Pain Part 1

1. Neuropathic pain is?

Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse

Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.

Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.

Neuropathic pain refers to pain caused by damage or dysfunction of the nerves. This type of pain is associated with conditions such as phantom pain (pain felt in a body part that is no longer there), trigeminal neuralgia (severe facial pain), and diabetes (nerve damage due to high blood sugar levels). The pain experienced in neuropathic pain can be described as burning, shooting, or electric-like sensations.

Explanation

Neuropathic pain refers to pain caused by damage or dysfunction of the nerves. This type of pain is associated with conditions such as phantom pain (pain felt in a body part that is no longer there), trigeminal neuralgia (severe facial pain), and diabetes (nerve damage due to high blood sugar levels). The pain experienced in neuropathic pain can be described as burning, shooting, or electric-like sensations.

2. Pain is something that is responded to universally the same?

True

False

Each person is unique in their response to pain.

Explanation

Each person is unique in their response to pain.

3. Pain, although unpleasant, does not impact the functionality or the ADL's.

True

False

False. Pain can significantly impact functionality and activities of daily living (ADLs). Pain can limit mobility, decrease strength and endurance, affect concentration and sleep, and overall reduce a person's ability to perform daily tasks. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that pain does not impact functionality or ADLs.

Explanation

False. Pain can significantly impact functionality and activities of daily living (ADLs). Pain can limit mobility, decrease strength and endurance, affect concentration and sleep, and overall reduce a person's ability to perform daily tasks. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that pain does not impact functionality or ADLs.

4. Visceral pain is:

Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.

Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse.

Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.

Visceral pain refers to pain that originates from the organs in the abdomen. It is characterized by crampy, dull, or burning pain that is diffuse, meaning it is not localized to a specific area. This type of pain can be caused by various conditions affecting the organs, such as gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract infections, or reproductive system issues. It is important to differentiate visceral pain from other types of pain, as the treatment and management strategies may vary.

Explanation

Visceral pain refers to pain that originates from the organs in the abdomen. It is characterized by crampy, dull, or burning pain that is diffuse, meaning it is not localized to a specific area. This type of pain can be caused by various conditions affecting the organs, such as gastrointestinal disorders, urinary tract infections, or reproductive system issues. It is important to differentiate visceral pain from other types of pain, as the treatment and management strategies may vary.

5. Pain assessment and reassessment is the same for every situation.

True

False.

Different patients will need different frequencies of reassessment.

Explanation

Different patients will need different frequencies of reassessment.

6. Conscious experience of pain is?

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

Perception refers to the conscious experience of pain. It involves the interpretation and understanding of sensory information by the brain. When we perceive pain, our brain processes the signals received from the nervous system and creates a subjective experience of pain. This experience includes the emotional and cognitive aspects associated with pain, such as the intensity, location, and unpleasantness. Therefore, perception is the correct answer as it accurately describes the conscious awareness and interpretation of pain.

Explanation

Perception refers to the conscious experience of pain. It involves the interpretation and understanding of sensory information by the brain. When we perceive pain, our brain processes the signals received from the nervous system and creates a subjective experience of pain. This experience includes the emotional and cognitive aspects associated with pain, such as the intensity, location, and unpleasantness. Therefore, perception is the correct answer as it accurately describes the conscious awareness and interpretation of pain.

7. Jock is a 67 year old male with dementia. He is none responsive to his environment. His wife says that she is happy that Jock's arthritis pain does not seem to stop him and is glad that at least his dementia keeps him from feeling pain. What could the nurse say to Jock's wife?

People with dementia are blessed because they don't feel pain.

The nurse could say to Jock's wife that Jock still feels pain, even though his dementia may mask it. It is important to treat his pain so that he doesn't injure himself.

Explanation

The nurse could say to Jock's wife that Jock still feels pain, even though his dementia may mask it. It is important to treat his pain so that he doesn't injure himself.

8. Somatic pain is:

Localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain.

Abdomen or organ pain that is crampy, dull or even burning pain and is diffuse.

Nerve cell damage associated with phantom pain, trigeminal nueroalgia, diabetes.

The correct answer is localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain. This is because somatic pain refers to pain that originates from the bones, joints, tendons, or muscles. It is usually described as a dull, aching, or sharp pain and is localized to a specific area of the body. This type of pain can be caused by injuries, fractures, sprains, or other musculoskeletal conditions.

Explanation

The correct answer is localized pain regarding bones, joints, tendons presenting with achey or sharp pain. This is because somatic pain refers to pain that originates from the bones, joints, tendons, or muscles. It is usually described as a dull, aching, or sharp pain and is localized to a specific area of the body. This type of pain can be caused by injuries, fractures, sprains, or other musculoskeletal conditions.

9. The four dimensions of pain are?

Transmission, Transduction, Perception, Modality

Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation

Transportation, Transmission, Perception, Modulation

Transduction, Transmission, Production, Modulation

The four dimensions of pain are transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Transduction refers to the conversion of a painful stimulus into an electrical signal. Transmission involves the relay of this signal from the site of injury to the brain. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the pain signal. Modulation refers to the regulation and control of pain signals by various mechanisms in the brain and spinal cord.

Explanation

The four dimensions of pain are transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Transduction refers to the conversion of a painful stimulus into an electrical signal. Transmission involves the relay of this signal from the site of injury to the brain. Perception is the conscious awareness and interpretation of the pain signal. Modulation refers to the regulation and control of pain signals by various mechanisms in the brain and spinal cord.

10. Carrie has pain. Her SNS is not manifesting. She does not have cancer. She can use NSAIDS to manage her pain. She rates her pain at 2/10. Her pain started on her birthday a year ago. Her pain is not serving a biologic function. What kind of pain does Carrie have?

Acute

Chronic

Intractable

The SNS not manifesting is a key component. She has had pain for a year. Pain not serving as a biologic function is Chronic. Her level of pain is not an indicator of either Acute or Chronic pain. It's her length of time with pain.

Explanation

The SNS not manifesting is a key component. She has had pain for a year. Pain not serving as a biologic function is Chronic. Her level of pain is not an indicator of either Acute or Chronic pain. It's her length of time with pain.

11. At night, Tyler can't get to sleep because he has this "feeling" in his leg. It feels like the top part of his body needs to sleep, but the bottom part of his body wants to go for a run. What could Tyler's problem be.

PLMD

Insomnia

Restless Leg Syndrome

Narcolepsy

Tyler's problem is Restless Leg Syndrome. Restless Leg Syndrome is a neurological disorder that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to uncomfortable sensations such as tingling or crawling. This can make it difficult for individuals to fall asleep or stay asleep, leading to insomnia. In Tyler's case, the "feeling" in his leg is likely the uncomfortable sensation caused by Restless Leg Syndrome, making it difficult for him to sleep.

Explanation

Tyler's problem is Restless Leg Syndrome. Restless Leg Syndrome is a neurological disorder that causes an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually due to uncomfortable sensations such as tingling or crawling. This can make it difficult for individuals to fall asleep or stay asleep, leading to insomnia. In Tyler's case, the "feeling" in his leg is likely the uncomfortable sensation caused by Restless Leg Syndrome, making it difficult for him to sleep.

12. What is NOT a part of insomnia? *check all that apply*

Difficulty falling asleep.

Difficulty staying asleep.

Waking up too early

Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock.

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and waking up too early. These symptoms often result in insufficient sleep and can lead to daytime drowsiness, fatigue, and impaired functioning. Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock is not a part of insomnia as it is not directly related to the ability to fall asleep or stay asleep.

Explanation

Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, difficulty staying asleep, and waking up too early. These symptoms often result in insufficient sleep and can lead to daytime drowsiness, fatigue, and impaired functioning. Difficulty in hearing the alarm clock is not a part of insomnia as it is not directly related to the ability to fall asleep or stay asleep.

13. Pain tolerance is:

The lowest of intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition.

The duration or intensity of pain a person is willing to endure.

The amount of pain that dictates nonopioid use.

The amount of pain that dictates opioid use.

Pain tolerance refers to the level of pain that an individual is willing to endure, either in terms of duration or intensity. It is a subjective measure that varies from person to person. Some individuals may have a high pain tolerance and can tolerate pain for longer periods or at higher intensities, while others may have a lower pain tolerance and may experience pain more intensely or for shorter durations. This measure is important in understanding an individual's ability to cope with pain and can influence their treatment options and pain management strategies.

Explanation

Pain tolerance refers to the level of pain that an individual is willing to endure, either in terms of duration or intensity. It is a subjective measure that varies from person to person. Some individuals may have a high pain tolerance and can tolerate pain for longer periods or at higher intensities, while others may have a lower pain tolerance and may experience pain more intensely or for shorter durations. This measure is important in understanding an individual's ability to cope with pain and can influence their treatment options and pain management strategies.

14. Elizabeth notices that other children are overstimulated. She has planned her nursery for her new baby to be clear of sensory devices like mobiles, teddy bears, colorful objects. She states that she wants her baby to be restful and not overstimulated. What education can be done with Sarah about her new baby.

A baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly.

Suggesting that she get some heavy drapes to keep out the extra light would be good.

Ensure Sarah knows that a sleeping baby should not be disturbed by things like vacuuming or watching TV.

Babies that get over stimulation ended up with ADHD.

The given answer is correct because it contradicts the statement made by Elizabeth in the question. Elizabeth believes that her baby should not be overstimulated and wants a nursery free of sensory devices. However, the answer states that a baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly, suggesting that Elizabeth may need to be educated about the importance of providing appropriate stimulation for her baby's development.

Explanation

The given answer is correct because it contradicts the statement made by Elizabeth in the question. Elizabeth believes that her baby should not be overstimulated and wants a nursery free of sensory devices. However, the answer states that a baby needs stimulation in order to grow properly, suggesting that Elizabeth may need to be educated about the importance of providing appropriate stimulation for her baby's development.

15. The nurse walks into the room and see's the patient is asleep. The nurse quietly says the patient's name and the patient wakes up right away. Which stage of sleep was the patient most likely in?

1

2

3

4

The patient was most likely in stage 1 of sleep. Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep, where the person is just drifting off and can easily be awakened. The fact that the patient woke up right away when the nurse said their name suggests that they were in this initial stage of sleep.

Explanation

The patient was most likely in stage 1 of sleep. Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep, where the person is just drifting off and can easily be awakened. The fact that the patient woke up right away when the nurse said their name suggests that they were in this initial stage of sleep.

16. Protective impulse is activated before pain perception has been achieved?

True

False

The statement implies that the protective impulse, which is the instinctive reaction to protect oneself from harm, is activated before the person actually feels or perceives pain. This suggests that the body's defense mechanism is triggered preemptively to prevent potential harm or injury, even before the brain registers the sensation of pain.

Explanation

The statement implies that the protective impulse, which is the instinctive reaction to protect oneself from harm, is activated before the person actually feels or perceives pain. This suggests that the body's defense mechanism is triggered preemptively to prevent potential harm or injury, even before the brain registers the sensation of pain.

17. Todd has been taking a non opioid for pain. His pain is 7/10. He has taken two doses at the prn of 2 tabs q hour of pain. After three hours, what should the nurse do?

Document hat the non opiod is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor.

The nurse only has one hour left and will give the findings to the next nurse during reports.

The pain is constant, but not getting worse, so no action is needed.

The nurse suspects that Todd is a drug seeker and takes away his prn med.

The correct answer is to document that the non-opioid is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor. This is the appropriate action for the nurse to take in this situation because Todd's pain is not improving despite taking the prescribed non-opioid medication. By documenting this information and communicating it to the doctor, the nurse can ensure that Todd's pain management plan is reassessed and potentially adjusted to provide him with more effective pain relief.

Explanation

The correct answer is to document that the non-opioid is not making progress on the pain and communicate this to the doctor. This is the appropriate action for the nurse to take in this situation because Todd's pain is not improving despite taking the prescribed non-opioid medication. By documenting this information and communicating it to the doctor, the nurse can ensure that Todd's pain management plan is reassessed and potentially adjusted to provide him with more effective pain relief.

18. Action potential continues from site of injury to spinal cord, spinal cord to brainstem and thalamus, thalamus to cortex for processing.

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

This explanation describes the process of transmitting the action potential from the site of injury to various parts of the central nervous system. It states that the action potential travels from the site of injury to the spinal cord, then from the spinal cord to the brainstem and thalamus, and finally from the thalamus to the cortex for processing. This process of transmitting the action potential through different regions of the central nervous system is known as transmission.

Explanation

This explanation describes the process of transmitting the action potential from the site of injury to various parts of the central nervous system. It states that the action potential travels from the site of injury to the spinal cord, then from the spinal cord to the brainstem and thalamus, and finally from the thalamus to the cortex for processing. This process of transmitting the action potential through different regions of the central nervous system is known as transmission.

19. "The pain is someone else's fault," would be a statement pertaining to:

Infant

Toddler

Adult

Elderly

This statement would be more likely to pertain to a toddler. Toddlers often have difficulty taking responsibility for their actions and tend to blame others for any negative experiences or discomfort they may be feeling. This is a common behavior in early childhood development as they are still learning to navigate their emotions and understand the consequences of their actions.

Explanation

This statement would be more likely to pertain to a toddler. Toddlers often have difficulty taking responsibility for their actions and tend to blame others for any negative experiences or discomfort they may be feeling. This is a common behavior in early childhood development as they are still learning to navigate their emotions and understand the consequences of their actions.

20. Barry has an increase in HR, increase BP, increased RR, and has an increased Glu. He has just had car accident. What system is working in Barry to elevate this response?

Sympathetic Response

Parasympathetic Response

Pain Reduction Response

Modulation decrease response.

Barry's increased heart rate (HR), increased blood pressure (BP), increased respiratory rate (RR), and increased glucose (Glu) levels are all indicative of a sympathetic response. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is activated in stressful situations such as a car accident. This response increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to prepare the body for action. Additionally, the release of glucose provides immediate energy for the body to deal with the stressful situation.

Explanation

Barry's increased heart rate (HR), increased blood pressure (BP), increased respiratory rate (RR), and increased glucose (Glu) levels are all indicative of a sympathetic response. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is activated in stressful situations such as a car accident. This response increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to prepare the body for action. Additionally, the release of glucose provides immediate energy for the body to deal with the stressful situation.

21. A baby has an increased HR and decreased O2 sat. What could this indicate?

The baby is throwing a tantrum.

The baby is in pain.

The baby needs O2.

The baby is cold.

The increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation in a baby can indicate that the baby is in pain. Pain can cause physiological changes in the body, including an increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation. These changes may be a response to the baby's discomfort or distress.

Explanation

The increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation in a baby can indicate that the baby is in pain. Pain can cause physiological changes in the body, including an increased heart rate and decreased oxygen saturation. These changes may be a response to the baby's discomfort or distress.

22. Karen's father was an alcoholic until he died at age 51. Karen has stayed away from alcohol and drugs because of her father's addiction. He was not abusive, but she knows his addiction added to his early death. What might Karen's fears cause when dealing with pain?

Karen is less likely to become dependent on the drugs.

Karen should be monitored for addictive traits on her drugs.

Karen's fear of addiction could cause he to refuse her meds.

Karen's fear of dependence will keep her positive and likely to move quickly through her recovery of pain.

Fear of addiction could cause Karen a problem in that she may not take her medications. Educating Karen that dependence is not about pain, but about the need for a substance beyond pain. Her unwillingness to participate in her recovery with the use of pain meds may cause her stress, sleeplessness, and therefore making her recovery time longer.

Explanation

Fear of addiction could cause Karen a problem in that she may not take her medications. Educating Karen that dependence is not about pain, but about the need for a substance beyond pain. Her unwillingness to participate in her recovery with the use of pain meds may cause her stress, sleeplessness, and therefore making her recovery time longer.

23. Pain threshold is:

The lowest of intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition.

The duration or intensity of pain a person is willing to endure.

The amount of pain that dictates opioids use.

The amount of pain that dictates nonopioid use.

The pain threshold refers to the lowest intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition. This means that it is the minimum level of stimulation required for a person to perceive and recognize it as pain. It is important because it helps determine an individual's sensitivity to pain and can vary from person to person.

Explanation

The pain threshold refers to the lowest intensity of stimulation that can cause pain recognition. This means that it is the minimum level of stimulation required for a person to perceive and recognize it as pain. It is important because it helps determine an individual's sensitivity to pain and can vary from person to person.

24. <5 sec of apnea during sleep is serious and needs further study!

True

False

Brief periods of apnea equaling 5 seconds or less is normal.

Explanation

Brief periods of apnea equaling 5 seconds or less is normal.

25. Marcus is a new father. He takes his son to the doctor because he thinks his son sleeps too much. He says that his son is sleeping about 17 hours a day and is hard to wake up to feed him. What would the nurse say to this new father?

His newborn needs a sleep study.

His newborn needs bloodwork to see is he is anemic.

His newborn is within parameters.

Be glad your newborn is sleeping this much. He will need the extra sleep!

The nurse would say that his newborn is within parameters. This means that the amount of sleep the baby is getting is considered normal and healthy for a newborn. The nurse is reassuring the father that there is no cause for concern regarding his son's sleep patterns.

Explanation

The nurse would say that his newborn is within parameters. This means that the amount of sleep the baby is getting is considered normal and healthy for a newborn. The nurse is reassuring the father that there is no cause for concern regarding his son's sleep patterns.

26. Tina has decreased BP, irregular RR, and decreased HR. The nurse is worried about vomiting and that Tina may faint. The nurse knows that this system is at work in Tina:

Sympathetic Response

Parasympathetic Response

Pain Reduction Response

Transduction Decreasing Response.

The parasympathetic response is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and digestion. It opposes the sympathetic response, which is associated with the "fight or flight" response. In this scenario, Tina's decreased blood pressure, irregular respiratory rate, and decreased heart rate are indicative of a parasympathetic response. The nurse's concern about vomiting and fainting aligns with the parasympathetic response's role in promoting rest and digestion, as well as regulating bodily functions.

Explanation

The parasympathetic response is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and digestion. It opposes the sympathetic response, which is associated with the "fight or flight" response. In this scenario, Tina's decreased blood pressure, irregular respiratory rate, and decreased heart rate are indicative of a parasympathetic response. The nurse's concern about vomiting and fainting aligns with the parasympathetic response's role in promoting rest and digestion, as well as regulating bodily functions.

27. Dave doesn't want anyone know he is hurt because he is afraid he will loose respect. Which group is Dave likely to be associated with?

Toddler

School Age

Adolescent

Adult

Dave is likely to be associated with the group of adolescents because this age group is commonly characterized by a strong desire for independence and a fear of losing respect from their peers. Adolescents often strive to maintain a certain image and may be hesitant to show vulnerability or weakness, which is consistent with Dave's reluctance to let anyone know he is hurt.

Explanation

Dave is likely to be associated with the group of adolescents because this age group is commonly characterized by a strong desire for independence and a fear of losing respect from their peers. Adolescents often strive to maintain a certain image and may be hesitant to show vulnerability or weakness, which is consistent with Dave's reluctance to let anyone know he is hurt.

28. The period of highest brain function happens in which part of sleep?

1

2

3

4

REM

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and the most intense brain activity occurs. This is the stage of sleep where dreaming occurs and the brain processes and consolidates memories. REM sleep is also associated with increased brain activity in areas responsible for learning, creativity, and problem-solving. Therefore, REM sleep is considered the period of highest brain function during sleep.

Explanation

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and the most intense brain activity occurs. This is the stage of sleep where dreaming occurs and the brain processes and consolidates memories. REM sleep is also associated with increased brain activity in areas responsible for learning, creativity, and problem-solving. Therefore, REM sleep is considered the period of highest brain function during sleep.

29. This starts in the peripheral, causes cell damage with the releasing of sensitizing chemicals and leads to action potential.

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain. In this case, the statement suggests that the process starts in the peripheral (where sensory receptors are located), causes cell damage (which may trigger the release of sensitizing chemicals), and ultimately leads to the generation of action potentials (electrical signals) that can be transmitted to the brain. Therefore, transduction is the most appropriate term to describe this sequence of events.

Explanation

Transduction is the process by which sensory receptors convert physical or chemical stimuli into electrical signals that can be transmitted to the brain. In this case, the statement suggests that the process starts in the peripheral (where sensory receptors are located), causes cell damage (which may trigger the release of sensitizing chemicals), and ultimately leads to the generation of action potentials (electrical signals) that can be transmitted to the brain. Therefore, transduction is the most appropriate term to describe this sequence of events.

30. Trochlear

II

III

IV

V

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

31. Vagus

VII

VIII

IX

X

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

32. A family comes in and are very concerned. They say there school age child is sleeping alot and complaining of arm and leg pain every once in awhile. What should the nurse say?

A blood test to check for leukemia may be needed.

Children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful, but it shouldn't be interfering with sleep.

The correct answer is that children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful and this is also a time when a child needs lots of sleep. This explanation suggests that the child's symptoms of sleeping a lot and complaining of arm and leg pain are likely due to a growth spurt rather than a serious medical condition like leukemia. It reassures the family that these symptoms are normal and should not be a cause for concern.

Explanation

The correct answer is that children go through growth spurts that can sometimes be painful and this is also a time when a child needs lots of sleep. This explanation suggests that the child's symptoms of sleeping a lot and complaining of arm and leg pain are likely due to a growth spurt rather than a serious medical condition like leukemia. It reassures the family that these symptoms are normal and should not be a cause for concern.

33. Nueropathic pain is best treated by:

Opioids

Nonopiods

Tricyclic antidepressants

Tricyclic antidepressants are the best treatment for neuropathic pain. This is because these medications work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help to reduce pain signals. Tricyclic antidepressants have been found to be effective in managing neuropathic pain conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia. They can help to improve sleep, reduce pain intensity, and improve overall quality of life for individuals suffering from neuropathic pain. Opioids may be used for severe pain that is not responsive to other treatments, while nonopioids may be used for mild to moderate pain.

Explanation

Tricyclic antidepressants are the best treatment for neuropathic pain. This is because these medications work by altering the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which can help to reduce pain signals. Tricyclic antidepressants have been found to be effective in managing neuropathic pain conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia. They can help to improve sleep, reduce pain intensity, and improve overall quality of life for individuals suffering from neuropathic pain. Opioids may be used for severe pain that is not responsive to other treatments, while nonopioids may be used for mild to moderate pain.

34. Neurons originating in the brainstem descend to the spinal cord and release substances (e.g., endogenous opioids) that inhibit nociceptive impusles?

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

The correct answer is Modulation. Modulation refers to the process of modifying or altering the transmission of signals. In this context, neurons originating in the brainstem release substances that inhibit nociceptive impulses, which can be seen as a modulation of pain signals. This modulation helps to regulate and control the perception of pain in the spinal cord.

Explanation

The correct answer is Modulation. Modulation refers to the process of modifying or altering the transmission of signals. In this context, neurons originating in the brainstem release substances that inhibit nociceptive impulses, which can be seen as a modulation of pain signals. This modulation helps to regulate and control the perception of pain in the spinal cord.

35. Optic

I

II

III

IV

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

36. Trigeminal

IV

V

VI

VII

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

37. RR and HR may become irregular in which sleeping phase?

1

2

3

4

REM

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and dreaming occurs. This is the phase of sleep where most of our vivid and memorable dreams take place. During REM sleep, the body's muscles are relaxed and inactive, except for the eye muscles. It is during this phase that both the respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) may become irregular. This is because the brain is sending signals to various parts of the body, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which can lead to fluctuations in RR and HR.

Explanation

During REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, the brain is highly active and dreaming occurs. This is the phase of sleep where most of our vivid and memorable dreams take place. During REM sleep, the body's muscles are relaxed and inactive, except for the eye muscles. It is during this phase that both the respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) may become irregular. This is because the brain is sending signals to various parts of the body, including the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, which can lead to fluctuations in RR and HR.

38. Michael has cut himself badly on his hand. It has taken Michael about 5 months to stop feeling pain in his hand. To Michael, he felt like he would never stop hurting. What type of pain does Michael have?

Acute

Chronic

Intractable

Even though Michael has had 5 months of pain, his pain would be acute. It lasted 5 months. Pain over 6 months is considered to be Chronic.

Explanation

Even though Michael has had 5 months of pain, his pain would be acute. It lasted 5 months. Pain over 6 months is considered to be Chronic.

39. Marty doesn't understand why he can't loose weight. He eats healthy foods and only has one weakness, ice cream. He usually has a bowl of ice cream before bed to help him relax. Sometimes he covers his ice cream with chocolate sauce and whipcream. And sometimes he puts on nuts and a cherry. What could be causing his weight loss dilema?

When a person goes to sleep, their metabolic rate increases.

His body holds onto the fat in sleep to help counter his healthy eating with no fats during the day.

If he's eating ice cream that way every night, he's probably lying about the healthy eating too.

When a person goes to sleep their metabolic rate decreases.

The correct answer is that when a person goes to sleep, their metabolic rate decreases. This means that their body is burning fewer calories during sleep compared to when they are awake and active. Despite eating healthy foods, Marty's habit of having a bowl of ice cream before bed could be contributing to his weight loss dilemma because the extra calories from the ice cream are not being burned off as efficiently during sleep. Additionally, the toppings he adds to his ice cream, such as chocolate sauce, whip cream, nuts, and a cherry, could further contribute to the calorie intake and hinder weight loss.

Explanation

The correct answer is that when a person goes to sleep, their metabolic rate decreases. This means that their body is burning fewer calories during sleep compared to when they are awake and active. Despite eating healthy foods, Marty's habit of having a bowl of ice cream before bed could be contributing to his weight loss dilemma because the extra calories from the ice cream are not being burned off as efficiently during sleep. Additionally, the toppings he adds to his ice cream, such as chocolate sauce, whip cream, nuts, and a cherry, could further contribute to the calorie intake and hinder weight loss.

40. Sommer has GERD and drinks too much water before bed. She is complaining that she feels tired all the time. What stage of sleep is Sommer most likely loosing?

1

2

3

4

REM

Sommer is most likely losing the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep. This stage is characterized by vivid dreaming and increased brain activity. Drinking too much water before bed can cause GERD symptoms to worsen, leading to disrupted sleep. The frequent awakenings and discomfort caused by GERD can disrupt the normal sleep cycle, resulting in a reduction of REM sleep. This can lead to feelings of tiredness and fatigue throughout the day.

Explanation

Sommer is most likely losing the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage of sleep. This stage is characterized by vivid dreaming and increased brain activity. Drinking too much water before bed can cause GERD symptoms to worsen, leading to disrupted sleep. The frequent awakenings and discomfort caused by GERD can disrupt the normal sleep cycle, resulting in a reduction of REM sleep. This can lead to feelings of tiredness and fatigue throughout the day.

41. Abductens

IV

V

VI

VII

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

42. Nicole has had her leg amputated. She had chronic pain in her leg before the amputation. Would you expect Nicole to have a higher , same as, or less than normal phantom pain in her amputated leg?

Higher

Same as

Less than

A person with chronic pain is more likely to experience higher pain levels than someone who has not had chronic pain.

Explanation

A person with chronic pain is more likely to experience higher pain levels than someone who has not had chronic pain.

43. Linda has just moved to a care facility. They wake her up for breakfast at 6 am every morning and encourage her for "lights out" at 7 pm. What is the mistake the facility is making?

They are not respecting Linda's own routine.

Linda wasn't asked what time she wanted to get up.

Linda didn't fill out the "hours" of operation and failed to inform her.

No one sat Linda down and told her when the hours were.

The mistake the facility is making is not respecting Linda's own routine. This means that the facility is not considering Linda's personal preferences and habits when it comes to waking up and going to bed. Instead, they have set a fixed schedule without consulting her or taking her individual needs into account. This lack of respect for Linda's routine can potentially disrupt her sleep patterns and overall well-being.

Explanation

The mistake the facility is making is not respecting Linda's own routine. This means that the facility is not considering Linda's personal preferences and habits when it comes to waking up and going to bed. Instead, they have set a fixed schedule without consulting her or taking her individual needs into account. This lack of respect for Linda's routine can potentially disrupt her sleep patterns and overall well-being.

44. Glossopharayngeal

VII

VIII

IX

X

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

45. Nancy is in her hospital room. She has been yawning and getting increasingly agitated. She is on bed rest. What could be a problem for Nancy?

Nancy may be overmedicated.

Nancy may be suffering from Sensory Deprivation.

Nancy may be suffering from Sensory Deficits.

Nancy is a difficult patient to keep happy.

Based on the given information, Nancy is in her hospital room and she is on bed rest. She has been yawning and getting increasingly agitated. These symptoms suggest that Nancy may be experiencing sensory deprivation, which occurs when an individual is deprived of normal sensory stimulation. Being confined to a hospital room and limited mobility can lead to a lack of sensory input, which can cause restlessness, agitation, and yawning. Therefore, sensory deprivation is a possible problem for Nancy in this situation.

Explanation

Based on the given information, Nancy is in her hospital room and she is on bed rest. She has been yawning and getting increasingly agitated. These symptoms suggest that Nancy may be experiencing sensory deprivation, which occurs when an individual is deprived of normal sensory stimulation. Being confined to a hospital room and limited mobility can lead to a lack of sensory input, which can cause restlessness, agitation, and yawning. Therefore, sensory deprivation is a possible problem for Nancy in this situation.

46. With low activity, clinging, loss of appetite and uneasy to console, this group would be most likely to be:

Infant

Toddler

Preschooler

Based on the symptoms of low activity, clinging, loss of appetite, and being uneasy to console, it can be inferred that this group is most likely infants. Infants are generally less active compared to toddlers and preschoolers, and they often exhibit clinginess and difficulty in being consoled. Loss of appetite can also be common in infants due to various reasons such as teething or illness. Therefore, the given symptoms align more closely with the behavior and characteristics of infants rather than toddlers or preschoolers.

Explanation

Based on the symptoms of low activity, clinging, loss of appetite, and being uneasy to console, it can be inferred that this group is most likely infants. Infants are generally less active compared to toddlers and preschoolers, and they often exhibit clinginess and difficulty in being consoled. Loss of appetite can also be common in infants due to various reasons such as teething or illness. Therefore, the given symptoms align more closely with the behavior and characteristics of infants rather than toddlers or preschoolers.

47. Acoustics

VI

VII

VIII

IX

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

48. Phantom pain is imaginary because there is no limb present.

True

False

Phantom pain is real pain that must be treated.

Explanation

Phantom pain is real pain that must be treated.

49. Histamine is :

Vasodialator

Vasoconstrictor

Inflammation Response

Makes receptors more sensitive

Histamine is a compound released by cells in response to injury or allergic reactions. It plays a key role in the inflammatory response, causing blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, allowing immune cells to reach the affected area. This leads to redness, swelling, and heat, which are characteristic signs of inflammation. Therefore, histamine is responsible for the inflammation response.

Explanation

Histamine is a compound released by cells in response to injury or allergic reactions. It plays a key role in the inflammatory response, causing blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, allowing immune cells to reach the affected area. This leads to redness, swelling, and heat, which are characteristic signs of inflammation. Therefore, histamine is responsible for the inflammation response.

50. Endorphins are associated with:

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

Endorphins are neuropeptides that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers. They are released by the body in response to various stimuli, such as exercise, stress, or pain. Endorphins primarily function by modulating or regulating the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system. They bind to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and promoting feelings of pleasure and well-being. Therefore, endorphins are closely associated with modulation, as they play a crucial role in regulating pain and mood.

Explanation

Endorphins are neuropeptides that act as natural painkillers and mood enhancers. They are released by the body in response to various stimuli, such as exercise, stress, or pain. Endorphins primarily function by modulating or regulating the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system. They bind to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, reducing the perception of pain and promoting feelings of pleasure and well-being. Therefore, endorphins are closely associated with modulation, as they play a crucial role in regulating pain and mood.

51. Facial

V

VI

VII

VIII

IX

not-available-via-ai

Explanation

not-available-via-ai

52. Bradykinin is a

Vasodiolator

Vasoconstictor

Inflammation response

Bradykinin is a vasodilator, meaning it causes the blood vessels to widen, resulting in increased blood flow. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve circulation. Vasodilators work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, allowing them to expand. Bradykinin is also involved in the inflammatory response, but its primary role is as a vasodilator.

Explanation

Bradykinin is a vasodilator, meaning it causes the blood vessels to widen, resulting in increased blood flow. This can help to lower blood pressure and improve circulation. Vasodilators work by relaxing the smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, allowing them to expand. Bradykinin is also involved in the inflammatory response, but its primary role is as a vasodilator.

53. If a person is really tired, they will see an increase in their REM.

True

False

REM is shorter while the sleeper is tired, then it lengthens.

Explanation

REM is shorter while the sleeper is tired, then it lengthens.

54. Is SIDS a sleep related disorder?

No

Yes

SIDS has not been found to be a verifiable sleep disorder. Babies are often found face down and should be put on their backs to sleep.

Explanation

SIDS has not been found to be a verifiable sleep disorder. Babies are often found face down and should be put on their backs to sleep.

55. Pain management is can include which of these principles:

Repositioning

Music

Convincing pain is not as high

Education

Encouraging movement

Trying to convince a patient that he/she does not have pain is wrong. We should treat a patients pain based on their admission of pain.

Explanation

Trying to convince a patient that he/she does not have pain is wrong. We should treat a patients pain based on their admission of pain.

Submit

56. What is the number one thing missed by the nurse when treating pain?

Not giving all prescribed meds.

Not asking about quality of pain.

Not documenting affects of pain meds or pain interventions.

The correct answer is not documenting affects of pain meds or pain interventions. This means that the nurse fails to record or document the effects or outcomes of the pain medications administered or the interventions performed to alleviate pain. This documentation is important for tracking the effectiveness of the treatment and ensuring proper pain management for the patient.

Explanation

The correct answer is not documenting affects of pain meds or pain interventions. This means that the nurse fails to record or document the effects or outcomes of the pain medications administered or the interventions performed to alleviate pain. This documentation is important for tracking the effectiveness of the treatment and ensuring proper pain management for the patient.

57. Randy is snoring and can not be awaken. A foot in the back pushing Randy over eventually wakes him up. As he wakes up he says, "What?!" After being told that he is snoring, Randy grunts and turns over muttering to himself. What stage of sleep was Randy in and which stage of sleep will he return to?

2,3

3,3

3,1

3,2

Randy was in stage 3 of sleep when he was snoring and could not be awakened. The foot in the back pushing him over eventually woke him up, indicating that he entered stage 1 of sleep. This is because stage 1 is a lighter stage of sleep where individuals are more easily awakened. Therefore, Randy was in stage 3 of sleep and returned to stage 1 after being awakened.

Explanation

Randy was in stage 3 of sleep when he was snoring and could not be awakened. The foot in the back pushing him over eventually woke him up, indicating that he entered stage 1 of sleep. This is because stage 1 is a lighter stage of sleep where individuals are more easily awakened. Therefore, Randy was in stage 3 of sleep and returned to stage 1 after being awakened.

58. What is released during emotional stress that causes bad sleeping patterns?

Noreppinephrine

Epinehphrine

Glucose

During emotional stress, the body releases norepinephrine, a stress hormone that can disrupt sleep patterns. This hormone increases alertness and arousal, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep. It activates the body's fight-or-flight response, leading to heightened anxiety and restlessness, which can further hinder sleep. Therefore, the release of norepinephrine during emotional stress can contribute to bad sleeping patterns.

Explanation

During emotional stress, the body releases norepinephrine, a stress hormone that can disrupt sleep patterns. This hormone increases alertness and arousal, making it difficult to fall asleep or stay asleep. It activates the body's fight-or-flight response, leading to heightened anxiety and restlessness, which can further hinder sleep. Therefore, the release of norepinephrine during emotional stress can contribute to bad sleeping patterns.

59. Steve's right back and right upper chest alternate between being painful. What referred pain could this indicate?

Lung

Liver

Heart

Kidney

The alternating pain in Steve's right back and right upper chest could indicate referred pain from the liver. The liver is located on the right side of the body, just below the rib cage. When the liver is inflamed or experiencing issues, it can cause pain that radiates to the back and upper chest. Therefore, the liver is a possible source of the referred pain in this scenario.

Explanation

The alternating pain in Steve's right back and right upper chest could indicate referred pain from the liver. The liver is located on the right side of the body, just below the rib cage. When the liver is inflamed or experiencing issues, it can cause pain that radiates to the back and upper chest. Therefore, the liver is a possible source of the referred pain in this scenario.

60. Substance P is:

Vasodialator

Vasoconstrictor

Inflammation response.

Makes receptors more sensitive.

Substance P is a neuropeptide that plays a role in the transmission of pain signals. It is known to enhance the sensitivity of pain receptors, making them more responsive to pain stimuli. This increased sensitivity can contribute to the perception of pain and the development of chronic pain conditions. Therefore, the statement "Makes receptors more sensitive" accurately describes the function of Substance P.

Explanation

Substance P is a neuropeptide that plays a role in the transmission of pain signals. It is known to enhance the sensitivity of pain receptors, making them more responsive to pain stimuli. This increased sensitivity can contribute to the perception of pain and the development of chronic pain conditions. Therefore, the statement "Makes receptors more sensitive" accurately describes the function of Substance P.

61. Luke is in 8/10 pain. He is crying and moaning. The nurse is able to talk to Luke and he Oriented x4. What would be a good intervention to do with Luke?

Tell Luke that his crying is bothering the children in the hall in the hopes that he will calm down.

Reassure Luke that his pain is important and it is a priority.

Involve Luke in his own pain management goal.

Give Luke a placebo to see if his pain is mental or not.

Placebos are unethical. Reassuring Luke that his pain is important is likely to give him some piece of mind that no one thinks he is making it up. If there are children in the hall that are bothered by Luke's crying, you may want to suggest to the parent to accompany the children to a quieter part of the hospital.

Explanation

Placebos are unethical. Reassuring Luke that his pain is important is likely to give him some piece of mind that no one thinks he is making it up. If there are children in the hall that are bothered by Luke's crying, you may want to suggest to the parent to accompany the children to a quieter part of the hospital.

Submit

62. Nonopioids, NSAIDS, and corticosteroids all help block:

Histamine

Prostoglandins

Substance P

Bradykinins

Nonopioids, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids all help block prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a key role in inflammation and pain. By inhibiting the production or activity of prostaglandins, these medications can reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and decrease fever. Prostaglandins are involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of blood flow, the immune response, and the formation of blood clots. Blocking prostaglandins can have a wide range of therapeutic effects and is a common approach in the treatment of various conditions, such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

Explanation

Nonopioids, NSAIDs, and corticosteroids all help block prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that play a key role in inflammation and pain. By inhibiting the production or activity of prostaglandins, these medications can reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and decrease fever. Prostaglandins are involved in various physiological processes, including the regulation of blood flow, the immune response, and the formation of blood clots. Blocking prostaglandins can have a wide range of therapeutic effects and is a common approach in the treatment of various conditions, such as arthritis, menstrual cramps, and headaches.

63. Opioids and Nonopioids stop pain:

True

False

They do not stop pain. They stop the perception of pain.

Explanation

They do not stop pain. They stop the perception of pain.

64. Greta is a 73 year old female. While talking to her nurse about her pain she states, "Pain is pain and a part of being older." What would the nurse say to respond to that. *Check all that apply*

Greta, you are 73, of course you will have pain.

Pain is not a part of getting older.

Explanation

Pain is not a part of getting older.

Submit

65. Otto has renal failure and cannot take benzodiazepines. He has insomnia. What can Otto have?

Antihistamines

Histamines

A shot of Jim Bean.

Otto, who has renal failure and cannot take benzodiazepines, is experiencing insomnia. In this situation, Otto can have histamines. Histamines are commonly used to treat insomnia as they can help promote sleep. This option is suitable for Otto as it doesn't conflict with his condition and medication restrictions.

Explanation

Otto, who has renal failure and cannot take benzodiazepines, is experiencing insomnia. In this situation, Otto can have histamines. Histamines are commonly used to treat insomnia as they can help promote sleep. This option is suitable for Otto as it doesn't conflict with his condition and medication restrictions.

66. Molly broke her leg as a child. She was left alone and when she broke her leg, she passed out and was not found until many hours later. Molly has had an accident and does not know if her leg is broke again, but her pain is 9/10. Molly's mother, who met her at the Emergency Room, holds her hand while she waits. After Molly has her Xray and finds that her leg is not broken, but is fractured, her pain goes down to a 6/10. What could have caused this reduction?

Molly's nurse told her that the pain was not that bad.

Molly probably realized that she was acting like a baby and sucked it up.

Negative past responses to pain not only damage a person's reaction to similar pain, but can also spiritually damage a persons concept of pain. In Molly's case, being alone through pain can increase her perception of pain. Her mother meeting her at the hospital relieved spiritual fears of being alone.

Explanation

Negative past responses to pain not only damage a person's reaction to similar pain, but can also spiritually damage a persons concept of pain. In Molly's case, being alone through pain can increase her perception of pain. Her mother meeting her at the hospital relieved spiritual fears of being alone.

Submit

67. Reggie likes to take a nap on her couch on the weekends. After several weeks of napping, she found she often woke up cold. She tells her nurse about this. What would the nurse say in response?

Because Reggie is premenapausal, her thermoregulator is broken.

When a person sleeps, they have venous constriction.

As a person sleeps, they have venous dilation.

Get a blanket, that will help.

As a person sleeps, they have venous dilation. This means that the blood vessels in the body expand, allowing more blood to flow to the skin's surface. This can result in a feeling of being cold when waking up from a nap. The nurse may suggest getting a blanket to help keep warm during the nap.

Explanation

As a person sleeps, they have venous dilation. This means that the blood vessels in the body expand, allowing more blood to flow to the skin's surface. This can result in a feeling of being cold when waking up from a nap. The nurse may suggest getting a blanket to help keep warm during the nap.

68. Dale's Anterior left neck is hurting. What could this referred pain be related to?

Lung

Kidney

Liver

Heart

The referred pain in Dale's anterior left neck could be related to the lung. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt in a different area of the body than the actual source of the pain. The lungs are located in the chest, and pain from the lungs can sometimes be felt in the neck and shoulder area. This type of pain is often associated with conditions such as pneumonia, pleurisy, or lung cancer. Therefore, it is possible that Dale's anterior left neck pain is being referred from his lung.

Explanation

The referred pain in Dale's anterior left neck could be related to the lung. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt in a different area of the body than the actual source of the pain. The lungs are located in the chest, and pain from the lungs can sometimes be felt in the neck and shoulder area. This type of pain is often associated with conditions such as pneumonia, pleurisy, or lung cancer. Therefore, it is possible that Dale's anterior left neck pain is being referred from his lung.

69. Nikki feels guilty that she has been hurt and is worried her body is now different. What group does NIkki represent?

Infant

Toddler

School Age

Adolescent

Nikki represents the School Age group because she is feeling guilty about being hurt and is concerned about changes in her body. This suggests that she is old enough to understand and reflect upon her experiences, which aligns with the cognitive and emotional development typically seen in school-age children.

Explanation

Nikki represents the School Age group because she is feeling guilty about being hurt and is concerned about changes in her body. This suggests that she is old enough to understand and reflect upon her experiences, which aligns with the cognitive and emotional development typically seen in school-age children.

70. Kevin is in the ICU. He is oriented x4. He is unable to sleep and is getting increasingly confused. What could the nurse do to help Kevin.

Shut the blinds.

Turn the lights off.

Cluster her work.

Give Kevin earplugs.

We had this discussion in class and thought it was worth going over again. If the nurse clusters their work, then they can implement the rest of the options.

Explanation

We had this discussion in class and thought it was worth going over again. If the nurse clusters their work, then they can implement the rest of the options.

71. Sarah has had surgery. She is oriented x4. Sarah says everything is fine, but, the nurse notices that Sarah doesn't have her TV on during her favorite program. What could the problem be?

Sensory Deprivation.

Sensory Deficit

Sensory Overload

Depending on the surgery, Sarah may be suffering from some temporary vision loss. If she cannot see the TV, she wont turn it on. Sarah may feel that she can't deal with her loss of sight after having a surgery. This may be a good time for some intervention.

Explanation

Depending on the surgery, Sarah may be suffering from some temporary vision loss. If she cannot see the TV, she wont turn it on. Sarah may feel that she can't deal with her loss of sight after having a surgery. This may be a good time for some intervention.

72. This stage of sleep has a decrease in 20% HR, temperature drop, decreased respirations, very relaxed, dreaming occurring, very little movement.

1

2

3

4

REM

Stage 4 of sleep, also known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, is characterized by a decrease in heart rate, a drop in temperature, decreased respirations, extreme relaxation, dreaming, and minimal movement. During this stage, the body enters a state of deep sleep, and the brain becomes highly active. REM sleep is important for cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.

Explanation

Stage 4 of sleep, also known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, is characterized by a decrease in heart rate, a drop in temperature, decreased respirations, extreme relaxation, dreaming, and minimal movement. During this stage, the body enters a state of deep sleep, and the brain becomes highly active. REM sleep is important for cognitive function, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation.

73. Clarence has had a 7/10 pain from surgery. His wife see's him finally go to sleep. She says it's a good thing the medicine helped him sleep. What does his wife not understand.

Pain: keeps cerebral cortex active

Medication helps him reach REM more quickly.

Pain keeps the hypothalamus active.

The wife does not understand that pain keeps the cerebral cortex active. This means that even though Clarence is sleeping, his brain is still processing the pain signals and keeping him mentally engaged. The medication may help him reach REM more quickly, but it does not eliminate the activity in the cerebral cortex caused by pain.

Explanation

The wife does not understand that pain keeps the cerebral cortex active. This means that even though Clarence is sleeping, his brain is still processing the pain signals and keeping him mentally engaged. The medication may help him reach REM more quickly, but it does not eliminate the activity in the cerebral cortex caused by pain.

74. When Mary, a 58 year old woman with Alzheimer's, stands up, she gets very angry and combative. When she is sitting, she is calm, smiles, and loves to talk about her childhood. What could the change in demeanor be caused from?

There is no way to know what Alzheimer patients may be thinking or feeling.

Mary may have an ingrown toenail that is hurting her.

Mary's mental field changes as she stands up.

A change in mood can be caused by pain. She may not feel the pain of her toenail until she puts weight on it.

Explanation

A change in mood can be caused by pain. She may not feel the pain of her toenail until she puts weight on it.

75. In this stage of sleep, a person can be awaken. Their VS have continued to slow.

1

2

3

4

REM

Stage 2 of sleep is characterized by a decrease in brain activity and slower eye movements compared to stage 1. During this stage, a person can still be easily awakened. The person's vital signs (VS), such as heart rate and breathing, have continued to slow down but are not yet at the lowest levels observed in later stages of sleep.

Explanation

Stage 2 of sleep is characterized by a decrease in brain activity and slower eye movements compared to stage 1. During this stage, a person can still be easily awakened. The person's vital signs (VS), such as heart rate and breathing, have continued to slow down but are not yet at the lowest levels observed in later stages of sleep.

76. Tricyclic antidepressants work best on:

Perception

Transmission

Modulation

Transduction

Tricyclic antidepressants work best on modulation. Modulation refers to the process of modifying or regulating the intensity or frequency of signals, in this case, the signals in the brain that are associated with mood and emotions. Tricyclic antidepressants help to modulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain, which can improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. By targeting the modulation of these neurotransmitters, tricyclic antidepressants are able to effectively treat depression.

Explanation

Tricyclic antidepressants work best on modulation. Modulation refers to the process of modifying or regulating the intensity or frequency of signals, in this case, the signals in the brain that are associated with mood and emotions. Tricyclic antidepressants help to modulate the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain, which can improve mood and alleviate symptoms of depression. By targeting the modulation of these neurotransmitters, tricyclic antidepressants are able to effectively treat depression.

77. Jill is a nursing student heading into finals. Her instructor says she can tell Jill is not getting enough sleep. Jill snaps back, "Whatever!" Why shouldn't Jill's instructor be surprised by Jill's response?

Lack of REM sleep can lead to an inability to problem solve and cope.

Lack of REM sleep can lead to irritability.

Lack of REM sleep can lead to agitation.

Lack of REM sleep leads to questioning authority.

Jill's instructor shouldn't be surprised by Jill's response because lack of REM sleep can lead to an inability to problem solve and cope, irritability, and agitation. These are all symptoms of sleep deprivation, which can affect a person's mood, cognitive abilities, and emotional stability. Jill's response of "Whatever!" may be a result of her lack of sleep causing her to be irritable and unable to handle the situation calmly.

Explanation

Jill's instructor shouldn't be surprised by Jill's response because lack of REM sleep can lead to an inability to problem solve and cope, irritability, and agitation. These are all symptoms of sleep deprivation, which can affect a person's mood, cognitive abilities, and emotional stability. Jill's response of "Whatever!" may be a result of her lack of sleep causing her to be irritable and unable to handle the situation calmly.

Submit

78. An elderly woman says to her grandchild, "I am so happy to get my naps during the day." The grand-daughter asks, "Why?" The grandmother says, "I wake up so much during the night, it feels like it's day time outside." The grand-daughter asks, "How many times do you wake up at night Grandma?" The grandmother states she wakes up about 17 times a night. Should the grand daughter be concerned?

No

Yes

Elderly will get between 5-7 hours of sleep a night and need naps during the day. They can wake up up to 20 times a night and there IV sleep is markedly decreased.

Explanation

Elderly will get between 5-7 hours of sleep a night and need naps during the day. They can wake up up to 20 times a night and there IV sleep is markedly decreased.

79. Kelli thinks that putting her workout to the end of the day right before sleep is a good idea. What would you tell Kelli.

Extreme fatigue disrupts sleep.

Use a moderate workout.

The harder the work out, the more she will be ready for sleep.

Engaging in a moderate workout before sleep would be more beneficial for Kelli. This is because extreme fatigue can actually disrupt her sleep, making it harder for her to fall asleep or stay asleep throughout the night. A moderate workout, on the other hand, can help her relax and unwind before bedtime, promoting better sleep quality. It is important to find a balance between exertion and rest to ensure a good night's sleep.

Explanation

Engaging in a moderate workout before sleep would be more beneficial for Kelli. This is because extreme fatigue can actually disrupt her sleep, making it harder for her to fall asleep or stay asleep throughout the night. A moderate workout, on the other hand, can help her relax and unwind before bedtime, promoting better sleep quality. It is important to find a balance between exertion and rest to ensure a good night's sleep.

80. Bella is a toddler. Her mother understands Bella's sleep needs by stating:

Bella has a bedtime routine that never gets interrupted.

Bella needs to feel that Mommy and Daddy aren't leaving her.

Bella will need daytime naps.

Bella will get a sippy cup of water or juice right before bed.

Bella plays exciting games right before bed.

The correct answer is that Bella has a bedtime routine that never gets interrupted, Bella needs to feel that Mommy and Daddy aren't leaving her, and Bella will need daytime naps. These statements suggest that Bella has specific sleep needs and preferences. Having a consistent bedtime routine helps toddlers establish a sleep schedule and promotes better sleep. The need to feel secure and not abandoned by her parents is also important for Bella's sleep. Daytime naps are essential for toddlers as they help them recharge and meet their sleep requirements.

Explanation

The correct answer is that Bella has a bedtime routine that never gets interrupted, Bella needs to feel that Mommy and Daddy aren't leaving her, and Bella will need daytime naps. These statements suggest that Bella has specific sleep needs and preferences. Having a consistent bedtime routine helps toddlers establish a sleep schedule and promotes better sleep. The need to feel secure and not abandoned by her parents is also important for Bella's sleep. Daytime naps are essential for toddlers as they help them recharge and meet their sleep requirements.

Submit

81. Serotonin is a:

Vasodialator

Vasoconstrictor

Inflammation Response

Makes cells more sensitive.

Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor because it causes the narrowing of blood vessels. This constriction reduces the diameter of blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow to certain areas of the body.

Explanation

Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor because it causes the narrowing of blood vessels. This constriction reduces the diameter of blood vessels, leading to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow to certain areas of the body.

82. Opioids work on which part of pain?

Transduction

Transmission

Perception

Modulation

Opioids block neural transmitters, bind at the receptor, and block pain sensation.

Explanation

Opioids block neural transmitters, bind at the receptor, and block pain sensation.

83. What affects heart rate, respiratory rate, and organ function during sleep?

RAS

Reticular Formation

Sleep Cycle

REM

The reticular formation is a network of neurons in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. It receives sensory information and sends signals to various parts of the brain, including the thalamus and cortex, to control alertness and consciousness. During sleep, the reticular formation helps regulate heart rate, respiratory rate, and organ function by modulating the activity of the autonomic nervous system. It coordinates the transitions between different sleep stages, including REM sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements and increased brain activity.

Explanation

The reticular formation is a network of neurons in the brainstem that plays a crucial role in regulating arousal and sleep-wake transitions. It receives sensory information and sends signals to various parts of the brain, including the thalamus and cortex, to control alertness and consciousness. During sleep, the reticular formation helps regulate heart rate, respiratory rate, and organ function by modulating the activity of the autonomic nervous system. It coordinates the transitions between different sleep stages, including REM sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movements and increased brain activity.

84. Enkaphalins are associate with: check all that apply

Modulation

Perception

Inhibiting substance P

Transmission

Enkaphalins are neuropeptides that are associated with modulation and inhibiting substance P. They play a role in regulating pain perception by modulating the transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system. Enkaphalins bind to opioid receptors and inhibit the release of substance P, a neurotransmitter involved in transmitting pain signals. Therefore, enkaphalins are involved in both modulating the perception of pain and inhibiting the transmission of pain signals.

Explanation

Enkaphalins are neuropeptides that are associated with modulation and inhibiting substance P. They play a role in regulating pain perception by modulating the transmission of pain signals in the central nervous system. Enkaphalins bind to opioid receptors and inhibit the release of substance P, a neurotransmitter involved in transmitting pain signals. Therefore, enkaphalins are involved in both modulating the perception of pain and inhibiting the transmission of pain signals.

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85. Keith had 8/10 pain. He is now resting after his medication. What can we assume now that Keith is asleep? *check all that apply*

Keith still has pain.

Keith is in no pain.

Keith will get full rest and sleep now and will help his pain.

Keith is asleep but he may not get quality NREM 3/4 sleep.

The correct answer is that Keith still has pain and Keith is asleep but he may not get quality NREM 3/4 sleep. This is because the question states that Keith had 8/10 pain and is now resting after his medication. So, it can be assumed that Keith still has pain. Additionally, it is mentioned that Keith is asleep, but it is not specified whether he will get quality NREM 3/4 sleep, so it is possible that he may not get it.

Explanation

The correct answer is that Keith still has pain and Keith is asleep but he may not get quality NREM 3/4 sleep. This is because the question states that Keith had 8/10 pain and is now resting after his medication. So, it can be assumed that Keith still has pain. Additionally, it is mentioned that Keith is asleep, but it is not specified whether he will get quality NREM 3/4 sleep, so it is possible that he may not get it.

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86. Janus keeps waking up at night because her arm flails about on it's own. What would be the possible cause of Janus's problem?

PLMD

Hypersomnia

Insomnia

Restless Syndrome

Darn pesky flys.

Janus's problem of waking up at night could be caused by PLMD, which stands for Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. This disorder is characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep, causing disruptions in sleep patterns. These movements can be rhythmic and occur every 20-40 seconds, leading to frequent awakenings throughout the night. Thus, PLMD is a possible explanation for Janus's arm flailing about on its own and her disturbed sleep.

Explanation

Janus's problem of waking up at night could be caused by PLMD, which stands for Periodic Limb Movement Disorder. This disorder is characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep, causing disruptions in sleep patterns. These movements can be rhythmic and occur every 20-40 seconds, leading to frequent awakenings throughout the night. Thus, PLMD is a possible explanation for Janus's arm flailing about on its own and her disturbed sleep.

87. Tylenol is good for working with:

Histamine

Bradykinins

Prostoglandins

Serotonin

Tylenol is not typically used to work with serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions. Tylenol, also known as acetaminophen, is commonly used as a pain reliever and fever reducer. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals involved in pain and inflammation. While serotonin may play a role in pain perception, Tylenol does not directly target serotonin levels or function. Therefore, it is unlikely that Tylenol is specifically good for working with serotonin.

Explanation

Tylenol is not typically used to work with serotonin. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that regulates mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions. Tylenol, also known as acetaminophen, is commonly used as a pain reliever and fever reducer. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, which are chemicals involved in pain and inflammation. While serotonin may play a role in pain perception, Tylenol does not directly target serotonin levels or function. Therefore, it is unlikely that Tylenol is specifically good for working with serotonin.

88. Myra is dealing with her pain. What could detract from the effectiveness of the nurses pain plan. (Check all that apply)

Having no support systems at home.

Depression

Over eating

Motility

Bad Weather

When thinking about pain management, a nurse should take a multi rational response.

Explanation

When thinking about pain management, a nurse should take a multi rational response.

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89. A new mother comes into the office in tears. She states that her baby is 4 months old. She says that she just can't get her baby to sleep through the night and thinks there is something wrong with her. What would the nurse tell the new mother?

Babies, on average, will start to sleep through the night between 5-6 months.

Her baby should be sleeping between 16-22 hours a day.

Her baby needs to see the doctor for a sleep study.

Babies at her age start to settle into the Circadian rhythm at her age.

Make Dad get up with her too, she needs her sleep!

It might sound silly, but the new mother may be suffering from having her natural sleep cycles constantly interrupted. Having some help to wake up with the baby would allow her to get her cycles in.

Explanation

It might sound silly, but the new mother may be suffering from having her natural sleep cycles constantly interrupted. Having some help to wake up with the baby would allow her to get her cycles in.

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