1.
As per the sociology concepts, it is believed that sport contributes to the perpetuation of male dominance.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Sport is often seen as a male-dominated activity, with men being encouraged and celebrated in sports more than women. This perpetuates the idea that men are superior and reinforces gender inequality. The belief is that sports provide a platform for men to showcase their physical strength and competitiveness, which aligns with traditional masculine traits. This perpetuation of male dominance in sports can have wider implications for society, as it reinforces gender stereotypes and limits opportunities for women in sports. Therefore, it is true that sport contributes to the perpetuation of male dominance according to sociology concepts.
2.
A large variety of organized participant and spectator sports were present during the colonial period in North America.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
During the colonial period in North America, there were not a large variety of organized participant and spectator sports present. This suggests that the statement is false.
3.
Even though there was a great diversity among the cultures of Native Americans, only a few of the tribes engaged in physical activities.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement contradicts itself by saying that there was a great diversity among Native American cultures, but then claims that only a few tribes engaged in physical activities. This implies that the majority of Native American tribes did not engage in physical activities, which is unlikely given the wide range of cultural practices and traditions among different tribes. Therefore, the correct answer is False.
4.
After the civil war, due to Emancipation Proclamation, the black people were given equal opportunities in sports such as boxing, baseball, and intercollegiate athletics.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because the Emancipation Proclamation did not directly address equal opportunities in sports for black people. The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 that declared all slaves in Confederate territory to be free. While it was an important step towards ending slavery, it did not specifically address sports or provide equal opportunities for black people in sports. The fight for equal opportunities in sports for black people came later, during the Civil Rights Movement in the 20th century.
5.
During the 1930-50 era the best amateur teams in basketball, baseball and football were company-sponsored teams.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
During the 1930-50 era, many of the best amateur teams in basketball, baseball, and football were sponsored by companies. This means that these companies would provide financial support and resources to these teams, allowing them to compete at a high level. This was a common practice during that time period, as companies saw sponsoring sports teams as a way to promote their brand and increase their visibility. Therefore, it can be concluded that the statement is true.
6.
Bull riding was the first popular spectator sports.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because bull riding was not the first popular spectator sport. There were many other sports that gained popularity before bull riding, such as horse racing, boxing, and wrestling, among others. Therefore, the correct answer is false.
7.
According to the Social Darwinism espoused by William Graham Sumner, winning is the reward of the superior individual and losing is the overt manifestation of inferiority.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that according to Social Darwinism, winning is seen as the reward for being superior and losing is seen as a sign of being inferior. This ideology, advocated by William Graham Sumner, applies the principles of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, suggesting that competition and survival of the fittest determine success or failure. Therefore, in this perspective, winning is considered a reflection of individual superiority, while losing is seen as a manifestation of inferiority.
8.
Both peer play and adult organized sports emphasizes opportunities for players to develop interpersonal skills and make decisions.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Both peer play and adult organized sports do provide opportunities for players to develop interpersonal skills and make decisions. Peer play, which refers to children playing with their peers without adult supervision, allows children to learn how to negotiate, communicate, and resolve conflicts on their own. On the other hand, adult organized sports provide a structured environment where players can learn teamwork, communication, and decision-making skills under the guidance of coaches and mentors. Therefore, the statement is false as both types of play offer opportunities for interpersonal skill development and decision-making.
9.
The slogan "sports build character" has substantial research findings showing this to be true.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement suggests that there is substantial research supporting the claim that "sports build character." However, the answer is false, indicating that there is no substantial research to support this slogan.
10.
High school sports programs are essential because they uniformly fulfill educational goals
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
High school sports programs are not essential because they do not uniformly fulfill educational goals. While sports can provide physical fitness and teach teamwork, they do not necessarily contribute to academic achievement or intellectual development in the same way that academic programs do. Additionally, not all students may be interested or able to participate in sports, so it cannot be said that sports programs uniformly fulfill educational goals.
11.
It is common practice among NCAA Division 1 institutions that the money earned from collegiate sports is used to help other parts of the university
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement is false because it is not a common practice among NCAA Division 1 institutions to use the money earned from collegiate sports to help other parts of the university. In fact, the money generated from collegiate sports is often used to fund the athletic programs themselves, including scholarships for student-athletes, facility upgrades, and coaching salaries. The revenue generated from sports events is typically reinvested into the athletic department rather than being allocated to other areas of the university.
12.
The first intercollegiate sport even in the U.S. was a rowing race between Harvard and Yale.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The first intercollegiate sport event in the U.S. was a rowing race between Harvard and Yale. This means that before any other sport was established as an intercollegiate competition, rowing was the first one to be organized between these two prestigious universities.
13.
Examples given in the chapter on intercollegiate athletics demonstrate clearly that college athletic programs have continued to be modeled after amateur athletics
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The explanation for the answer "False" is that the examples given in the chapter on intercollegiate athletics demonstrate that college athletic programs have evolved and deviated from the amateur athletics model. This implies that college athletic programs are no longer solely based on amateurism, but have instead adopted more professional and commercial aspects.
14.
Your textbook authors suggest that one of the needed reforms in intercollegiate athletics is that athletics departments must be separated from their institutions as self-contained corporate entities
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The explanation for the given correct answer is that separating athletics departments from their institutions as self-contained corporate entities can help address the issues and conflicts of interest that often arise in intercollegiate athletics. By operating independently, athletics departments can focus on their own financial management, governance, and decision-making, without being influenced by the priorities and pressures of the larger institution. This separation can promote transparency, accountability, and fairness in the administration of intercollegiate athletics.
15.
Division 1 male athletes in the revenue producing sports have the lowest grades and graduation rates of any athlete category
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement suggests that division 1 male athletes in revenue producing sports have the lowest grades and graduation rates compared to other athlete categories. This implies that these athletes may face challenges in balancing their academic responsibilities with their athletic commitments, leading to lower academic performance and graduation rates.
16.
Existing studies on catharsis and physical activity indicate that vigorous physical activity does not act as catharsis
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The given statement is true because existing studies have shown that vigorous physical activity does not act as catharsis. This means that engaging in intense physical activity does not provide a release or relief of emotional tension or stress. These studies suggest that other methods or activities may be more effective in achieving catharsis, such as therapy, expressing emotions through art or writing, or engaging in calming or reflective activities.
17.
For viewers of sporting events, viewing of aggressive sport action has been shown to decrease subsequent aggressive behavior
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The given statement is false. Research has actually shown that viewing aggressive sport action does not decrease subsequent aggressive behavior. In fact, some studies have found that exposure to aggressive sports can actually increase aggression in viewers. This may be due to the fact that aggressive sports can normalize and reinforce aggressive behavior, leading to an increase in aggressive tendencies. Therefore, the correct answer is false.
18.
The instinct and frustration/aggression theories ground agression/violence in biological explanations
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the instinct theory suggests that aggression is an innate behavior that humans and animals possess, which is triggered by certain stimuli. On the other hand, the frustration/aggression theory proposes that aggression is a response to frustration or the blocking of one's goals. Both of these theories provide biological explanations for aggression and violence, suggesting that they are rooted in our biology and natural instincts.
19.
At all levels of sports, incentives exist for athlete to be violent
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
At all levels of sports, incentives exist for athletes to be violent. This means that there are various factors that encourage or reward athletes for engaging in violent behavior during sports competitions. These incentives can include the desire to intimidate opponents, gain a competitive advantage, or even entertain spectators. Additionally, the pressure to win and succeed in sports can also contribute to the use of violence as a means to achieve these goals. Therefore, it is true that incentives for athlete violence exist across different levels of sports.
20.
Society's concept of masculinity is inextricably woven into agressive, forceful, physical behavior
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The given statement suggests that society's understanding of masculinity is strongly connected to aggressive, forceful, and physical behavior. This implies that society expects men to exhibit these traits in order to conform to the masculine ideal. This aligns with traditional gender norms and stereotypes that associate masculinity with dominance, power, and physical strength.
21.
The validity and accuracy of drug testing has been established to the point that there is no longer controversy about drug testing.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement suggests that there is no longer any controversy about drug testing, implying that everyone agrees on its validity and accuracy. However, this is not true. While drug testing is widely used and accepted, there are still debates and concerns about its effectiveness, reliability, and potential for false positives or negatives. The controversy surrounding drug testing continues to exist, indicating that the statement is false.
22.
Use of performance enhancing drugs corrupts the essence of fair sporting competition
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement suggests that using performance enhancing drugs goes against the principles of fair sporting competition. This implies that athletes who use such drugs gain an unfair advantage over their competitors, which undermines the integrity and fairness of the sport. Therefore, the use of performance enhancing drugs is seen as corrupting the essence of fair competition in sports.
23.
Functionalist theory focuses on
Correct Answer
A. The social bond that holds groups together
Explanation
Functionalist theory focuses on understanding how social institutions and structures contribute to the overall stability and cohesion of society. It emphasizes the social bond that holds groups together, highlighting the importance of shared values, norms, and social integration in maintaining social order. This perspective views society as a system composed of interconnected parts that work together to maintain balance and harmony. By studying the social bond, functionalists aim to explain how individuals and groups function within society and how they contribute to its overall functioning and stability.
24.
High school sports would generally be an example of
Correct Answer
C. Organized sport
Explanation
High school sports would generally be considered an example of organized sport because they are structured and regulated activities that involve teams or individuals competing against each other in a formal setting. High school sports typically have rules, schedules, and governing bodies that oversee the organization and administration of the competitions.
25.
The tremendous popularity of sport in North America is most likely a consequence of
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The tremendous popularity of sport in North America is most likely a consequence of the conditions of mass society that encourage individuals to identify with a cause. In a mass society, people tend to seek a sense of belonging and purpose, which they often find through sports. Additionally, the emphasis by the media on sports further enhances their popularity by providing extensive coverage and creating a sense of excitement and engagement. Furthermore, North American sports have a close relationship with North American values, such as competition, teamwork, and national pride, which resonates with the population and contributes to their popularity. Therefore, all of these factors combined likely explain the tremendous popularity of sport in North America.
26.
Zuni indians treat a runner who habitually wins in the following way
Correct Answer
A. He is disbarred from running
Explanation
The Zuni Indians treat a runner who habitually wins by disqualifying him from future races. This suggests that the Zuni Indians may view the runner as too dominant or unfair in their competitions, and disqualifying him is their way of maintaining a fair playing field. This action also implies that winning consistently is not valued or encouraged in their culture.
27.
"Winning is the only thing" and the survival-of-the-fittest ideology in sport is a manifestations of a social philosophy called
Correct Answer
C. Social Darwinism
Explanation
The correct answer is Social Darwinism. This ideology suggests that in the realm of sports, winning is the ultimate goal and only the strongest and most competitive individuals or teams survive and thrive. It draws parallels with Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, where only the fittest organisms survive and pass on their traits to the next generation. Social Darwinism extends this concept to society, arguing that competition and survival of the fittest should also apply to social and economic aspects.
28.
In the first two decades of intercolleigat athletics administration and control was based principally on
Correct Answer
C. Student initiative
Explanation
During the first two decades of intercollegiate athletics administration, the primary basis for control and decision-making was student initiative. This means that students were the driving force behind organizing and managing athletic activities, including forming teams, scheduling games, and making decisions regarding rules and regulations. The authority and responsibility for athletics were largely in the hands of the students themselves, rather than faculty members, the institution's president, or athletic directors. This decentralized approach allowed students to have a significant role in shaping and leading the athletic programs during that time period.
29.
The most powerful force for restricting sport involvement in the colonial period in North America was
Correct Answer
B. The church
Explanation
During the colonial period in North America, the church played a significant role in restricting sport involvement. The church had a strong influence on society and often viewed sports as frivolous or even sinful activities. They believed that participating in sports could distract individuals from their religious duties and lead to immoral behavior. As a result, the church discouraged or even banned sports activities, making it a powerful force in limiting sport involvement during that time.
30.
Intercollegiate sports in the United States began
Correct Answer
C. As a form of student recreation
Explanation
Intercollegiate sports in the United States began as a form of student recreation. This means that students started participating in sports activities for fun and leisure. It suggests that the primary purpose of intercollegiate sports was not religious or academic, but rather to provide entertainment and enjoyment for the students. This explanation aligns with the historical context of sports becoming popular among college students around the early 20th century, just before World War 1.
31.
In order to protect young athletes from adult expoitation in sports,
Correct Answer
A. Bill of Rights for Young Athletes and Fair Play Codes have been formulated
Explanation
The correct answer is that Bill of Rights for Young Athletes and Fair Play Codes have been formulated. This means that measures have been taken to protect young athletes from adult exploitation in sports. By formulating these codes and rights, guidelines and regulations are put in place to ensure the safety and well-being of young athletes. These codes may outline appropriate behavior, fair play, and standards of conduct for coaches, officials, and other individuals involved in sports.
32.
Overall there is a strong tendency for both males and females who have been involved in organized sports to
Correct Answer
A. Have more professionalized orientations towards sports than their peers
Explanation
The given answer suggests that individuals who have been involved in organized sports are more likely to have a professionalized orientation towards sports compared to their peers. This means that they are more likely to approach sports with a serious and competitive mindset, focusing on skill development, performance, and achieving goals. This could be attributed to the structured and disciplined nature of organized sports, which encourages individuals to adopt a professional mindset.
33.
Which of the following social control functions is not accomplished by sport in high schools?
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
Sport in high schools accomplishes all of the social control functions mentioned in the options. Athletes must obey school rules, which helps maintain discipline and order within the school environment. They must also achieve minimum scholastic standards, which promotes academic success and emphasizes the importance of education. Additionally, athletes tend to support the school system by representing their school and fostering a sense of pride and unity. Therefore, none of the above options are excluded as all of them are social control functions accomplished by sport in high schools.
34.
The research of sports participation in high schools reveals that it
Correct Answer
C. Can have both positive and negative outcomes as far as the "character" of the participants is concerned
Explanation
The research on sports participation in high schools suggests that it can have both positive and negative outcomes in terms of the character of the participants. This means that while sports can help build good character by promoting teamwork, discipline, and perseverance, it can also have negative effects such as fostering aggression or a win-at-all-costs mentality. Therefore, the impact of sports on character development is not universally positive or negative, but rather depends on various factors and individual experiences.
35.
Which of the follow is/are a consequnce(s) of interscholastic athletics?
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
Interscholastic athletics can have several consequences. Firstly, athletes receive substantial social rewards and recognition, which can boost their self-esteem and social standing. Secondly, it has a unifying effect on the school, bringing students, faculty, and the community together to support the athletes and the school. Additionally, interscholastic athletics serve a social control function by providing a structured and disciplined environment for students. Lastly, it can be used to encourage intellectual activities among the students, as participation in athletics often requires maintaining good academic standing. Therefore, all of the given options are valid consequences of interscholastic athletics.
36.
Among the reforms for high school sports that are recommended by the textbook authors are to
Correct Answer
E. A and C only
Explanation
The correct answer is A and C only. This means that the reforms recommended by the textbook authors are to resist all efforts to "corporatize" high school sports and minimize the elitism of sports. This implies that the authors believe high school sports should not become overly commercialized and should be inclusive rather than exclusive. By resisting corporatization and minimizing elitism, the authors aim to preserve the educational and community-oriented nature of high school sports.
37.
Your textbook authors suggest three factors that might contibute to the alarming rate of violence by athletes against women. They are
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "all of the above". The textbook authors suggest that three factors contribute to the alarming rate of violence by athletes against women: male bonding rituals, preconditioning to violent behavior, and steroid use by athletes. This means that all three factors play a role in the occurrence of violence by athletes against women, rather than just one or two of them.
38.
The _____ of agression/violence argues that aggression/violence is largely a product of a socialization process of observational learning and reinforcement
Correct Answer
C. Frustration/aggression theory
Explanation
The frustration/aggression theory suggests that aggression and violence are mainly a result of frustration. According to this theory, individuals become aggressive when they are prevented from achieving a desired goal or when their expectations are not met. This frustration then leads to aggression as a way of expressing their anger or releasing their pent-up emotions. The theory also emphasizes that aggression can be learned through observational learning and reinforcement, highlighting the role of socialization in the development of aggressive behavior.
39.
Big time intercollegiate sports programs
Correct Answer
A. Typically do not make a profit
Explanation
Big time intercollegiate sports programs typically do not make a profit because they require significant financial investments in facilities, coaching staff, and athlete scholarships. The revenue generated from ticket sales, sponsorships, and television contracts is often used to cover these expenses. Additionally, the costs of compliance with NCAA regulations and the need to maintain competitive teams can further strain the financial resources of these programs. Therefore, it is common for these sports programs to operate at a financial loss, relying on funding from the academic institution or other sources to sustain their operations.
40.
One consequence of an intercollegiate athletic departments search for money is
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "all of the above". This means that all of the given options are consequences of an intercollegiate athletic department's search for money. Television often dictates schedules, meaning that games are scheduled based on television broadcasting preferences. Relatively few seats available in arenas go to students, indicating that a small percentage of seats are reserved for the student population. Finally, illegal offers are made when recruiting prospective student athletes, suggesting that unethical practices may occur in order to attract talented athletes to a college or university.
41.
Which of the following reforms for emphasizing education of student-athletes are proposed in your text?
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
All of the proposed reforms for emphasizing education of student-athletes are mentioned in the text. The text suggests that only student athletes who have the potential to compete as students should be admitted. It also states that freshmen should be ineligible for varsity sports. Additionally, the text emphasizes that colleges must insist that athletes make satisfactory progress toward a degree. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" because all of these reforms are proposed in the text.
42.
Intercollegiate athletics have collusive (monopolistic practices) taht protect the institutions rather than the student athletes
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
This statement suggests that intercollegiate athletics engage in collusive practices that prioritize the protection of institutions rather than the well-being of student athletes. This implies that there may be unfair and monopolistic behaviors within the system, potentially limiting the rights and benefits of student athletes. Therefore, the answer "True" indicates agreement with the statement that intercollegiate athletics prioritize the institutions over the athletes.
43.
The systems of mass medium communication can be grouped into two major categories: printed media and electronic media
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the systems of mass medium communication can indeed be classified into two main categories: printed media and electronic media. Printed media refers to newspapers, magazines, books, and any other form of communication that is printed on paper. Electronic media, on the other hand, includes television, radio, internet, and any other form of communication that is transmitted electronically. These two categories encompass the majority of mass communication methods that are used to disseminate information to a wide audience.
44.
In the world of journalism, sports journalists are held in high esteem
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Sports journalists are not necessarily held in high esteem in the world of journalism. While they play an important role in covering and reporting on sports events, their status and reputation may vary depending on various factors such as their credibility, expertise, and the quality of their work. It is not accurate to assume that all sports journalists are universally respected or held in high regard. Therefore, the statement "sports journalists are held in high esteem" is false.
45.
By mid nineteenth century there was almost unanimous support among clergy and religious groups for sport
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
During the mid-nineteenth century, there was not unanimous support among clergy and religious groups for sport. This implies that there were clergy and religious groups who did not support or endorse sports during that time period.
46.
The high visiblity of international sports events has helped it become a favorable climate for political intervention in sport
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The high visibility of international sports events makes them an attractive platform for political intervention in sport. These events attract a large global audience, allowing political actors to gain attention and influence public opinion. Additionally, the competitive nature of sports can be used to promote nationalistic sentiments and advance political agendas. This combination of visibility and emotional engagement creates a favorable climate for political intervention in sport.
47.
As an indication of good faith on their part, the NCAA has not opposed student athletes leaving early for professional careers
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The NCAA has not opposed student athletes leaving early for professional careers, which is an indication of good faith on their part.
48.
One of the tenets of television sportscasters is that they are journalist first and sport promoters second
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
This statement is false because one of the tenets of television sportscasters is actually that they are sport promoters first and journalists second. Sportscasters are often employed by sports networks or teams to provide commentary and analysis that promotes the sport and engages viewers. While they may still adhere to journalistic ethics and report on events accurately, their primary role is to promote the sport and entertain the audience.
49.
Systems of social stratification are systems of structured inequality
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because systems of social stratification refer to the ways in which societies categorize and rank individuals based on various factors such as wealth, occupation, or social status. These systems create structured inequality by placing individuals into different social classes or groups, which often results in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and privileges. This structured inequality is a defining characteristic of social stratification systems.
50.
Proportionately, there are just as many African American athletes today in professional individual sports as there are in team sports
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The statement suggests that there is an equal representation of African American athletes in professional individual sports and team sports. However, this is not true as there is a significant underrepresentation of African American athletes in professional individual sports compared to team sports. This can be attributed to various factors such as access to resources, opportunities, and systemic barriers that may limit their participation in individual sports.