memory. Storage is the process of maintaining and organizing the encoded information over time. Retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling stored information when needed. Therefore, storage is the correct answer as it accurately represents one of the three processes involved in memory.

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  • 4. 

    We more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles our________ of a bird.

    • Heuristic

    • Prototype

    • Algorithm

    • Phoneme

    Correct Answer
    A. Prototype
    Explanation
    The reason why we more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird than a penguin is because a blue jay closely resembles our prototype or typical mental representation of a bird. Our prototype of a bird is usually based on common characteristics shared by most birds, such as having wings, feathers, and the ability to fly. A blue jay fits this prototype more closely than a penguin, which has different characteristics like being flightless and having a different physical appearance. Therefore, our recognition and categorization of a blue jay as a bird is faster and more automatic compared to a penguin.

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  • 5. 

    Our tendency to report falsely, after the fact that we accurately preficted an outcome

    • Hindsight bias

    • Cognition

    • Algorithm

    • Heuristic

    Correct Answer
    A. Hindsight bias
    Explanation
    Hindsight bias refers to our tendency to believe, after an event has occurred, that we accurately predicted the outcome, even if we didn't. This bias often leads us to overestimate our ability to predict events and can distort our memory of what we actually thought or believed before the event took place. It is a cognitive bias that affects our perception of our own abilities and can impact decision-making processes.

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  • 6. 

    When we take in information in the course of daily life, such as the words and diagrams presented during a lecture, we are using the memory process of

    • Retention

    • Encoding

    • Fixation

    • Retrieval

    Correct Answer
    A. Encoding
    Explanation
    Encoding is the memory process that involves converting incoming information into a form that can be stored and retrieved later. When we take in information during a lecture, for example, we are encoding the words and diagrams presented to us, so that we can remember and recall them later. This process allows us to transform sensory input into meaningful representations that can be stored in our memory system.

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  • 7. 

    Arnold had difficulty recognizing that bullfighting was a sport because it failed to resemble his ________ of a sport.

    • Phoneme

    • Prototype

    • Algorithm

    • Mental

    Correct Answer
    A. Prototype
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Prototype." Arnold struggled to see bullfighting as a sport because it did not match his mental image or prototype of what a sport should be like. A prototype is a typical or idealized example that represents a category or concept. In this case, Arnold had a specific idea or prototype of what a sport should look like, and bullfighting did not fit that prototype, leading to his difficulty in recognizing it as a sport.

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  • 8. 

    Strategies including formulas and instructions and the testing of all possible solutions that guarantee a solution to a problem are strategies called

    • Heuristics

    • Cognitions

    • Algorithms

    • Hindsight Bias

    Correct Answer
    A. Algorithms
    Explanation
    Algorithms are strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem by following a set of predefined rules and instructions. They involve a step-by-step approach and can be applied to various domains, such as mathematics, computer science, and problem-solving. Unlike heuristics, which are more flexible and rely on general guidelines, algorithms provide a systematic and reliable way to solve problems. Cognitions refer to mental processes and Hindsight Bias is a cognitive bias where people perceive past events as more predictable than they actually were.

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  • 9. 

    In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify circumstances in which confirmation bias is especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Which specialty area does her research best represent?

    • Biological psychology

    • Developmental psychology

    • Cognitive psychology

    • Humanistic psychology

    Correct Answer
    A. Cognitive psychology
    Explanation
    The research conducted by Professor Kyoto, which focuses on identifying circumstances where confirmation bias hinders effective problem solving, aligns with the specialty area of cognitive psychology. Cognitive psychology investigates mental processes such as perception, memory, thinking, and problem-solving. Professor Kyoto's research specifically examines how cognitive biases, like confirmation bias, can impact problem-solving abilities. Therefore, cognitive psychology is the best fit for her research.

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  • 10. 

    Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:

    • Functional fixedness

    • The framing effect

    • A mental set

    • Twisted belief

    Correct Answer
    A. Functional fixedness
    Explanation
    Functional fixedness refers to the cognitive bias that limits a person's ability to see alternative uses or functions for an object beyond its typical or intended use. In this scenario, Pablo is experiencing functional fixedness because he is unable to recognize that a coin in his pocket can be used as a substitute for a screwdriver. He is fixed on the idea that only a screwdriver can be used for this task, overlooking the potential of using the coin as an alternative tool.

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  • 11. 

    A preexisting mental framework or concept that helps people organize and interperet information is called a(n)

    • Schema

    • Script

    • Implicit memory

    • Heuristic

    Correct Answer
    A. Schema
    Explanation
    A schema is a preexisting mental framework or concept that helps people organize and interpret information. It acts as a cognitive structure that allows individuals to categorize and make sense of new experiences or information based on their existing knowledge and beliefs. Schemas can influence perception, memory, and decision-making processes by providing a framework for understanding and interpreting the world around us.

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  • 12. 

    Memory is the _________ of information or experience over a period of time.

    • Rehearsal

    • Intake

    • Association

    • Retention

    Correct Answer
    A. Retention
    Explanation
    Retention is the ability to store and recall information or experiences over a period of time. It involves the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information from memory. This term refers to the capacity to retain or remember things, ensuring that they are available for future use or recollection.

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  • 13. 

    Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop:

    • Concepts

    • Syntax

    • Heuristics

    • Pragmatics

    Correct Answer
    A. Concepts
    Explanation
    This answer is correct because the ability of pigeons to discriminate between pictures of cars and pictures of chairs demonstrates their capacity to develop concepts. Concepts refer to mental representations of categories or classes of objects or events. Pigeons are able to form a mental category for cars and another for chairs, allowing them to distinguish between the two. This ability showcases their cognitive capacity to develop and utilize concepts.

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  • 14. 

    A person's knowledge about the world is also know as their

    • Semantic memory

    • Implicit memory

    • Consciousness

    • Sonomatic memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Semantic memory
    Explanation
    Semantic memory refers to a person's knowledge and understanding of the world, including facts, concepts, and general knowledge. It is the memory system that allows individuals to recall information about language, objects, people, and abstract concepts. This type of memory is distinct from implicit memory, which involves unconscious memories and skills, and consciousness, which refers to awareness and subjective experience. Sonomatic memory is not a recognized term or concept in psychology. Therefore, the correct answer is semantic memory.

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  • 15. 

    What type of prototype of tree is a person living in Iowa likely to have?

    • Palm tree

    • Pine tree

    • Dead tree

    • Roots

    Correct Answer
    A. Pine tree
    Explanation
    A person living in Iowa is likely to have a pine tree prototype. Iowa has a temperate climate, which is suitable for the growth of pine trees. Pine trees are commonly found in the region and are well-adapted to the local environment. They are known for their needle-like leaves and cone-shaped structure, which helps them withstand harsh winters. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that a person living in Iowa is more likely to have a pine tree prototype compared to other options like palm tree or dead tree.

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  • 16. 

    Native German speakers who pronounce the English world “this” as “dis” are demonstrating their difficulty with an English:

    • Phoneme

    • Morpheme

    • Prototype

    • Polished structure

    Correct Answer
    A. Phoneme
    Explanation
    Native German speakers who pronounce the English word "this" as "dis" are demonstrating their difficulty with an English phoneme. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. In English, the /θ/ sound in "this" is not present in German, so German speakers may substitute it with the closest sound they have, which is /d/. This substitution of sounds indicates a difficulty with the specific phoneme in English pronunciation.

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  • 17. 

    While out-of-town on an important business conference, Charles finds his shoelace is broken. He doesn’t have another pair or time to stop on the way to his presentation. Then he realizes he can use the neck strap of his name tag to substitute for the broken shoelace. This illustrates:

    • Convergent thinking

    • The use of ecemplars

    • Overcoming functional fixedness

    • Analogical reasoning

    Correct Answer
    A. Overcoming functional fixedness
    Explanation
    Overcoming functional fixedness refers to the ability to think beyond the typical functions of an object and find alternative uses for it. In this scenario, Charles is faced with a problem (broken shoelace) and instead of being limited by the traditional function of the objects he has (shoelace and name tag), he is able to think creatively and repurpose the neck strap of his name tag as a substitute for the broken shoelace. This demonstrates his ability to overcome functional fixedness and think outside the box to find a solution to his problem.

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  • 18. 

    According to the semantic/associate model proposed by Collins and Quillian, which memory concept is most likely to be activated when the person thinks about the concept “robin”?

    • Eats worms

    • Is an animal

    • Has skin

    • Breathes air

    Correct Answer
    A. Is an animal
    Explanation
    According to the semantic/associate model proposed by Collins and Quillian, the concept "robin" is most likely to activate the memory concept "is an animal." This is because "robin" is a specific type of bird, which falls under the broader category of animals. In the semantic/associate model, concepts are organized in a hierarchical manner, with more specific concepts being connected to broader concepts. Therefore, when thinking about "robin," the concept of being an animal is likely to be activated.

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  • 19. 

    A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly seeking to take advantage of:

    • Functional Fixedness

    • Representativeness heuristics

    • Belief perseverance

    • Language acquisition device

    Correct Answer
    A. Representativeness heuristics
    Explanation
    The defense attorney is using representativeness heuristics by emphasizing her client's typical characteristics and activities to make him appear as a typical member of the local community. This heuristic is a mental shortcut where people make judgments or assumptions based on how closely something or someone matches a prototype or stereotype. In this case, the attorney is trying to influence the jury's perception of her client by highlighting his relatability and normalcy, even though these details may not be directly relevant to the trial.

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  • 20. 

    In the English language, adjectives are typically placed before nouns as in “green car.” This illustrates an English language rule of:

    • Semantics

    • Algorithms

    • Syntax

    • Phonology

    Correct Answer
    A. Syntax
    Explanation
    The correct answer is syntax because syntax refers to the rules and structure of how words are organized to form meaningful sentences in a language. In English, the rule is to place adjectives before nouns, such as "green car." This demonstrates the syntax rule of adjective placement in the English language.

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  • 21. 

    Remembering information about doing something in the future is known as

    • Retrospective memory

    • Prospective memory

    • Implicit memory

    • Explicit memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Prospective memory
    Explanation
    Prospective memory refers to the ability to remember and perform planned actions in the future. It involves remembering to carry out intentions or tasks at a specific time or in a specific situation. This type of memory is crucial for everyday functioning, as it helps individuals remember to do things like attending appointments, taking medication, or completing tasks on time. Unlike retrospective memory, which involves remembering past events, prospective memory focuses on remembering and executing future actions.

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  • 22. 

    Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a recollection of that experience is known as

    • Short-term memory

    • Explicit memory

    • Sensory memory

    • Implicit memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Implicit memory
    Explanation
    Implicit memory refers to the type of memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience. It is a form of long-term memory that influences our actions, thoughts, and feelings without us being aware of it. Implicit memory is responsible for the automatic and unconscious retrieval of information, such as motor skills, habits, and conditioned responses. Unlike explicit memory, which involves conscious recollection of facts and events, implicit memory operates on a more unconscious level, making it difficult to consciously recall or verbalize.

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  • 23. 

    When Janet sees a coffee mug, a tall juice glass, and a short whiskey glass, she probably categorizes all these objects together as the ___ of "cup".

    • Concept

    • Phoneme

    • Syllogism

    • Mental set (Einstellung set)

    Correct Answer
    A. Concept
    Explanation
    Janet categorizes the coffee mug, tall juice glass, and short whiskey glass together as the concept of "cup" because they all share similar characteristics and functions. A concept is a mental representation of a category or class of objects, and in this case, Janet recognizes that these objects are all types of containers typically used for drinking beverages.

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  • 24. 

    Prototype is to category as ____ is to ____.

    • Wheel; car

    • Milk; beverage

    • Waiter; retaurant

    • Comedian; laughter

    Correct Answer
    A. Milk; beverage
    Explanation
    The relationship between prototype and category is that a prototype is an example or a representative of a specific category. Similarly, milk is an example or a representative of the category of beverages. Both prototype and milk serve as typical or common examples within their respective categories.

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  • 25. 

    According to the connectionist network view or memory, memories are _________, and according to the schema theory of memory, memories are _________.

    • Abstract concepts; large knowledge structures

    • Neural connections; large knowledge structures

    • Parallel concepts; electrical impulses

    • Concurrent concepts; nodes of information

    Correct Answer
    A. Neural connections; large knowledge structures
    Explanation
    According to the connectionist network view of memory, memories are formed through neural connections, which are the pathways between neurons in the brain. This view suggests that memories are stored as patterns of activation in these connections. On the other hand, the schema theory of memory suggests that memories are large knowledge structures or frameworks that organize and store information. These structures help us make sense of new information by relating it to our existing knowledge and experiences.

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  • 26. 

    Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer are things called:

    • Cognitions

    • Hindsight bias

    • Algorithms

    • Heuristics

    Correct Answer
    A. Heuristics
    Explanation
    Heuristics are shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer. They are mental shortcuts that help individuals make quick decisions or judgments based on limited information or previous experiences. Unlike algorithms, heuristics do not provide a step-by-step procedure to solve a problem. Instead, they rely on intuition and educated guesses to find a solution. Therefore, heuristics can be seen as useful problem-solving tools, but they may also lead to errors or biases in decision-making.

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  • 27. 

    A schema for an event often containing info about physical features people and typical occurences is called a _____________.

    • Schema

    • Script

    • Memory

    • Heuristic

    Correct Answer
    A. Script
    Explanation
    A schema for an event often containing info about physical features people and typical occurrences is called a script. A script is a mental representation or framework that helps us organize and understand events or situations. It includes information about the sequence of actions, roles of individuals involved, and the typical occurrences or outcomes associated with the event. Scripts allow us to predict and anticipate what will happen in familiar situations, making it easier for us to navigate and interact with the world around us.

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  • 28. 

    Kendra only classifies an animal as a fish if it swims, lays eggs, and has gills. She considers these necessary traits that all fish must have. In this case, Kendra’s classification method uses

    • Family resemblance

    • Prototypes

    • Exemplars

    • Defining features

    Correct Answer
    A. Defining features
    Explanation
    Kendra's classification method uses defining features because she has specific criteria that she believes are necessary for an animal to be classified as a fish. These criteria include swimming, laying eggs, and having gills. By using these defining features, Kendra is able to determine whether or not an animal fits into the category of fish based on the presence or absence of these traits.

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  • 29. 

    One of the most effective ways to make our memories distinctive is to use mental

    • Cues.

    • Rehearsal.

    • Imagery.

    • Concentration.

    Correct Answer
    A. Imagery.
    Explanation
    Imagery is a powerful technique that helps make our memories distinctive. By creating vivid mental images, we are able to encode information in a way that is more easily retrievable later on. Imagery engages multiple senses and creates a strong association with the information being remembered, making it more memorable and distinct from other memories. This makes imagery an effective strategy for enhancing memory recall.

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  • 30. 

    To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

    • The availability heuristic

    • Functional fixedness

    • An algorithm

    • The representativeness heuristic

    Correct Answer
    A. An algorithm
    Explanation
    An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure or set of rules that guarantees a solution to a problem. In this case, systematically searching every shelf in every store aisle is a methodical and systematic approach to finding Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store. By following a predetermined set of steps, one can be confident that they will eventually locate the desired item. This demonstrates problem solving through the use of an algorithm.

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  • 31. 

    Short-term memory has a ________ capacity than sensory memory and a ________ duration.

    • More limited; longer

    • Less limited; longer

    • Larger; shorter

    • More limited; shorter

    Correct Answer
    A. More limited; longer
    Explanation
    Short-term memory refers to the temporary storage of information that we are actively processing and using. It has a more limited capacity compared to sensory memory, which is the initial stage of memory that briefly holds sensory information. This means that we can hold a smaller amount of information in our short-term memory at a given time. However, short-term memory has a longer duration compared to sensory memory, allowing us to hold and manipulate information for a short period of time before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory.

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  • 32. 

    Shane is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart" he thinks of how his friend Bill acts whenever Bill wins a tennis match. Shane is processing this word at a(n)

    • Shallow level

    • Intermediate level

    • Personal level

    • Deep level

    Correct Answer
    A. Deep level
    Explanation
    Shane is processing the word "braggart" at a deep level because he is making a personal connection to his friend Bill's behavior after winning a tennis match. This suggests that Shane is not just memorizing the definition of the word, but also relating it to a specific personal experience, which indicates a deeper understanding and processing of the word.

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  • 33. 

    Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like “push” before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like “go”?

    • Skinner

    • Whorf

    • Tversky

    • Chomsky

    Correct Answer
    A. Chomsky
    Explanation
    Chomsky, a famous language theorist, would have most likely emphasized that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs. Chomsky's theory of language acquisition, known as Universal Grammar, suggests that children have an innate ability to acquire language and that they possess a language acquisition device that helps them learn grammatical rules. According to Chomsky, children learn language through a process of hypothesis testing and rule formation, and they apply these rules to both regular and irregular verbs.

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  • 34. 

    You tell your friends about the great time you had at the local Six Flags park. Most of the information that you have forgotten about this experience was most likely processed in your

    • Personal memory

    • Short-term memory

    • Long-term memory

    • Sensory memory

    Correct Answer
    A. Sensory memory
    Explanation
    Sensory memory is the first stage of memory processing, where information from our senses is briefly held before being transferred to short-term memory. In this scenario, when you tell your friends about the great time you had at the Six Flags park, the information about that experience is most likely processed in your sensory memory. This is because sensory memory allows us to briefly hold and process sensory information, such as sights, sounds, and smells, before it is either forgotten or transferred to short-term memory for further processing.

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  • 35. 

    The word “chimps” contains ________ phoneme(s) and ________ morpheme(s).

    • 5; 2

    • 6; 1

    • 2; 5

    • 1; 6

    Correct Answer
    A. 5; 2
    Explanation
    The word "chimps" contains five phonemes, which are the individual sounds that make up the word (/tʃ/ /ɪ/ /m/ /p/ /s/), and two morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning in a word (chim-p and -s).

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  • 36. 

    When you add s to the word apple you are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English language rule of:

    • Syntax

    • Semantics

    • Pragmantics

    • Telegraphics

    Correct Answer
    A. Semantics
    Explanation
    Adding "s" to the word "apple" indicates that there is more than one apple, which is a rule of semantics. Semantics refers to the meaning or interpretation of words and how they relate to each other in a language. In this case, the addition of "s" changes the meaning of the word from a singular apple to multiple apples.

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  • 37. 

    In attempting to find and purchase high-quality cosmetics, Megan reminds herself that the most expensive brands are the best. Megan’s self-reminder illustrates the use of:

    • An algorithm

    • A heuristic

    • The framing effect

    • Functional fixedness

    Correct Answer
    A. A heuristic
    Explanation
    Megan's self-reminder that the most expensive brands are the best is an example of a heuristic. A heuristic is a mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps simplify decision-making. In this case, Megan is using the heuristic that price is an indicator of quality when it comes to cosmetics. While this may not always be true, it allows Megan to quickly make decisions without having to extensively research or evaluate each brand.

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  • 38. 

    The fact that children speak with an accent that is similar to that of their peers is best explained by ________ theory of language acquisition.

    • Skinner's

    • Chomsky's

    • Whorf's

    • Tversky's

    Correct Answer
    A. Skinner's
    Explanation
    Skinner's theory of language acquisition, also known as behaviorist theory, suggests that children acquire language through imitation and reinforcement. According to this theory, children learn to speak with an accent similar to their peers because they imitate the speech patterns and accents of those around them. Through reinforcement from their environment, they learn to produce sounds and words in a way that is consistent with the accent of their social group. This explanation aligns with Skinner's belief that language development is a result of observable behaviors and external influences.

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  • 39. 

    You visit your academic advisor because you have to pick a major, but you have no idea what you want to do in life. She asks you to define your goals, list the subjects you excel in and your interests. By the end of the meeting you and your advisor have successfully gone through several steps in the process of choosing a major and you feel confident in your choice: Psychology! What method best describes your problem solving process?

    • Syllogistic reasoning

    • The heuristic principle

    • The example principle

    • Means-end analysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Means-end analysis
    Explanation
    Means-end analysis is a problem-solving method that involves breaking down a problem into smaller subgoals and finding ways to reduce the difference between the current state and the desired goal state. In this scenario, the academic advisor helps the student define their goals, identify their strengths and interests, and ultimately choose a major that aligns with their aspirations. This process aligns with the principles of means-end analysis as the student is breaking down the problem of choosing a major into smaller steps and finding ways to bridge the gap between their current state (having no idea what to do) and the desired goal state (feeling confident in their choice of Psychology major).

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  • 40. 

    Beatrix is trying to decide how to tell her new boyfriend that the relationship is not working out for her. Her friend Dave tells her to think about a bandaged wound: “It’s best to just rip it off! It hurts for a little bit but then the pain is over.” What type of problem solving is this?

    • Syllogistic reasoning

    • Means-end analysis

    • Predictive reasoning

    • Analoical reasoning

    Correct Answer
    A. Analoical reasoning
    Explanation
    The given scenario involves Beatrix trying to decide how to communicate a difficult message to her boyfriend. Her friend Dave suggests using the analogy of ripping off a bandaged wound to convey the idea that it's best to address the issue directly and quickly. This type of problem solving, using an analogy to draw a parallel and apply it to the current situation, is known as analogical reasoning.

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  • 41. 

    The extensiveness of processing informationat a given level is called

    • Scope of processing.

    • Depth of processing.

    • Span of memory.

    • Elaboration.

    Correct Answer
    A. Elaboration.
    Explanation
    Elaboration refers to the extensiveness of processing information at a given level. It involves expanding upon and adding details to the information being processed. This can include making connections, providing examples, or relating the information to prior knowledge. Elaboration helps to enhance understanding and retention of the information by deepening the level of processing. Therefore, it is the most appropriate term to describe the extensiveness of processing information at a given level.

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  • 42. 

    The easier it is for people to remember an instance in which they were betrayed by a friend, the more they expect such an event to recur. This best illustrates the impact of:

    • The heuristic principle

    • The example principle

    • Analogical problem solving

    • Means-end analysis

    Correct Answer
    A. Means-end analysis
    Explanation
    Means-end analysis refers to the cognitive process of identifying the current state, the desired goal state, and the steps needed to bridge the gap between the two. In this case, the explanation suggests that the easier it is for people to remember instances of betrayal by a friend, the more they expect it to happen again. This indicates that individuals are using means-end analysis to assess the likelihood of future events based on past experiences. The process involves comparing the current state (remembering instances of betrayal) with the desired goal state (avoiding future betrayal) and making predictions based on this analysis.

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  • 43. 

    If you have never seen a Chihuahua, but you have seen somewhat similar types of dog breeds, such as rat terriers and miniature Pinschers, which theory would better predict your ability to correctly identify a Chihuahua as a “dog”?

    • Morphological rules

    • Prototype theory

    • Phenotypic theory

    • Exemplar theory

    Correct Answer
    A. Exemplar theory
    Explanation
    Exemplar theory suggests that people categorize objects based on their familiarity with specific examples or exemplars of the category. In this case, if someone has seen rat terriers and miniature Pinschers, which are somewhat similar to Chihuahuas, they can use their knowledge of these breeds to identify a Chihuahua as a "dog" based on similarities in appearance and behavior. This theory emphasizes the importance of individual experiences and specific examples in forming categories and making accurate identifications.

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  • 44. 

    Aramis is taking a statistics exam.  He knows that he has to calculate a standard deviation for the third problem, but he isn’t sure which numbers to use for the calculations. According to the IDEAL steps for problem solving, Aramis would be in:

    • Identification

    • Exploration

    • Action

    • Definition

    Correct Answer
    A. Definition
    Explanation
    Aramis would be in the "Definition" step of the IDEAL problem-solving process. In this step, he is clarifying the problem and determining what exactly needs to be solved. He knows that he needs to calculate the standard deviation for the third problem, but he is unsure about which numbers to use for the calculations. By seeking clarification and understanding the problem fully, Aramis is in the definition stage of problem-solving.

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  • Current Version
  • Oct 09, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Apr 28, 2010
    Quiz Created by
    Katissuave
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