Review Of Phamacology In Pt

1. Flexeril is best used for pt with local, acute spasms. But flexeril has all but which of the following side effects?

When taken with MAOI's can result in hypertensive crisis

Tachycardia

Dry mouth

Blurry vision

Fluid retention and edema

Flexeril is a muscle relaxant commonly used to treat local, acute spasms. It is important to note that when taken with MAOI's (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors), it can result in a hypertensive crisis. Other common side effects of Flexeril include tachycardia (rapid heart rate), dry mouth, and blurry vision. However, fluid retention and edema are not typically associated with the use of Flexeril.

Explanation

Flexeril is a muscle relaxant commonly used to treat local, acute spasms. It is important to note that when taken with MAOI's (Monoamine oxidase inhibitors), it can result in a hypertensive crisis. Other common side effects of Flexeril include tachycardia (rapid heart rate), dry mouth, and blurry vision. However, fluid retention and edema are not typically associated with the use of Flexeril.

2. A pt who has been seeing you for severe back pain secondary to spasms has come back to you stating that he has had a discussion with his doctor and is was prescribed a medication. Unfortunately the patient cannot remember what medication he was placed on, which of the follow medication is not a plausible medication?

Robaxin

Flexeril

Alendronate (Fosamax)

Diazepam (Valium)

Soma

Alendronate (Fosamax) is a biphonates that is used as an anti-osteoporosis medication

Explanation

Alendronate (Fosamax) is a biphonates that is used as an anti-osteoporosis medication

3. A physical therapist is seeing a patient who has RA in an outpatient facility. The patient when giving his medical history states that he has been taking prednisone for several years. Which of the following side effects is NOT typical of this medication?

Increase risk of infection secondary to medications immunosuppressant effects

Cataracts

Hyperglycemia

Myopathy

Esophageal lesions

Prednisone is a corticosteroid medication commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is known to have several side effects, including an increased risk of infection due to its immunosuppressant effects, cataracts, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), and myopathy (muscle weakness). However, esophageal lesions are not typically associated with prednisone use. These lesions are more commonly seen in conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or chronic acid reflux.

Explanation

Prednisone is a corticosteroid medication commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is known to have several side effects, including an increased risk of infection due to its immunosuppressant effects, cataracts, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels), and myopathy (muscle weakness). However, esophageal lesions are not typically associated with prednisone use. These lesions are more commonly seen in conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or chronic acid reflux.

4. This medication causes peripheral vasodilation causing blood to pool in the legs therefore reducing the workload on the heart which in-turn decreases oxygen demand.

Sublingual nitroglycerin

Beta-blockers

Calcium channel blockers

Alpha-adrenergic Blockers

Diuretics

Sublingual nitroglycerin is a medication that causes peripheral vasodilation, meaning it widens the blood vessels in the body. This causes blood to pool in the legs, reducing the amount of blood returning to the heart and ultimately decreasing the workload on the heart. As a result, the heart's demand for oxygen is reduced. This effect makes sublingual nitroglycerin useful in treating conditions such as angina, where the heart is not receiving enough oxygen.

Explanation

Sublingual nitroglycerin is a medication that causes peripheral vasodilation, meaning it widens the blood vessels in the body. This causes blood to pool in the legs, reducing the amount of blood returning to the heart and ultimately decreasing the workload on the heart. As a result, the heart's demand for oxygen is reduced. This effect makes sublingual nitroglycerin useful in treating conditions such as angina, where the heart is not receiving enough oxygen.

5. Of the hypertensive drugs one of the medications below can cause digoxin toxicity, flushing headaches, ankle swelling, reflex tachycardia. When it is taken with a beta-blocker it can cause cardiac depression and AV Block. What medication is it?

Prazosin (Minpress)

Clonidin (Catapres)

Atenolol

Propanolol

Verapamil

Verapamil is a medication that belongs to the calcium channel blocker class of drugs. It is known to cause digoxin toxicity, flushing headaches, ankle swelling, and reflex tachycardia. When taken with a beta-blocker, it can cause cardiac depression and AV block. Therefore, Verapamil is the medication that can cause these symptoms and interactions.

Explanation

Verapamil is a medication that belongs to the calcium channel blocker class of drugs. It is known to cause digoxin toxicity, flushing headaches, ankle swelling, and reflex tachycardia. When taken with a beta-blocker, it can cause cardiac depression and AV block. Therefore, Verapamil is the medication that can cause these symptoms and interactions.

6. While in a long term rehab facility you have evaluated a pt who recently came in due to active toxic hepatisis. You are treating the patient for muscle weakness. When looking over the patient's medical history you notice that the pt had a stroke 10 years ago and has been seeking treatment for his chronic spasticity. Of the following medication, which one best fits treatment for your pt?

Baclofen (Lioresal)

Dantrolene (Dantrium)

Tizanidine (Zanaflex)

Orphenadrine (Norflex)

Methotrexate

Dantrium is the only muscle relaxant listed that is used specifically for chronic spasticity. Another reason for choosing this answer, diantrium has adverse side effects of active toxic hepatisis and muscle weakness.
Baclofen and Zanaflex are also muscle relaxants used for spasticity. Norflex is a muscle relaxant used for spasms. And methotrexate is an anti-rheumatic medication.

Explanation

Dantrium is the only muscle relaxant listed that is used specifically for chronic spasticity. Another reason for choosing this answer, diantrium has adverse side effects of active toxic hepatisis and muscle weakness.
Baclofen and Zanaflex are also muscle relaxants used for spasticity. Norflex is a muscle relaxant used for spasms. And methotrexate is an anti-rheumatic medication.

7. A patient is in the hospital complaining of severe arm pain secondary to a radial and ulnar fracture. The doctor administers and opioid drug, but warns the patient that the adverse effects could be twitching, tremors, or seizures and that if he experiences any of these effects he should call someone immediately. Which of the following is most likely the medication that was administered?

Codeine

Vicoden

Demerol

Tylenol

Fentanyl

Demerol is the most likely medication that was administered because it is an opioid drug commonly used to relieve severe pain. It is known to have adverse effects such as twitching, tremors, and seizures, which the doctor warned the patient about. Codeine, Vicoden, Tylenol, and Fentanyl are also opioids, but Demerol is specifically associated with these adverse effects.

Explanation

Demerol is the most likely medication that was administered because it is an opioid drug commonly used to relieve severe pain. It is known to have adverse effects such as twitching, tremors, and seizures, which the doctor warned the patient about. Codeine, Vicoden, Tylenol, and Fentanyl are also opioids, but Demerol is specifically associated with these adverse effects.

8. Of the following medications which is not considered an anti-hypertensive medication?

Benazepril

Bumex

Norvasc

Prazosin

Methyldopa

Benazepril is not considered an anti-hypertensive medication because it belongs to a different class of drugs called ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors like benazepril work by blocking the action of an enzyme that causes blood vessels to narrow, thereby reducing blood pressure. On the other hand, medications like Bumex, Norvasc, prazosin, and methyldopa are all commonly used as anti-hypertensive medications. Bumex is a loop diuretic that helps remove excess fluid and salt from the body, Norvasc is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes and widens blood vessels, prazosin is an alpha-blocker that relaxes blood vessels, and methyldopa is a centrally acting alpha-agonist that reduces nerve signals that narrow blood vessels.

Explanation

Benazepril is not considered an anti-hypertensive medication because it belongs to a different class of drugs called ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors like benazepril work by blocking the action of an enzyme that causes blood vessels to narrow, thereby reducing blood pressure. On the other hand, medications like Bumex, Norvasc, prazosin, and methyldopa are all commonly used as anti-hypertensive medications. Bumex is a loop diuretic that helps remove excess fluid and salt from the body, Norvasc is a calcium channel blocker that relaxes and widens blood vessels, prazosin is an alpha-blocker that relaxes blood vessels, and methyldopa is a centrally acting alpha-agonist that reduces nerve signals that narrow blood vessels.