1.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Correct Answer
A. pHysical damage to some part of the brain due to a sudden force to the head.
Explanation
The correct answer is "physical damage to some part of the brain due to a sudden force to the head." This is because traumatic brain injury refers to the damage caused to the brain as a result of a sudden force or impact to the head. It can occur due to various incidents such as falls, accidents, or sports injuries, and can lead to a range of symptoms and complications depending on the severity of the injury.
2.
True or false about Recovery of function
"In clinical literature (such as professional journals), “good recovery” means that the person is able to resume normal life, even though there may still be minor impairments."
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
In clinical literature, "good recovery" refers to the ability of a person to resume their normal life, even if they still have minor impairments. This means that despite the presence of some lingering issues, the individual is able to function and participate in daily activities without significant limitations. Therefore, the statement is true.
3.
True or false about Recovery of function
In research literature, a person (or lab animal) may be considered “recovered” if it is able to achieve a set goal.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
In research literature, the term "recovered" is used to describe a person or lab animal who is able to achieve a specific set goal. This means that once the individual or animal is able to accomplish the desired outcome, they are considered to have recovered. This definition of recovery is commonly used in scientific studies to determine the success of interventions or treatments.
4.
True or false about recovery of function
Some definitions of recovery of function focus on compensation, meaning that the person has switched to a different means of accomplishing tasks than they did prior to the TBI.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Some definitions of recovery of function focus on compensation, meaning that the person has switched to a different means of accomplishing tasks than they did prior to the TBI. This means that after a traumatic brain injury, individuals may develop alternative strategies or techniques to perform tasks that they were previously able to do. These compensatory methods help them adapt to any deficits or limitations caused by the injury, allowing them to regain functionality in their daily lives.
5.
All but one of these is a theory of how brains recover...PICK THE STATEMENT THAT IS NOT A THEORY!
1. other regions of the brain “take over” functions of damaged areas
2. if one area is damaged, there are other areas remaining that also have the same capacity (redundancy)
3. if one area is damaged there are surgical procedures that may reconnect the axons in order to produce a response stimulus.
4. anatomical rearrangements and adjustments, such as collateral sprouting
Correct Answer
D. 3
Explanation
number 3 is plain nonsense.
6.
How does the CNS react when it is damaged? (Pick 2)
Correct Answer(s)
A. Actual cell death caused by the event
C. Secondary shutdown of other neurons near the area of damage, or associated with the damaged area
Explanation
When the CNS is damaged, it can lead to actual cell death caused by the event. This means that the cells in the affected area are unable to survive and function properly. Additionally, there can be a secondary shutdown of other neurons near the area of damage or associated with the damaged area. This means that the neurons surrounding the damaged area may also stop functioning properly, leading to further disruption in the CNS.
7.
How do neurons respond to injury? (Pick 2)
Correct Answer(s)
B. When damage occurs in mature regions of the CNS, that are made up mostly of cell bodies, those cells die and can’t be replaced
C. If damage occurs primarily to axons, it is possible for processes to occur that can restore and regenerate connections (current focus of research: how to manipulate things in the brain to enhance this)
Explanation
When damage occurs in mature regions of the CNS, the cells in those regions, which are mostly composed of cell bodies, die and cannot be replaced. This means that the loss of cells in mature regions of the CNS is permanent. On the other hand, if the damage primarily affects axons, there is a possibility for processes to occur that can restore and regenerate connections. This is currently an area of focus in research, as scientists are exploring ways to manipulate the brain to enhance this regenerative capacity.
8.
Factors that might affect recovery…
Correct Answer
E. All of the above
Explanation
All of the factors mentioned - gender, experience, medications, nature of the damage, and age - can potentially affect recovery. Gender may influence the response to treatment and the likelihood of certain complications. Experience, both in terms of the individual's prior health and their familiarity with the recovery process, can impact the speed and effectiveness of recovery. Medications can play a role in managing symptoms and promoting healing. The nature of the damage, such as the severity and location, can determine the extent of recovery. Lastly, age can affect the body's ability to heal and adapt to changes. Therefore, all of these factors can have an influence on the recovery process.
9.
True or false
"-size/extent of damage (relative to the area involved, meaning is the entire area or only a portion of the area involved)"
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because it is asking about the size or extent of damage relative to the area involved. This means that it is considering whether the entire area or only a portion of the area is affected by the damage. The answer to this question could be either true or false depending on the specific situation being referred to.
10.
True or false:
The AGE at the time of injury may possibly affect the nature of the deficits, and it is true that there are less deficits in younger persons.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
False!
the AGE at the time of injury may possibly affect the nature of the deficits, but it is not necessarily true that there are less deficits in younger persons.
11.
True or false
GENDER, Some evidence points that there is no differences in the make up of male and female brains, therefore this cannot affect recovery
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
false
GENDER? Some evidence points to differences in the make up of male and female brains that may affect recovery
12.
True
EXPERIENCE, such as specific training after injury, therapeutic intervention, and environmental enrichment may be factors
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The given statement suggests that experience, such as specific training after injury, therapeutic intervention, and environmental enrichment, can be factors that contribute to something. Without further context, it is unclear what exactly these factors are contributing to. However, the statement implies that experience can have an impact on a certain outcome or result.
13.
MEDICATIONS may aid in recovery (much research being done)
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Medications can indeed aid in recovery, and there is ongoing research to support this.
14.
Some research suggests that if compensation is allowed, true recovery won’t happen
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Compensation refers to providing financial or material benefits to individuals who have suffered harm or loss. The given statement suggests that according to some research, allowing compensation might hinder true recovery. This could be because when compensation is offered, individuals may focus more on financial gain rather than on the emotional or psychological healing process. They may become dependent on the compensation rather than actively working towards recovery. Therefore, the statement implies that true recovery may be better achieved without the influence of compensation.
15.
Research suggests that ______intervention is more effective than ____, and that more _____ therapy produces better outcomes.
Correct Answer
B. Early,Late,intense
Explanation
Research suggests that early intervention is more effective than late intervention, and that more intense therapy produces better outcomes. This means that addressing a problem or providing treatment at an early stage yields better results compared to addressing it later. Additionally, a higher intensity of therapy, which involves more frequent and focused sessions, is associated with improved outcomes.
16.
True or false:
More specific training can produce better outcomes
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
More specific training can lead to better outcomes because it allows individuals to focus on developing the specific skills and knowledge needed for a particular task or goal. By tailoring the training to the specific needs of the individual, they can acquire a deeper level of expertise and perform more effectively in their role. This targeted approach ensures that the training is relevant and applicable, increasing the chances of achieving desired outcomes.
17.
TBI Most common cause of death in people:
Correct Answer
B. Under the age of 34
Explanation
The most common cause of death in people under the age of 34 is Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). This age group is more prone to accidents and risky behaviors, such as car accidents, sports injuries, and falls, which can result in severe head trauma. TBI can lead to various complications, including brain swelling, bleeding, and damage, which can be fatal. Therefore, it is crucial to raise awareness about safety measures and preventive strategies to reduce the incidence of TBI and its associated mortality in this age group.
18.
Another 50,000 ________.
Correct Answer
A. Left with chronic disablilty
19.
Etiology of TBI's include
Correct Answer
D. All of the above
Explanation
The etiology of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) includes various causes such as motor vehicle accidents (MVA), assault, falls, and accidents other than auto. All of these factors contribute to the occurrence of TBIs.
20.
MVA is the most common
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
MVA stands for Motor Vehicle Accident, and it is indeed the most common type of accident. Motor vehicle accidents can occur on roads, highways, or any other place where vehicles are present. These accidents can involve cars, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles, or pedestrians. Due to the high number of vehicles on the road and various factors such as distracted driving, speeding, and impaired driving, motor vehicle accidents are unfortunately very common. Therefore, the statement "MVA is the most common" is true.
21.
More damaging causes the layers of the brain tissue to glide over each other causing shearing of connections between nerve fibers. (common in car accidents)
Correct Answer
B. Rotation
Explanation
Rotation refers to the twisting or turning motion of an object around its axis. In the context of the given statement, rotation can cause the layers of brain tissue to glide over each other, leading to shearing of connections between nerve fibers. This can occur in car accidents when the head experiences rotational forces, causing the brain to rotate within the skull. This rotational movement can result in significant damage to the brain tissue and its connections, leading to various neurological impairments.
22.
Types of injury
Concussion
Correct Answer
A. Minor Jarring
Explanation
Minor jarring can cause a concussion, which is a type of injury that occurs due to a blow to the head or sudden movement of the head. It can result in a cerebral contusion at the point of impact, and in more severe cases, a contusion may also occur in the area diametrically opposite to the point of impact. This can happen, for example, when someone falls and their brain moves along the jagged contours of the skull interior, bouncing off the opposite side of the skull. Minor jarring can therefore lead to these types of injuries.
23.
Penetrating
Correct Answer
A. Gun shot wound
24.
Coup:
Correct Answer
A. Blow to the head with free movement of the head
Causes cerebral contusion at point of impact
Explanation
The correct answer is "Blow to the head with free movement of the head." This is because the given explanation mentions that a blow to the head with free movement of the head causes cerebral contusion at the point of impact. The other mentioned factors such as minor jarring, deceleration with the brain moving along the jagged contours of the skull interior, and gun shot wound to specific area are not stated to cause cerebral contusion.
25.
All of the following are sypmtoms of:
h/a and poor concentration
2. intolerance to alcohol
3. unsteady with sudden head movements
4. irritable/restlessness/nervousness
5. insomnia/depression/personality changes
6. impaired memory/fatigue easily
Correct Answer
A. Post concussion syndrome
Explanation
The given symptoms, such as headache and poor concentration, intolerance to alcohol, unsteadiness with sudden head movements, irritability/restlessness/nervousness, insomnia/depression/personality changes, and impaired memory/fatigue easily, are all commonly associated with post concussion syndrome. This condition occurs after a head injury and involves a range of physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms that can persist for weeks or months after the initial injury. Therefore, the answer is post concussion syndrome.
26.
Name the stage for recovery:
Loss of consciousness
Tracheotomy/ Ventilator
Feeding tube
Dependent for all care
Changes in muscle tone
Correct Answer
B. Stage 1
Explanation
The given symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, tracheotomy/ventilator, feeding tube, dependent for all care, and changes in muscle tone, indicate that the individual is in the initial stage of recovery. This stage is characterized by a complete dependence on others for care and assistance with basic functions. Therefore, the correct answer is Stage 1.
27.
Name the stage of OT intervention:
Therapist may provide controlled stimulation (i.e. deep touch, pain, light touch, smell, kinesthetic) to asses if client is transitioning from coma to low level of arousal. Provide opportunities for purposeful responses
Family Education
Prevention strategies with ROM
Skin integrity, management of tone
Correct Answer
A. Stage 1
Explanation
In stage 1 of OT intervention, the therapist may provide controlled stimulation to assess if the client is transitioning from a coma to a low level of arousal. This can include various forms of stimulation such as deep touch, pain, light touch, smell, and kinesthetic. The therapist also provides opportunities for purposeful responses from the client. This stage focuses on assessing the client's arousal level and initiating purposeful responses.
28.
Name the stage of recovery:
Low-arousal level
–Spontaneous eye movement, visual tracking of objects or people for brief periods
–Some type of purposeful response to stimulation
Correct Answer
B. Stage 2
Explanation
The given description of the stage includes signs of low arousal level and some purposeful response to stimulation. This indicates that the individual is beginning to show some level of awareness and responsiveness, but still has a low level of arousal. This corresponds to stage 2 of recovery.
29.
Name the stage for OT intervention:
Therapist monitor muscluoskeletal condition, sensory and cognitive condition.
Purposeful responses, one step commands or spontaneous attempts in basic occupational areas.
i.e. washing face, combing
Correct Answer
B. Stage2
Explanation
In stage 2 of OT intervention, the therapist monitors the client's musculoskeletal condition, sensory condition, and cognitive condition. The client is expected to demonstrate purposeful responses, follow one-step commands, and make spontaneous attempts in basic occupational areas such as washing their face or combing their hair. This stage indicates that the client is progressing in their ability to perform these basic activities independently and is developing their skills and abilities.
30.
Name the stage of recovery:
Posttraumatic Amnesia State ( PTA)
– State of confusion and disorientation
– Impaired attention
– Loss of memory
– Agitated, restless, OR lethargic
– Uninhibited behaviors ( inappropriate)
Correct Answer
C. Stage 3
Explanation
The given symptoms such as impaired attention, loss of memory, confusion, disorientation, agitated or lethargic behavior, and uninhibited behaviors are indicative of the Posttraumatic Amnesia State (PTA). This stage is characterized by a significant loss of memory and cognitive functioning, and is typically seen as the second stage of recovery after the initial stage of confusion and disorientation (stage 1). Therefore, the correct answer is stage 3.
31.
Name the stage for OT intervention:
OTA assess which area client can perform vs how much assistance is needed.
May need to break ADL tasks down to smaller steps
Therapy focuses on basic occupational skills. Re-teaching ADLs
working on attention and controlled motor skills
Working on ROM/ Endurance other factors
Correct Answer
C. Stage 3
Explanation
The correct answer is stage 3 because in this stage of OT intervention, the focus is on re-teaching ADLs and working on basic occupational skills. The OTA assesses which areas the client can perform and determines the level of assistance needed. They may also break down ADL tasks into smaller steps to facilitate learning and progress. Additionally, therapy in this stage may involve working on attention and controlled motor skills, as well as range of motion and endurance.
32.
Name the stage of recovery:
Postconfusional State
–Impairments in higher level concentration and memory
–Higher level cognitive skills impaired (reasoning, safety, judgment, problem solving, concentration)
–May see agitation and inappropriate behaviors
–OR little to no affect
Correct Answer
D. Stage 4
Explanation
The given symptoms indicate impairments in higher level cognitive skills such as reasoning, judgment, problem solving, and concentration, as well as agitation and inappropriate behaviors. These symptoms suggest a significant level of cognitive dysfunction and behavioral disturbances, which are typically seen in the later stages of recovery. Therefore, the correct answer is stage 4.
33.
Parts of the Brain:
which part of the brain is responsible for visal acuitiy
Correct Answer
A. Occipital lobe
Explanation
The occipital lobe is responsible for visual acuity. It is located at the back of the brain and is primarily involved in processing visual information. This lobe contains the primary visual cortex, which is responsible for interpreting visual stimuli and perceiving details and clarity of vision. Damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual impairments and difficulties with visual perception.
34.
Which part of the brain controls vital organs
Correct Answer
B. Brain stem
Explanation
The brain stem is the part of the brain that controls vital organs. It is responsible for regulating essential bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion. It connects the brain to the spinal cord and serves as a pathway for nerve signals to travel between the brain and the rest of the body. Damage to the brain stem can have severe consequences on a person's overall health and well-being.
35.
What part of the brain allows our perceptual skills, color shape, sensation
Correct Answer
C. Parietal
Explanation
The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information and integrating it with other sensory inputs. It plays a crucial role in our perceptual skills, including the ability to recognize colors, shapes, and sensations. This region of the brain helps us make sense of the world around us by processing visual, auditory, and tactile information.
36.
Which part of the brain allows for our ability to hear, short term- working memory, sequencing skills, receptive language
Correct Answer
A. Temporal
Explanation
The temporal lobe of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information and is crucial for our ability to hear. It is involved in recognizing and interpreting sounds, as well as storing and retrieving auditory memories. Additionally, the temporal lobe plays a role in short-term working memory, which is important for holding and manipulating information in our minds. While the other lobes of the brain also contribute to various cognitive functions, the temporal lobe specifically supports our ability to hear and process auditory information.
37.
Strokes, cvas brain tumors, anoxia are:
Correct Answer
A. Acquired brain injuries
Explanation
Acquired brain injuries are conditions that occur after birth and are not hereditary, congenital, or degenerative. Strokes, CVAs (cerebrovascular accidents), brain tumors, and anoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) are all examples of acquired brain injuries. These injuries can result in damage to the brain and its functions, leading to various cognitive, physical, and emotional impairments. Unlike traumatic brain injuries, which are caused by external forces, acquired brain injuries are typically caused by internal factors or medical conditions.
38.
An example of a diffused head injury would be shaken baby syndrome.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
An example of a diffused head injury would be shaken baby syndrome. Shaken baby syndrome is a type of diffused head injury that occurs when a baby is forcefully shaken, causing the brain to move back and forth within the skull. This can result in severe brain damage, including bleeding, swelling, and bruising. The diffuse nature of the injury means that it affects multiple areas of the brain rather than being localized to one specific area.