Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Chapter Test Practice

Philosophe

Enlightenment thinkers weren't about religion, tradition, or absolutism...they were all about the use of reason to create equality and progress.

Rousseau proposed the concept of a social contract, where a society collectively agrees to be governed by its general will. This means that individuals willingly give up some of their freedoms in order to live in a society that is governed by the common good and the will of the majority. The social contract theory suggests that this agreement is necessary for the functioning and stability of a society.

Diderot is the correct answer because he spread the ideas of the Enlightenment through the publication of his Encyclopedia. The Encyclopedia, also known as Encyclopédie, was a comprehensive collection of knowledge that aimed to educate and enlighten people. Diderot, along with his collaborator Jean le Rond d'Alembert, compiled and edited this influential work, which covered a wide range of subjects including science, philosophy, arts, and politics. Through the Encyclopedia, Diderot played a significant role in disseminating Enlightenment ideals and promoting critical thinking, reason, and progress.

Locke and Montesquieu are both big on self government.

Again, we're talking about self government here. They MAY agree with "C" but it's not the BEST answer.

The only two you could possibly confuse here are Locke and Montesquieu, but Montesquieu's ideas about checks and balances are prominent in the Constitution, not the Declaration of Independence.

Both groups were interested in using new ideas to discover the truth and not relying on old traditions.

Descartes is known for the creation of rationalism and his famous statement "I think, therefore I am." This statement, also known as the cogito, is a fundamental concept in philosophy that highlights the existence of the self based on the act of thinking. Descartes argued that even if everything else is doubted or uncertain, the fact that one is thinking proves their existence. This concept became a cornerstone of modern philosophy and had a significant impact on various fields, including epistemology and metaphysics.

The Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in North America, was a conflict between the British and French, with their respective Native American allies, over territorial disputes in the American colonies. The war was primarily fought in North America, hence the name "French and Indian War." The term "The French and Indian War" is a repetition of the correct answer.

Enlightenment thinkers were reformers who were looking to change the way government and society functioned.

See the definition of laissez faire and this will make sense.

Beccaria, also known as Cesare Beccaria, criticized the use of the death penalty, arguing that it was both hypocritical and cruel. He believed that the punishment should fit the crime and that the death penalty was an excessive and ineffective deterrent. Beccaria's ideas were influential in the development of modern criminal justice systems and the abolition of the death penalty in many countries. His work emphasized the importance of proportionality and human rights in punishment.

A federal system is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority (national government) and regional or state governments. This allows for a sharing of power and responsibilities between the different levels of government, ensuring a balance of power and preventing any one entity from becoming too dominant. This system is often used in larger countries with diverse populations and different regional needs and interests.

The correct answer is "Austrian Succession." This war occurred when Prussia invaded the Austrian territory of Silesia. The conflict was a result of the disputed succession to the Austrian throne after the death of Emperor Charles VI. Several European powers were involved in the war, which lasted from 1740 to 1748. The war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which confirmed Prussia's control over Silesia.

Learn how to spell it please.

Both the Enlightenment and the Renaissance encouraged the questioning of tradition and traditional authority. During the Renaissance, there was a shift towards humanism and a focus on individualism, which led to a questioning of the authority of the Church and the traditional social order. Similarly, during the Enlightenment, thinkers emphasized reason and rationality, challenging the authority of monarchs and religious institutions. Both eras promoted critical thinking and a desire for intellectual freedom, leading to a questioning of long-standing traditions and authorities.

Johannes Kepler is known for discovering that the orbits of the planets were elliptical, not circular. He formulated three laws of planetary motion, known as Kepler's laws, which revolutionized our understanding of the movement of celestial bodies. Kepler's discoveries provided a crucial foundation for Isaac Newton's later work on universal gravitation.

During the Seven Years' War, South America was not a major location of conflict. The war primarily took place in Europe, North America, and India. Europe was the main theater of the war, with various European powers fighting for control over territories and resources. In North America, the conflict was known as the French and Indian War, as it involved British and French forces, as well as Native American allies. India was also a significant battleground, as the British and French East India Companies fought for dominance in the region. However, South America did not witness major conflict during this war.

The Constitution was most influenced by the ideas of Montesquieu because it incorporated his concept of separation of powers. Montesquieu believed in dividing governmental power among different branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. The Constitution reflects this idea by establishing three separate branches of government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This system of checks and balances ensures that no single branch has too much authority, which aligns with Montesquieu's philosophy.

Joseph II was the only absolute despot who wholeheartedly embraced the ideas and reforms of the Enlightenment. Despite the fact that he failed to implement reforms quickly, he was known for his progressive policies and attempts to modernize Austria. Joseph II introduced religious toleration, abolished serfdom, and implemented legal reforms. He also sought to improve education and healthcare, and promoted the arts and sciences. While his reforms faced resistance and were not always successful, Joseph II's commitment to Enlightenment ideals sets him apart from the other rulers mentioned.