1.
According to the text, our actions in attacking social problems should be grounded in all of the following EXCEPT
Correct Answer
B. Psychological assessments of the effectiveness of solutions to problems
Explanation
The text suggests that our actions in attacking social problems should be grounded in scientific research, a sociological approach to understanding social problems, and psychological assessments of the effectiveness of solutions to problems. Therefore, the answer that does not align with this is "psychological assessments of the effectiveness of solutions to problems."
2.
According to the text, the family can best be defined as
Correct Answer
A. A social institution based on kinship that functions to replace members of society and to nurture them
Explanation
The correct answer is "a social institution based on kinship that functions to replace members of society and to nurture them." This answer is supported by the description provided in the text, which states that the family is a social institution based on kinship. It also mentions that the family functions to replace members of society and to nurture them, further supporting this definition. The other options, such as "the reproductive institution" and "the oldest of all social institution," are not mentioned in the text and do not accurately define the family.
3.
The term monogamy refers to
Correct Answer
C. A marriage involving only one spouse at a time
Explanation
The term monogamy refers to a marriage involving only one spouse at a time. This means that individuals in a monogamous relationship are committed to being with one partner exclusively and do not engage in simultaneous relationships or marriages with multiple spouses. Monogamy is often seen as the norm in many societies and is considered a form of marital fidelity and commitment.
4.
A/an___________________family consists of three or more generations of people who live together or in close proximity.
Correct Answer
B. Extended
Explanation
An extended family consists of three or more generations of people who live together or in close proximity. This type of family structure includes not only parents and children, but also grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. The extended family provides a strong support system and allows for intergenerational bonding and shared responsibilities.
5.
According to the text, which of the following is NOT a function of the family?
Correct Answer
A. Preparing people for specialized roles in an industrial society
Explanation
The text states that the family has various functions, such as socialization and education, status conferral, but it does not mention preparing people for specialized roles in an industrial society. Therefore, this is not a function of the family according to the given information.
6.
With respect to dual-earner families,
Correct Answer
B. They have more egalitarian decision-making structure than do more tradittional families
Explanation
The correct answer is that dual-earner families have more egalitarian decision-making structures than more traditional families. This means that in dual-earner families, both partners have equal say and involvement in making decisions, whereas in traditional families, decision-making may be more hierarchical or patriarchal. This is likely due to the fact that both partners in dual-earner families are working outside the home and contributing to the family's income, leading to a more equal distribution of power and decision-making.
7.
According to the text, which of the following are dimensions of the problem surrounding health care in the United States?
Correct Answer
C. Only A and B
Explanation
The text states that the dimensions of the problem surrounding health care in the United States include the high cost of health care and the lack of access to the health care system by some sick people. Therefore, the correct answer is only A and B.
8.
According to Parsons, people occupying the sick role are guided by certain expectations. Among these expectations is/are
Correct Answer
C. All of the above
Explanation
According to Parsons, people occupying the sick role are expected to be able to claim assistance and sympathy from others, as well as being excused from their normal role obligations to the extent that the disease calls for. In other words, individuals in the sick role are entitled to receive support and understanding from others, and they are not expected to fulfill their usual responsibilities while they are ill. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above".
9.
Which of the following are characteristics of acute diseases?
Correct Answer
B. They have a fairly quick onset
Explanation
Acute diseases are characterized by a fairly quick onset, meaning that the symptoms and effects of the disease appear suddenly and progress rapidly. This is in contrast to chronic diseases, which develop and progress over a long period of time. Acute diseases are often noticeable and diagnosed soon after the onset of symptoms, unlike some chronic diseases that may exist for a long time before being detected.
10.
Changes in lifestyle or pther health steps that help avoid the occurence of disease in the first place are called
Correct Answer
C. Preventive medicine
Explanation
Preventive medicine refers to the changes in lifestyle or other health steps taken to avoid the occurrence of diseases in the first place. It focuses on promoting health and preventing illnesses through measures such as vaccinations, regular check-ups, healthy diet, exercise, and avoiding risk factors. Unlike curative medicine that aims to treat diseases after they occur, preventive medicine aims to prevent diseases from happening in the first place, ultimately leading to better overall health and well-being. Crisis medicine, on the other hand, refers to medical interventions during emergencies or critical situations.
11.
According to Herbert J. Gans, which of the following would NOT ba function of poverty?
Correct Answer
C. To make available loans so that the poor can get job training
Explanation
According to Herbert J. Gans, poverty serves multiple functions in society, such as ensuring that society's undesirable tasks are performed and creating a market for low-quality goods and services that are primarily consumed by the poor. However, Gans does not argue that poverty exists to make loans available for job training for the poor.
12.
The movement of people from one social position to another in the stratification hierachy is called
Correct Answer
C. Social mobility
Explanation
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups from one social position to another within the stratification hierarchy. It involves upward or downward changes in social status, such as moving from a lower-income job to a higher-income job or from a lower social class to a higher social class. Social mobility can be influenced by various factors, including education, occupation, and economic opportunities, and it plays a significant role in shaping social inequality and social change within a society.
13.
The blame the victim stance toward poverty means that
Correct Answer
B. Poverty is attributed to the character flaws of the poor
Explanation
The correct answer suggests that the blame the victim stance toward poverty means that poverty is attributed to the character flaws of the poor. This means that instead of acknowledging the structural and systemic factors that contribute to poverty, society tends to blame the individuals themselves for their own financial struggles. This perspective overlooks the various social, economic, and historical factors that contribute to poverty and places the burden solely on the character and choices of the poor.
14.
A situation in which everyone, or nearly everyone, who wanted to work could find a job is called
Correct Answer
C. Full employment
Explanation
Full employment refers to a situation where the economy is operating at its maximum potential and everyone who is willing and able to work can find employment. In this scenario, there is a low unemployment rate as the demand for labor matches the available supply. This means that there is minimal involuntary unemployment and individuals have the opportunity to secure jobs according to their preferences and qualifications. Full employment is an ideal state for an economy as it signifies a high level of economic productivity and overall well-being.
15.
Groups whose members share distinct physical or cultural characteristics, who are denied acces to power and resources available to other groups, and who are accorded fewer rights, privileges, and opportunities, are referred to by sociologists as
Correct Answer
C. Minority groups
Explanation
Minority groups are referred to by sociologists as groups whose members share distinct physical or cultural characteristics, are denied access to power and resources available to other groups, and are accorded fewer rights, privileges, and opportunities. This term is used to describe marginalized and disadvantaged groups that face systemic discrimination and oppression based on factors such as race, ethnicity, religion, or gender.
16.
The definition of "race" used by sociologists is based on
Correct Answer
C. Both a and c
Explanation
The definition of "race" used by sociologists is based on both people's belief in the biological differences of the races and viewing race as a social category. This means that sociologists consider race to be both a biological concept and a social construct. They acknowledge that while there may be some biological differences among races, the concept of race is primarily shaped by social and cultural factors. Therefore, the sociological definition of race takes into account both the biological and social aspects of race.
17.
The view that certain racial or ethnic groups are biologically inferior and that practices involving their domination and exploitation are justified is best referred to as
Correct Answer
C. Racism
Explanation
Racism refers to the belief that certain racial or ethnic groups are inherently inferior to others, leading to practices of domination and exploitation. It involves prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory actions based on race or ethnicity. This view is rooted in the notion of racial superiority and justifies unequal treatment and social hierarchies based on race. Racism perpetuates systemic inequalities and can manifest in various forms, including institutional racism, individual acts of discrimination, and structural barriers that limit opportunities for marginalized groups.
18.
An irrational attitude toward certain people based soley on their membership in a particular group is called
Correct Answer
A. Prejudice
Explanation
Prejudice refers to an irrational attitude towards certain individuals solely based on their membership in a particular group. It involves preconceived notions, stereotypes, and negative feelings towards a group without any valid reason or evidence. Discrimination, on the other hand, refers to the unfair treatment or action taken against individuals based on their membership in a particular group. Prejudiced discrimination is not a term commonly used and does not accurately describe the concept. Therefore, the correct answer is prejudice.
19.
People who accept the members of another racial or ethnic group in both belief and practice are known in Merton categories as
Correct Answer
B. Unprejudiced nondiscriminators
Explanation
In Merton's categories, "unprejudiced nondiscriminators" refers to individuals who not only hold beliefs that are accepting and inclusive of members from other racial or ethnic groups but also practice this acceptance in their actions and behavior. These individuals do not discriminate against others based on their race or ethnicity and actively promote equality and inclusion.
20.
The goal-oriented activities of the group such as hunting, building something, or managing a work team are referred to as
Correct Answer
C. Instumental tasks
Explanation
Instrumental tasks refer to the goal-oriented activities of a group, such as hunting, building something, or managing a work team. These tasks are focused on achieving a specific outcome or objective. In contrast, expressive tasks are centered around fostering relationships, emotions, and communication within the group. Leadership tasks, on the other hand, involve the actions and responsibilities of a leader in guiding and directing the group towards its goals. Therefore, instrumental tasks are the most appropriate term to describe the goal-oriented activities of a group.
21.
According to the interactionist perspective, gender inequality becomes a social problem when
Correct Answer
C. There is a lack of consensus and shared expectations about the roles of men and women in society
Explanation
According to the interactionist perspective, gender inequality becomes a social problem when there is a lack of consensus and shared expectations about the roles of men and women in society. This means that when there is no agreement or understanding about what roles and expectations should be assigned to each gender, it creates a state of inequality and conflict. This lack of consensus can lead to social problems and challenges in achieving gender equality.
22.
According to the text, male and female are
Correct Answer
B. Sex-related terms
Explanation
According to the text, male and female are sex-related terms. This means that they are specifically related to the biological characteristics and differences between males and females. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with being male or female. While gender and sex are related concepts, male and female specifically pertain to the biological aspect of sex.
23.
Which of the following fields specialize in the scientific study of aging?
Correct Answer
C. Gerontology
Explanation
Gerontology specializes in the scientific study of aging. It is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses various aspects of aging, including biological, psychological, and social aspects. Gerontologists study the physical and mental changes that occur as individuals age, as well as the social and cultural implications of aging. They also explore strategies for promoting healthy aging and improving the quality of life for older adults. Demography, on the other hand, focuses on the statistical study of populations, while sociology examines social behavior and institutions. Therefore, gerontology is the correct answer as it specifically focuses on the scientific study of aging.
24.
Which of the following is true of the stages in the life cycle?
Correct Answer
C. Biology plays an important part in shaping the beginning and the end of the life cycle
Explanation
The correct answer is that biology plays an important part in shaping the beginning and the end of the life cycle. This means that biological factors, such as genetics and physiological changes, have a significant influence on the initial stages of life (birth, growth, and development) as well as the final stages (aging, deterioration, and death). Social structure may also play a role in shaping certain stages, but the emphasis here is on the importance of biology in these specific aspects of the life cycle.
25.
Which of the following is a new stage in the life span that emerged in industrial societies?
Correct Answer
B. Adolescence
Explanation
Adolescence is a new stage in the life span that emerged in industrial societies. This period is characterized by physical, psychological, and social changes, typically occurring between the ages of 10 and 19. It is a transitional phase between childhood and adulthood, marked by the onset of puberty and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. During adolescence, individuals experience significant growth and development, both physically and emotionally, as they navigate the challenges of identity formation, peer relationships, and increased independence. This stage was not recognized or emphasized in traditional societies, making it a distinct feature of industrial societies.
26.
Biological approaches to crime
Correct Answer
C. Both a and c
Explanation
The biological approaches to crime view crime as arising from people's biological makeup. These approaches have gained popularity among criminologists over the years. The correct answer is both a and c because both statements are true.
27.
According to Emile Durkheim explanation for high levels of crime in industrial societies,
Correct Answer
A. Many of the social bonds that are important i preindustrial societies are weakened by industrialization
Explanation
In industrial societies, many of the social bonds that were important in preindustrial societies are weakened due to industrialization. This is because industrialization brings about significant changes in the social structure and norms. Traditional social bonds, such as strong family ties, close-knit communities, and shared moral values, are often disrupted or replaced by more individualistic values and relationships. As a result, individuals may feel a sense of isolation and detachment, leading to higher levels of crime as people are less connected and have fewer social constraints.
28.
Among the trends in the United States identified in the text that are related to increased opportunities for commiting burglary is/are
Correct Answer
B. A dramatic increase over the past four decasdes in the number of women working
Explanation
The correct answer is "a dramatic increase over the past four decades in the number of women working." This trend is related to increased opportunities for committing burglary because with more women working outside the home, there is a higher likelihood of houses being unoccupied during the day, making them more vulnerable to burglaries.
29.
Which of the following drugs would be considered a stimulant?
Correct Answer
A. Cocaine
Explanation
Cocaine would be considered a stimulant because it is a powerful central nervous system stimulant that increases levels of dopamine in the brain, leading to increased energy, alertness, and euphoria. It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters and enhances their effects, resulting in heightened activity and increased heart rate and blood pressure. In contrast, alcohol is a depressant that slows down the central nervous system, and heroin is an opioid that depresses the respiratory system and induces a state of relaxation and sedation.
30.
The term "potentation" refers to
Correct Answer
B. The effect of two depressants in combination being greater than either drug seperately
Explanation
Potentation refers to the effect of two depressants in combination being greater than either drug separately. This means that when two depressant drugs are taken together, their effects are enhanced or intensified compared to when each drug is taken alone. This can lead to increased sedation, respiratory depression, and other potential risks associated with depressant drugs.
31.
Which of the following is NOT true of hallucinogens?
Correct Answer
C. They produce pHysical dependence
Explanation
Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that alter perception, thoughts, and feelings. They can cause hallucinations and distort reality. One common characteristic of hallucinogens is that tolerance to them builds rapidly, meaning that individuals need higher doses to achieve the same effects over time. Additionally, there is cross-tolerance between most hallucinogens, which means that if an individual develops tolerance to one hallucinogen, they are likely to have reduced sensitivity to others as well. However, unlike other drugs such as opioids or benzodiazepines, hallucinogens do not produce physical dependence, meaning that individuals do not experience withdrawal symptoms or cravings when they stop using them.
32.
According to the text, prohibition is not likely to be an effective way of controlling drug use and abuse when
Correct Answer
C. All of the above
Explanation
Prohibition is not likely to be an effective way of controlling drug use and abuse when the use of the drug is widespread or when the use of the drug is seen as socially acceptable by some. When a drug is widely used, it becomes difficult to enforce prohibition and prevent access to the drug. Additionally, if the use of the drug is socially acceptable by some, it reduces the stigma associated with drug use, making it harder to discourage or prevent its use. Therefore, both of these factors contribute to the ineffectiveness of prohibition as a method of controlling drug use and abuse.
33.
The war on drugs has channeled relatively little money into drug rehabilitation programs because
Correct Answer
C. Most funds have been channeled into law enforcement and drug interdiction
Explanation
Most funds have been channeled into law enforcement and drug interdiction because research has shown that drug rehabilitation programs are ineffective and imprisoning drug addicts is a more effective form of rehabilitation.
34.
Programs in which the act of drinking alcohol is associated with some unpleasant experience are called
Correct Answer
A. Aversion therapy
Explanation
Aversion therapy refers to programs where the act of drinking alcohol is linked to negative or unpleasant experiences. This technique is used to discourage individuals from consuming alcohol by creating a strong association between the behavior and the negative consequences. By doing so, aversion therapy aims to reduce or eliminate the desire to drink alcohol.
35.
Over the last few decades, public sentiment toward alcholism has changed in which of the following ways?
Correct Answer
B. Alcoholism is now viewed as a medical problem that can be treated
Explanation
In the past few decades, there has been a shift in public sentiment towards alcoholism. It is now increasingly viewed as a medical problem that can be treated. This change in perspective reflects a growing understanding of alcoholism as a disease rather than a moral failing. Society has become more compassionate and recognizes that individuals struggling with alcoholism need support and access to medical treatment rather than being stigmatized or punished. This shift has also led to increased efforts to educate the public about the nature of alcoholism and the available treatment options.
36.
If the hydrologiic cycle is overwhelmed to the point that it is ineffective, the result would most likely be
Correct Answer
A. Increasing water pollution
Explanation
If the hydrological cycle is overwhelmed to the point that it is ineffective, it means that the natural process of water circulation and purification is disrupted. This disruption can lead to an accumulation of pollutants in water bodies, causing an increase in water pollution. As the cycle fails to effectively cleanse and distribute water, pollutants can accumulate and contaminate water sources, posing a threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, the most likely result of an overwhelmed hydrological cycle is increasing water pollution.
37.
The depletion of oxygen in a body of water because of an overabundance of plant and animal life is termed
Correct Answer
B. EutropHication
Explanation
Eutrophication is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which a body of water becomes overly enriched with nutrients, such as phosphates and nitrates, leading to excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. As these plants die and decompose, they consume oxygen, causing a depletion of oxygen levels in the water. This can result in the death of other aquatic organisms, leading to a disruption in the ecosystem. Desertification refers to the process of land degradation in which fertile land becomes desert-like, and the Green Revolution refers to the significant increase in agricultural production through the use of modern techniques and technology.
38.
What is the environmental status of Lake Erie today?
Correct Answer
C. It has recovered substantially from the damage done to it
Explanation
Lake Erie has recovered substantially from the damage done to it. This suggests that efforts to improve the environmental status of the lake have been successful. The statement implies that the pollution levels in Lake Erie have decreased since the 1950s and 1960s, indicating a positive change in its environmental condition. The recovery of the lake is a promising sign for its ecosystem and the availability of clean water and food sources.
39.
Which of the following is true of toxic wastes in the United States?
Correct Answer
A. Not all such wastes are covered by government regulation
Explanation
Not all toxic wastes in the United States are covered by government regulation. This means that there are certain toxic wastes that are not subject to any specific regulations or restrictions imposed by the government. This could potentially lead to environmental and health risks if these unregulated toxic wastes are not properly managed and disposed of.
40.
Desertfication refers to
Correct Answer
C. All of the above
Explanation
Desertification refers to the process of land degradation, which includes the reduction in the quantity of arable land. This means that desertification not only leads to the degradation of land but also reduces the amount of land available for agriculture or farming purposes. Therefore, all of the given options are correct, as they accurately describe the effects of desertification.
41.
Which of the following nations is the largest consumer, per person, of the world's energy resources?
Correct Answer
B. United States
Explanation
The correct answer is the United States. The United States is known for its high energy consumption per person compared to other nations. This can be attributed to various factors such as a large population, high standard of living, and a heavily industrialized economy. The country's energy consumption is driven by its reliance on fossil fuels, particularly oil and natural gas, for transportation, electricity generation, and industrial processes. Additionally, the United States has a higher rate of energy-intensive activities such as air conditioning and driving larger vehicles, contributing to its status as the largest consumer of energy resources per person in the world.
42.
Geologists have calculated that______________will be our longest lasting nonrenewable resource.
Correct Answer
B. Coal
Explanation
Coal is the correct answer because geologists have determined that it will be our longest lasting nonrenewable resource. This is due to the fact that coal reserves are estimated to last for several hundred years, whereas natural gas and oil reserves are expected to deplete much sooner. Coal is a fossil fuel that has been formed over millions of years from the remains of plants and trees. Its abundance and slow rate of formation make it a more sustainable nonrenewable resource compared to natural gas and oil.