Skeletal System Chapter 6: Medical Terms And Conditions Also Diagnostic And Laboratory

Carpal tunnel syndrome is an abnormal condition caused by compression of the median nerve by the carpal ligament. This results in symptoms such as pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and fingers. Tennis elbow refers to inflammation of the tendons in the elbow, while gout is a form of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Ulnar refers to the ulnar nerve, which can be compressed at the elbow causing symptoms similar to carpal tunnel syndrome. Therefore, carpal tunnel syndrome is the correct answer in this case.

Rickets is an abnormal condition that can occur in children and is caused by a lack of vitamin D. This condition leads to weak and soft bones, as vitamin D is essential for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, which are necessary for bone development. Symptoms of rickets include bone pain, muscle weakness, delayed growth, and skeletal deformities. Therefore, rickets is the correct answer in this case.

Thermography is the correct answer because it refers to the process of recording heat patterns on the body's surface. It is a non-invasive technique that uses infrared cameras to detect and measure heat radiating from the body. This information is then used to create thermal images that can help identify areas of inflammation, injury, or abnormal blood flow. Thermography is commonly used in medical diagnostics, particularly in areas such as breast health, where it can assist in detecting early signs of breast cancer.

In this condition, the normal thoracic curvature becomes exaggerated, producing a "humpback" appearance. This is known as kyphosis. Kyphosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including poor posture, osteoporosis, spinal fractures, or developmental issues. It can lead to back pain, stiffness, and a noticeable rounding of the upper back. Treatment options for kyphosis may include physical therapy, exercises to improve posture, bracing, or in severe cases, surgery.

An arthroscope is a surgical instrument specifically designed to examine the interior of a joint. It is a minimally invasive tool that allows doctors to visualize and diagnose various joint conditions, such as arthritis or ligament tears. The arthroscope consists of a small camera and light source, which are inserted into the joint through a small incision. The camera sends real-time images to a monitor, allowing the doctor to assess the joint's condition and perform any necessary procedures. Therefore, an arthroscope is the correct answer as it is the only instrument mentioned that is used for examining the interior of a joint.

Tennis elbow is the correct answer because it is a chronic condition characterized by elbow pain that is caused by excessive pronation and supination activities of the forearm. This condition is commonly seen in individuals who play tennis, hence the name "tennis elbow". The repetitive motion and strain placed on the forearm muscles during activities such as gripping a tennis racket can lead to inflammation and pain in the tendons of the elbow.

The term "fixation" refers to the process of immobilizing or making something rigid. In the context of the given question, "metacarpal fixation" would involve immobilizing or making the metacarpal bones rigid. Similarly, "ulnar arthroscope fixation" would involve immobilizing or making the ulnar arthroscope rigid.

Gout, arthritis, multiple myeloma, and rheumatism are conditions that are associated with increased levels of uric acid. Uric acid is a waste product that is formed when the body breaks down purines, which are found in certain foods and also produced by the body. In these conditions, there is either an overproduction or underexcretion of uric acid, leading to its accumulation in the bloodstream and the formation of urate crystals in the joints, causing pain and inflammation. Monitoring and managing uric acid levels is important in the treatment and prevention of these conditions.

Arthrography is a diagnostic examination of a joint where air and radiopaque contrast medium are injected into the joint space. X-rays are then taken to visualize the internal injuries of the meniscus cartilage and ligaments, if present. This procedure helps in identifying any abnormalities or damage within the joint, allowing for proper diagnosis and treatment planning. Goniometry is the measurement of joint angles, thermography is the use of heat detection to diagnose conditions, and arthroscopy is a surgical procedure to visualize and treat joint problems.

Hammer toe is a condition characterized by an acquired flexion deformity of the interphalangeal joint. This means that the toe joint becomes bent or flexed, causing the toe to curl downwards. It is often caused by wearing tight or ill-fitting shoes, which can put pressure on the toe joints. Hammer toe can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty in walking. Treatment options include wearing proper footwear, using orthotic devices, and in severe cases, surgery may be required to correct the deformity.

Gout is a hereditary metabolic disease that causes acute arthritis. It is characterized by the deposition of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to severe pain, redness, and swelling. This condition typically affects the big toe, but can also affect other joints such as the ankles, knees, wrists, and fingers. Gout attacks can be triggered by certain foods, alcohol, obesity, and certain medications. Treatment usually involves lifestyle changes, such as adopting a low-purine diet, managing weight, and taking medications to reduce inflammation and lower uric acid levels in the body.

The term "metacarpal" refers to the bones of the hand. The metacarpals are the long bones that connect the wrist bones (carpals) to the bones of the fingers (phalanges). They are responsible for providing support and flexibility to the hand. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a condition that affects the wrist, specifically the carpal tunnel, which is a narrow passageway in the wrist formed by the carpal bones. Fixation refers to the process of immobilizing or stabilizing a bone or joint using external devices like casts or splints. Therefore, out of the given options, "metacarpal" is the term that pertains to the bones of the hand.

The term "ulnar" refers to something that is related to or pertains to the ulna bone, which is one of the two long bones in the forearm. In the context of the question, the term "pertaining to the elbow" suggests that the answer should be a term or condition that is specifically related to the elbow joint. Out of the given options, "ulnar" is the only term that directly relates to a specific bone in the forearm, making it the correct answer.

Antinuclear antibodies are present in a variety of immunological diseases. These antibodies target the nucleus of cells and can be detected in the blood of individuals with autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of antinuclear antibodies indicates an abnormal immune response, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells and tissues. Therefore, antinuclear antibodies are a key marker for diagnosing and monitoring immunological diseases.

Phosphorus is a mineral that plays a crucial role in bone health. In osteoporosis, there is a decrease in bone density and strength, and increasing the level of phosphorus can help improve bone health. Phosphorus is also important for fracture healing as it is involved in the formation and maintenance of bone tissue. Therefore, increasing the level of phosphorus in the blood can be beneficial for both osteoporosis and fracture healing.