Systemic Pharmacology Part II - Midterm II
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Your patient has bacterial conjunctivitis. Which of the following is LEAST likely to cause this condition?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Fusarium
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N. gonorrheae
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C. trachomatis
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Hemophilus influenzae
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This quiz, titled 'Systemic Pharmacology Part II - Midterm II', assesses knowledge on antibacterial agents, their mechanisms, and clinical considerations. It covers drug categories like penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides, focusing on their use, side effects, and contraindications.
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- 2.
Staphylococcus aureus can cause all of the following except what condition?
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Bacterial Keratitis
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Dacryocystitis
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Protozoan Keratitis
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Blepharitis
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Hordeolum
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Bacterial conjunctivitis
Correct Answer
A. Protozoan KeratitisExplanation
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that can cause various infections, including bacterial keratitis, dacryocystitis, blepharitis, hordeolum, and bacterial conjunctivitis. However, it does not cause protozoan keratitis, which is an infection caused by protozoa.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Penicillins are bacteriocidal and inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis. Certain drugs in this category need to be dose-adjusted in patients with renal impairment. GI effects with oral use have included N/V/D. CNS effects are rare, but can include confusion, seizures, and encephalopathy. Blood dyscrasias can occur as well: eosinophilia, and thrombocytopenia. Which of the following is not a penicillin?
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Amoxicillin with Clavulanate
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Amoxicillin
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Cephalexin
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Diclocxacillin
Correct Answer
A. CephalexinExplanation
Cephalexin is not a penicillin. Penicillins are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis and are bacteriocidal. They are commonly used to treat various bacterial infections. Amoxicillin with Clavulanate, Amoxicillin, and Diclocxacillin are all penicillins. Cephalexin, on the other hand, is a cephalosporin antibiotic. While cephalosporins have a similar mechanism of action to penicillins, they are structurally different and not considered penicillins. Therefore, Cephalexin is not a penicillin.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Cephalosporins have the same mechanism of action as penicillins, they also share the same GI effects and possibilities of blood dyscrasias. Some cephalosporins may need to be dose adjusted in patients who have renal impairment, like penicillins. True or False: it is estimated that 2-10% of patients who are allergic to penicillin will also be allergic to cephalosporins. Allergies to cephalosporins may occur in up to 5% of patients. Reactions may range from rash to anaphylaxis.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Cephalosporins have a similar mechanism of action as penicillins and can cause similar gastrointestinal effects and blood dyscrasias. Some cephalosporins may require dose adjustment in patients with renal impairment, just like penicillins. Additionally, it is estimated that 2-10% of patients who are allergic to penicillin will also be allergic to cephalosporins. Allergies to cephalosporins can occur in up to 5% of patients and can range from a rash to a severe allergic reaction known as anaphylaxis. Therefore, the statement "True" is correct.Rate this question:
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- 5.
This category of anti-infective medications inhibits bacterial DNA-gyrase. It's effects are often bacteriocidal, however, they are not good against MRSA and generally are not recommended against Enterococci. All drugs in this group have a category "C". Use may cause white precipitate of active drug at the site of epithelial defect that may be confused with a worsening infection. These medications can increase photosensitivity and cause photohobia and there are many more potential ophthalmic adverse effects. Caution should also be used when prescribing to patients taking blood-thinning medications.
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Sulfonamides
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Fluroroquinolones
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Tetrayclines
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Macrolides
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Aminoglycosides
Correct Answer
A. FluroroquinolonesExplanation
Fluoroquinolones are a category of anti-infective medications that inhibit bacterial DNA-gyrase. They are often bacteriocidal, meaning they kill bacteria, but they are not effective against MRSA and are generally not recommended for Enterococci infections. All drugs in this group have a category "C" rating, indicating that their safety during pregnancy has not been established. One potential adverse effect is the formation of a white precipitate of the active drug at the site of an epithelial defect, which can be mistaken for a worsening infection. Fluoroquinolones can also increase photosensitivity, causing sensitivity to light, and may have various ophthalmic adverse effects. Caution should be exercised when prescribing them to patients taking blood-thinning medications.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The mechanism of action for this group of anti-infective medications was through inhibition of folic acid formation resulting in bacteria not being able to synthesize amino acids and DNA. Several of the drugs in this group are used to treat bacterial conjunctivitis and trachoma/chlamydial infections, however they are not effective against MRSA. You must inform patients that allergic rxns are possible. Dematologic rxns can range from swelling to hives and rash. What category of anti-infective medications would this description belong to?
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Tetracyclines
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Sulfonamides
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Polymyxin and Bacitracin
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Penicillins
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Macrolides
Correct Answer
A. SulfonamidesExplanation
The correct answer is sulfonamides. Sulfonamides inhibit the formation of folic acid in bacteria, which prevents them from synthesizing amino acids and DNA. This mechanism of action makes them effective against bacterial infections such as conjunctivitis and chlamydial infections. However, they are not effective against MRSA. It is important to inform patients that allergic reactions are possible, and these can range from swelling to hives and rash.Rate this question:
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- 7.
The mechanism of action for both polymyxin and bacitracin work by binding to the cytoplasmic membranes, disrupting the structure and altering membrane permeability thereby working best against Gram negative bacteria.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. FalseExplanation
pg. 74
Bacitracin works by binding to bacterial cell membranes and interfering with cell wall synthesis, most effects are against sensitive gram positive bacteriaRate this question:
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- 8.
This group of drugs' MOA is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30-S ribosomal subunit. It has bacteriostatic effects, with variable effects against some Gram-positive bacteria, reliable effects against systemic Listeria infections. O.D.s prescribing these drugs for oral use should be rare, and considered for very specific conditions such as chlamydial inclusion conjuncitivitis, tracoma. There are many potential adverse effects and drug interactions possible with use of tetracycline antibiotics. O.Ds should prescribe these medications sparingly and with caution. Adverse side effects include photosensitivity and various GI effects including N/V.Use in pregnant women and young children should be avoided.
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Tetrayclines
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Polymysin
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Sulfonamides
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Aminoglycosides
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Antiviral agents
Correct Answer
A. TetrayclinesExplanation
Tetracyclines are a group of drugs that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30-S ribosomal subunit. They have bacteriostatic effects and can vary in their effectiveness against Gram-positive bacteria. They are reliable in treating systemic Listeria infections. However, these drugs should be prescribed orally only in rare cases and for specific conditions such as chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis and trachoma. Tetracycline antibiotics have many potential adverse effects and drug interactions, so they should be prescribed sparingly and with caution. Adverse side effects include photosensitivity and various gastrointestinal effects. Pregnant women and young children should avoid using tetracyclines.Rate this question:
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- 9.
The class of anti-infective medications works by inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 50-S ribosomal subunit. Drugs in this class are generally very good for Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia and some Clostridia. Some drugs in this class do need to be dose adjusted for renally impaired individuals. Azithromycin is an important drug in this class and does not need to be dose-adjusted in renal impairment patients. Potentially serious side effects include hepatic complications such as hepatitis and jaundice, Ototoxicity may occur, cross-reactivity between agents in this class is possible with rxns ranging from mild rash to anaphylaxis.
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Tetrayclines
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Macrolides
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Sulfonamides
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Polymyxin
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Fluoroquinolones
Correct Answer
A. MacrolidesExplanation
Macrolides are a class of anti-infective medications that work by inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 50-S ribosomal subunit. They are effective against Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Rickettsia, and some Clostridia. Unlike some other drugs in this class, such as Azithromycin, macrolides do not need to be dose-adjusted in patients with renal impairment. However, they can have potentially serious side effects, including hepatic complications like hepatitis and jaundice, as well as ototoxicity. There is also a possibility of cross-reactivity between different agents in this class, which can range from mild rash to anaphylaxis.Rate this question:
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- 10.
Which of the following statements regarding Aminoglycosides is false?
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It's mechanism of action is inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding principally to 30-S and 50-S ribosomal subunits.
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Use in the opthalmic form may result in allergic rxns such as swelling of eyelids, face, appearance of rash, etc.
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They are widely used for Gram negative bacteria
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There has been no reports of bacterial resistances in Pseudomonas, all patients respond quickly to treatment with this class of drugs making culturing unecessary
Correct Answer
A. There has been no reports of bacterial resistances in Pseudomonas, all patients respond quickly to treatment with this class of drugs making culturing unecessaryExplanation
The statement that there has been no reports of bacterial resistances in Pseudomonas, and that all patients respond quickly to treatment with this class of drugs making culturing unnecessary is false. Bacterial resistance to aminoglycosides, including Pseudomonas, has been reported. Culturing is necessary to determine the susceptibility of the bacteria to the drug and to guide appropriate treatment.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Oral acyclovir is listed in the California Optometry scope of practice for treatment of opthalmic Herpes zoster. Which of the following statements regarding Acyclovir is false?
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Acyclovir works by inhibiting DNA replication
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Oral acyclovir can be taken by patitents who are sensitive to valacyclovir as this does not cause any cross - sensitivity.
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Acyclovir can cause renal failure and can complicate or worsen renal function in patients with renal impairment.
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Possible regimen would be 800 PO 5x per day
Correct Answer
A. Oral acyclovir can be taken by patitents who are sensitive to valacyclovir as this does not cause any cross - sensitivity.Explanation
Acyclovir works by inhibiting DNA replication and is used for the treatment of ophthalmic Herpes zoster. However, the statement that oral acyclovir can be taken by patients who are sensitive to valacyclovir as this does not cause any cross-sensitivity is false. Both acyclovir and valacyclovir are antiviral medications in the same class called nucleoside analogues, and cross-sensitivity between the two drugs has been reported. Therefore, patients who are sensitive to valacyclovir may also be sensitive to acyclovir.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Antiviral agents are used by ODs for the treatment of Herpes simplex related keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis and Herpes zoster. Which of the following is not an example of an antiviral agent?
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Acyclovir
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Azithromycin
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Trifluridine
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Vidarabine
Correct Answer
A. AzithromycinExplanation
Azithromycin is not an example of an antiviral agent because it is an antibiotic, specifically a macrolide antibiotic, commonly used to treat bacterial infections. Antiviral agents, on the other hand, are medications that specifically target and inhibit the replication of viruses. Examples of antiviral agents include Acyclovir, Trifluridine, and Vidarabine, which are commonly used to treat viral infections such as herpes simplex related keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, and herpes zoster.Rate this question:
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- 13.
This antiviral agent is typically indicated for use in herpes simplex -related keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis. It works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase and prevents lengthening or building of DNA vial chains. it is not indicated for use in the treatment of adenoviruses. It can cause local hypersensitivityrxns including itching redness, foreign body feeling in the eye, swelling, pain, burning or other irritation on application. It can also cause increase flow of tears, and increased sensitivity of eyes to light. Excessive use can also cause small punctate defects in the cornea with too frequent use. What is this drug most likely to be?
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Acyclovir
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Azithromycin
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Trifluridine
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Vidarabine
Correct Answer
A. VidarabineExplanation
Azithromycin is out immediately b/c it's not an anti-viral.
Acyclovir is out b/c it is used for the treatment of opthalmic herpes zoster - it can cuse encephalopathy, neurotoxicity, blood dyscrasias, coagulation problems, hepatic complications, severe skin reactions, visual changes, GI disturbances, agitation, dizziness, myalgia, paresthesias and other side effects.
Trifluridine is also for herpes simplex related keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis it can cause hyperemia, epithelial keratopathy, increased IOP, dry eye and irritation. Patients should also be warned that is can cause burning or stinging on instillationRate this question:
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- 14.
Corticosteroids can accelerate the spread of viral infections and are usually contraindicated in superficial Herpes simplex virus keratitis. Steroids may be used concurrently with trifluridine in the treatment of Herpes simplex stromal infections.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
pg. 77 of manualRate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following is a reasonable/ possible regimen for Valacyclovir/Valtrex?
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150mg-450 PO q6Hr
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400mg PO q24hr
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800mg PO 5x per day
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1000mg PO TID
Correct Answer
A. 1000mg PO TIDExplanation
Option 1 - for clindamycin
Option 2 - dosage for moxifloxacin
Option 3 - for acyclovirRate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following oral anti-infective medications does not need a renal dose adjustment?
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Ampicillin
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Doxycycline
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Levofloxacin
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Acyclovir
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Valacyclovir
Correct Answer
A. DoxycyclineExplanation
Doxycycline is a Tetraycline: MOA via inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30-S ribosomal subunit, cross-sensitivity exists b/t agents in the same class, avoid use during pregnancy. Remember these stain teeth!!!Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following anti-infective medications requires renal dose adjustments?
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Azithromycin
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Moxifloxacin
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Doxycycline
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Ampicillin
Correct Answer
A. AmpicillinExplanation
Ampicillin is the correct answer because it is an antibiotic that is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Renal dose adjustments are necessary in patients with impaired renal function to ensure that the medication is properly cleared from the body and to prevent potential toxicity. The other options, Azithromycin, Moxifloxacin, and Doxycycline, do not require renal dose adjustments as they are primarily eliminated through non-renal routes.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Regarding Drug metabolism: which of the following is considered an inhibitor?
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Dexamethasone
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Dicloxacillin
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Trimethoprim
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Prednisone
Correct Answer
A. TrimethoprimExplanation
Option 1, 2 and 4 are all inducersRate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following anti-infectives has a possible oral regimen for q24hr?
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Clindamycin
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Ampicillin
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Doxycycline
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Moxifloxacin
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Acyclovir
Correct Answer
A. MoxifloxacinExplanation
Possible dosage for Moxifloxacin: 400mg PO q24hr
Clindamycin - 150mg-450mg PO q6hr
Doxycycline - 100mg PO q12hr
Ampicillin - 250-500mg PO q6hr
Acyclovir - 800mg PO 5x per dayRate this question:
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- 20.
Mr. Ace Pril has come into your office complaining of changes in his vision (like a good patient he doesn't have a specific complaint he says he thinks its blurry but he can't be sure), a nagging cough, and headaches. On his chart you note that he has recently been seen by his PCP and placed on Captopril/Capoten. What class of antihypertensive medication is is possibly on?
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Potassium Sparing Diuretics
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Ace-inhibitors
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Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)
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Beta-adrenergic blocking agents
Correct Answer
A. Ace-inhibitorsExplanation
The nagging cough is due to the bradykinin accumulation from the ACE inhibitorRate this question:
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- 21.
You patient has been placed on a beta-adrenergic blocking agent for the treatment of angina pectoris. They have come into your office complaining about soreness of the eyes and dryness. He was told not too take several doses at a time because it exacerbate his asthma. What medication is he most likely on?
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Nifedipine/ Procardia
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Atenolol/Tenormin
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Doxazosin/Cardura
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Hydralazine/Apresoline
Correct Answer
A. Atenolol/TenorminExplanation
Remember that Drugs w/ "lol" endings fall in the class of beta-adrenergic blocking agentsRate this question:
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- 22.
Which of the following antihypertensive medications is not known to cause any ocular side effects?
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Metoprolol
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Doxazosin
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Spironolactone
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Losartan
Correct Answer
A. SpironolactoneExplanation
Spironolactone is not known to cause any ocular side effects. Ocular side effects are adverse effects that affect the eyes. While medications like Metoprolol, Doxazosin, and Losartan may cause ocular side effects such as blurred vision, dry eyes, or eye pain, Spironolactone does not have any reported ocular side effects.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Taking frequent or routine doses of aspirin or NSAIDs can blunt or lower the effect of antihypertensive medication therapy in individuals w/high blood pressure.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Frequent or routine use of aspirin or NSAIDs can reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive medication in people with high blood pressure. This is because aspirin and NSAIDs can interfere with the mechanisms by which antihypertensive medications work, leading to a decrease in their ability to lower blood pressure. Therefore, it is important for individuals with high blood pressure to avoid regular use of these medications without consulting their healthcare provider.Rate this question:
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- 24.
This class of diuretic can be used to treat edema, acute mountain sickness and glaucoma. Adverse side effects include stomach upset, inducing metabolic acidosis, dehydration and rare cases of transient myopia. Drugs in this calss include Acetazolamide/Diamox and Brinzolamide/Azopt. Name this class of diuretics.
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Thiazide Diuretics
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Loop Diuretics
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Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors
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Osmotic Diuretics
Correct Answer
A. Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitorsExplanation
pg. 88 of the manualRate this question:
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- 25.
Select the false statement
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Heparin and Warfarin are both anticoagulants however warfarin/coumadin is more likely to be prescribed on an outpatient basis while Heparin will be used commonly in the hospital
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NSAIDs, aspirin, clopidogrel, several antibiotics, heparin, thrombolytics agents can increase bleeding risk when used with Warfarin/coumadin
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Warfarin is administered subcutaneously
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If a patient complaining of pain is taking warfarin/coumadin a safer alternative to an NSAID or aspirin would be Tylenol.
Correct Answer
A. Warfarin is administered subcutaneouslyExplanation
Warfarin is administered orally, it has a high degree of serum protein binding, long T1/2. ADEs include bleeding, necrosis and GI upset.Rate this question:
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