Theory And History Of Architecture Knowledge Test

The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him. Construction began in 437 BCE and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unfinished.
The Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian marble or limestone, which was used only for accents. Structural iron was also used, though William Bell Dinsmoor[1] analyzed the structure and concluded that the iron weakened the building. The structure consists of a central building with two adjoining wings on the west (outer) side, one to the north and one to the south. The core is the central building, which presents a standard six-columned Doric façade both on the West to those entering the Acropolis and on the east to those departing. The columns echo the proportions (not the size) of the columns of the Parthenon. There is no surviving evidence for sculpture in the pediments.
The central building contains the gate wall, about two-thirds of the way through it. There are five gates in the wall, one for the central passageway, which was not paved and lay along the natural level of the ground, and two on either side at the level of the building's eastern porch, five steps up from the level of the western porch. The central passageway was the culmination of the Sacred Way, which led to the Acropolis from Eleusis.
Entrance into the Acropolis was controlled by the Propylaea. Though it was not built as a fortified structure, it was important that people not ritually clean be denied access to the sanctuary. In addition, runaway slaves and other miscreants could not be permitted into the sanctuary where they could claim the protection of the gods. The state treasury was also kept on the Acropolis, making its security important.

The correct answer is Domical roof construction. Byzantine architecture is characterized by the use of domical roof construction, which involves the creation of large, rounded domes as the main architectural feature. This technique was widely used in Byzantine churches and buildings, such as the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. The domical roofs not only provided structural support but also created a sense of grandeur and spirituality in the spaces. This architectural style was influential and continued to be used in later periods, such as the Ottoman Empire.

The correct answer is Queen Anne style. The Queen Anne style of architecture emerged in the 1870s and 1880s in England and the USA. It was based on the country house and cottage Elizabethan architecture and was characterized by a blending of Tudor Gothic, English Renaissance, and colonial elements. This style was eclectic in nature, combining various architectural influences to create a unique and ornate design.

Le Corbusier adopted all of the principles mentioned in the options for his Villa Savoye. The Villa Savoye is known for its innovative and modern design, which incorporates a free-standing façade, open planning, a roof garden, and a cube form elevated on stilts or columns. Additionally, the design of the Villa Savoye features frameworks that are structurally independent of walls. Therefore, all of the principles listed in the options were adopted by Le Corbusier for this iconic building.

The correct answer is Latin Cross. The final plan shape of the St. Peter's Basilica by Carlo Maderna is in the form of a Latin Cross. This means that the building has a longer nave and shorter transept, forming a cross shape when viewed from above. This design is commonly used in Catholic churches and symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. The Latin Cross shape is characterized by a longer vertical axis and shorter horizontal axis, creating a traditional and recognizable architectural layout.

Apotheca was a storeroom commonly found in ancient Greece and Rome, specifically used for storing wine. This term refers to a designated space where wine would be stored, indicating its importance in these societies. The word "apotheca" is derived from the Greek word "apotheke," meaning a place for storing or keeping things. This answer accurately describes the purpose and significance of an apotheca in ancient Greece and Rome.

The correct answer is Roman because the term "cubicula" refers to bedrooms in Roman architecture. The Romans were known for their advanced architectural techniques and their focus on creating comfortable living spaces. Bedrooms, or cubicula, in Roman homes were typically small and private spaces used for sleeping and resting. They were often decorated with frescoes and mosaics, showcasing the Romans' artistic skills. This architectural feature was not as prominent in Greek, Egyptian, or Byzantine architecture, making Roman the correct answer.

In modern Muslim mosques, all the listed items are required to be applied. A niche, also known as a mihrab, is a semicircular indentation in the wall that indicates the direction of Mecca, the holy city towards which Muslims pray. A pulpit, or minbar, is a raised platform from which the imam delivers sermons. Minarets are tall towers often attached to mosques, used for the call to prayer. Domes are architectural features commonly found in mosques. Therefore, all these features are necessary components of modern Muslim mosques.

Toranas or gateways are a characteristic feature of Indian architecture. In Indian architecture, toranas are ornamental gateways usually found at the entrance of temples, palaces, and other important structures. They are typically adorned with intricate carvings and sculptures, depicting various mythological and religious motifs. These toranas serve as grand entrances and are considered symbolic representations of auspiciousness and prosperity.

The Greek Cross is the correct answer because it is the plan shape that was initially designed by Bramante for the St. Peter's Basilica. The Greek Cross has four equal arms that intersect at right angles, creating a symmetrical and balanced layout. This design was later modified by Michelangelo and other architects, but the initial plan by Bramante featured the Greek Cross shape.

A pediment is a triangular piece of wall that is located above the entablature, which is a horizontal structure supported by columns. It is typically found in classical architecture and serves as a decorative element. The pediment is often adorned with sculptures or reliefs and is commonly seen on the facade of buildings. It helps to create a sense of grandeur and adds visual interest to the overall design.

An antefix is an upright ornament that is placed at the eaves of a tile roof. It serves the purpose of concealing the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles.

Mnesicles is the correct answer because he was the architect of the famous Propylaea, which is the monumental gateway to the Acropolis in Athens, Greece. The Propylaea is considered one of the finest examples of classical Greek architecture, and Mnesicles is credited with its design and construction.

A pinacotheca is a Greek building that contains painted pictures. It is a term used to describe a gallery or a room specifically designed for displaying artwork, particularly paintings. In ancient Greece, pinacothecas were often found in public spaces such as temples or civic buildings, and they served as a place to showcase important and valuable artworks. The word "pinacotheca" itself is derived from the Greek words "pinax" meaning "tablet" or "board" and "theke" meaning "box" or "case," emphasizing its function as a storage and display space for paintings.

An antefix is an upright ornament at the eaves of a tile roof that conceals the foot of a row of convex tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles. It is commonly used in architecture to provide a decorative and functional element to the roof structure. The other options, acroterion, anthemion, and apotheca, do not specifically refer to this type of ornament used in roofing.

Sir Christopher Wren was an English architect who developed plans for several significant buildings in London, including St. Paul's Cathedral. He also proposed a network of avenues connecting the main features of the city, which aligns with the description given in the question. Leonardo Da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, and Pierre Charles L'Enfant were all notable architects in their own right, but they did not have a direct connection to London or the specific plans mentioned.

A bouleuterion was a covered Ancient Greek council house that served as a meeting place for the democratically-elected assembly. The term is derived from the Greek word for council or "boule."

Trajan's Column, located in Rome, Italy, was constructed entirely of Carrara marble, and built in the form of a tall Doric order to commemorate the victories of Roman Emperor Trajan in the Dacian Wars. It is best known for its detailed relief sculptures depicting battle scenes from the wars.

Santa Monica Church – the famous cathedral which houses the biggest bell in Asia and third biggest bell in the world.

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Romanesque architecture in Italy is distinguished from that of the rest of Europe by the use of marble for facing walls. This choice of material was significant as it reflected the wealth and prosperity of the Italian cities during the Romanesque period. Marble was a luxurious and expensive material, often associated with grandeur and prestige. The use of marble in Italian Romanesque architecture allowed for intricate carvings and decorative elements, adding to the overall aesthetic appeal of the buildings. This choice of material also set Italian Romanesque architecture apart from the rest of Europe, where other materials like bricks, cement, or lime were more commonly used.

Antonio Sin Diong is the correct answer because he is known as the architect of SM Megamall.

Felix Outerino Candela is the correct answer because he was a Mexican architect and engineer known for introducing thin shell construction. He was known for his innovative designs using hyperbolic paraboloid shapes, which allowed for large, open spaces to be created with minimal materials. His works, such as the Los Manantiales restaurant in Mexico City, showcased his mastery of thin shell construction and his ability to create visually striking and structurally sound buildings.

The correct answer is Bouleuterion. A Bouleuterion is a council house in ancient Greece where the city council would meet to discuss and make decisions on various matters. This was a place of political and administrative importance in the city-state. Insulae refers to apartment buildings in ancient Rome, Domus refers to a Roman house, and Prytaneion refers to a public building in ancient Greece where official functions and ceremonies were held.

The above statement comes from a renowned architectural treatise that emphasizes the importance of learning in the field of architecture, "The Ten Books of Architecture by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. The quote suggests that a person who is well-educated can confidently face the unpredictability of life without being greatly effected while those who rely solely on luck and devalue the importance of learning will struggle.

Andrea Palladio is considered the father of modern picture books of Architecture because of his influential work in the field. Palladio was an Italian architect during the Renaissance period and his designs and writings had a significant impact on the development of architectural theory and practice. He is known for his systematic approach to architecture and his emphasis on proportion, symmetry, and harmony in his designs. Palladio's work was documented in books that included detailed illustrations and descriptions, which became a model for future architects and helped spread his ideas across Europe.

In Mesopotamia, the enclosed space at the top of a ziggurat is called an altar. Ziggurats were ancient Mesopotamian temples, and the altar at the top was where religious rituals and sacrifices were performed. It served as a sacred space where offerings were made to the gods, and it played a central role in the religious practices of the time.

Architect Jorge Ramos designed the Lung Center of the Philippines, a state-of-the-art facility commissioned by then-first lady Imelda Marcos in 1982. Dedicated to treating and preventing lung and chest diseases, the government tertiary hospital was built on public land donated by the National Housing Authority. The construction is associated with the "edifice complex" of the Marcoses, characterized by an intense desire to build monumental structures as a symbol of greatness, as described by architect Gerard Lico.

Le Corbusier is the correct answer because he was a renowned architect who believed in the concept of architecture as a machine. He believed that a house should be designed to be functional and efficient, similar to a machine. This idea is reflected in his architectural designs, where he emphasized the use of clean lines, open spaces, and functional layouts. His philosophy greatly influenced modern architecture and the concept of the house as a machine to live in.

The Colosseum in Rome was begun under Emperor Vespasian in 72CE and was completed in 80CE during the reign of his son Titus. Further renovations, extensions, and expansions continued under Emperor Domitian during his reign (between 81 and 96CE). The Colosseum served as an arena for gladiatorial games, shows, religious gatherings, animal hunts, and other events.

On June 10, 1922, the Chicago Tribune hosted an international design competition for its new headquarters, and offered $100,000 in prize money with a $50,000 1st prize for "the most beautiful and distinctive office building in the world". The competition worked brilliantly for months as a publicity stunt, and the resulting entries still reveal a unique turning point in American architectural history. More than 260 entries were received.
The winner was a neo-Gothic design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood, with buttresses near the top.
The entry that many perceived as the best—a radically simplified tower by the Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen—took second place and received $20,000. Saarinen's tower, which anticipated the coming impact of stripped-down modernism on building form, was preferred by critics like Louis Sullivan, and was a strong influence on the next generation of skyscrapers including Raymond Hood's own subsequent work on the McGraw-Hill Building and Rockefeller Center. The 1929 Gulf Building in Houston, Texas, designed by architects Alfred C. Finn, Kenneth Franzheim, and J. E. R. Carpenter, is a full realization of that Saarinen design. César Pelli's 181 West Madison Street Building in Chicago is also thought to be inspired by Saarinen's design.

In early Christian churches, the bishop took the central place at the end of the church called the apse. The apse is a semicircular or polygonal recess that is usually located at the eastern end of a church. It is typically where the altar is placed and where the bishop would preside over the religious ceremonies. The apse is often adorned with decorative elements such as mosaics or frescoes, emphasizing its importance within the church architecture.

Guillermo Tolentino is the correct answer for the sculptor of the Bonifacio Monument.

St. Jerome Church in Morong, Rizal was built in 1615 by Chinese craftsmen, as evidence by two Chinese lion sculptures at the entrance to the steep driveway, a stone and mortar church which has a three-storey facade, and an octagonal bell tower whose cross is illuminated at night and can be seen from the surrounding countryside. The Morong facade and bell tower is easily the most striking of all church facades along Laguna. Frequently photographed and described as baroque, the facade/bell tower is more properly described as neo-baroque because the baroque period ended in the Philippines before 1780. The central portion of the facade surges outward and the catenated balustrade above give the whole a dynamic felling. Various decorative elements, some Mexican in origin, give the facade a richness characteristic of Baroque. Four angels, representing the cardinal virtues, stand at the corners of the bell tower. Fr. Felix Huerta, writing in 1852, states that the facade had finials shaped as jars and shells used for illuminating it. Although the church interior was damaged by war, a few elements are worth noting, namely, the crocodile motif carved on the supporting brackets of the choir loft; the bas relief of the Baptism of Jesus in the baptistery, and the image of Saint Jerome on a side altar.

Liceo de Manila is the first school in the Philippines to offer architecture.

A villa is a type of semi-palatial house that is surrounded by an open site. It is typically a large and luxurious residence, often located in the countryside or near the coast. Villas are known for their spaciousness and grandeur, with extensive grounds and gardens. They are often used as vacation homes or as a status symbol for the wealthy. The term "villa" is commonly used in Mediterranean countries, particularly Italy and Spain, where these types of houses are prevalent.

The Pantheon is the correct answer because it is widely recognized as one of the most famous and well-preserved ancient buildings in Rome. It is a former Roman temple that has stood for over 2,000 years and is known for its impressive dome and architectural design. The Pantheon's preservation is remarkable considering its age and the fact that it has been repurposed multiple times throughout history.

The correct answer is "Unctuaria". In the context of the thermae, unctuaria refers to the room specifically designed for oils and unguents. This room would be used for the application of oils and perfumes before or after bathing in the thermae. The other options, apodyteria, calidarium, and sudatorium, do not specifically refer to a room for oils and unguents in the thermae.

The Kankanay people of the Philippines constructed traditional houses known as a binangiyan, or a single room dwelling elevated at 1.5 meters from the ground. The floor was made of hardwood, such as narra, which rested on 3 floor joists which, in turn, were supported by transverse girders.

A stoa is a long colonnaded building commonly found in Greek architecture. It is used around public places and serves as a shelter at religious shrines. The word "stoa" comes from the ancient Greek word "stoa poikile" which means painted porch. These structures were typically open on one side and supported by columns. They were used for various purposes such as meeting places, market stalls, and as a place for philosophers to teach and discuss ideas. The Stoa of Attalos in Athens is one of the most famous examples of a stoa.

Chinese pagodas were derived from Indian architecture.

The orientation of the Greek temple is towards the East. This is because the ancient Greeks believed that the rising sun symbolized the birth of life and new beginnings. Therefore, they positioned their temples in such a way that the main entrance faced the East, allowing the first rays of the sun to illuminate the temple's interior. This alignment with the rising sun also symbolized the connection between the temple and the gods, as the sun was associated with divine power and enlightenment in Greek mythology.

The orientation of the Roman temple is towards the Forum. The Forum was the central public space in ancient Rome, where various political, social, and commercial activities took place. Temples were often built facing the Forum to symbolize their importance and to allow easy access for worshippers and visitors. This orientation also served as a reminder of the close connection between religion and civic life in ancient Rome.

Rameses I is the correct answer because he is known as the founder of the 19th dynasty and is credited with beginning the construction of the great hypostyle hall at Karnak. Rameses I was the pharaoh who laid the foundation for the powerful and influential dynasty that would follow, including his famous grandson Rameses II.

Balneum is the correct answer because it refers to a small private bath found in Roman houses or palaces. This term is commonly used in the context of Roman architecture and is derived from the Latin word for bath. The other options, Domus, Insulae, and Thalamus, do not specifically refer to a bath but instead relate to a house, apartment building, and an inner chamber or bedroom respectively. Therefore, Balneum is the most appropriate choice for the given description.

The pointed arch is not a characteristic feature in Indian architecture. Indian architecture is known for its unique features such as the Stupa, Horseshoe arch, and "sikhara". The Stupa is a dome-shaped structure used for Buddhist religious purposes. The Horseshoe arch is a distinctive arch shape commonly found in Indian and Islamic architecture. The "sikhara" refers to the tower-like structure often seen in Hindu temples. However, the pointed arch is more commonly associated with Gothic architecture in Europe rather than Indian architecture.

The correct answer is "Treasury of Atreus." This is because the Treasury of Atreus is considered one of the finest Greek tombs and is also known as the "tomb of Agamemnon." The other options listed, Phylaki, Nea Roumata, and Tholos Tomb, are not specifically associated with being the tomb of Agamemnon or considered as fine Greek tombs.

The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in a Greek temple is known as the pteroma. The pteroma is an important architectural feature in Greek temple design, as it creates a transition zone between the exterior colonnade and the inner sanctuary. It serves as a buffer zone, separating the sacred interior from the external world. The pteroma also provides a space for circulation and movement around the temple, allowing worshippers and visitors to navigate around the building.

Mannerism is the correct answer because it refers to a style in architecture that emerged in Italy during the second half of the 16th century. This style was characterized by the unconventional use of classical elements, deviating from the strict rules of the Renaissance. Mannerist architecture often featured distorted proportions, exaggerated forms, and intricate detailing, creating a sense of complexity and tension. While Mannerism also had some influence in other parts of Europe, it was particularly prominent in Italy.

The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres, situated 80 kilometers southwest of Paris, is a prime example of French High Gothic architecture. Erected between 1193 and 1250, it is one of several cathedrals on the site since the 4th century. Noteworthy for its remarkable preservation, the cathedral features original stained glass windows and minimal architectural changes since the early 13th century. Its exterior boasts flying buttresses enhancing window size, and iconic spires, including a 105-meter pyramid from the 1140s and a 113-meter Flamboyant spire from the early 16th century. Adorned with sculpted figures, the three façades depict theological themes. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the cathedral remains a significant pilgrimage and tourist destination.

Built between 421 and 406 BC, the Erechtheion in Athens, possibly designed by Mnesicles, was dedicated to the hero Erichthonius. Employing Phidias as the sculptor and mason, Pericles commissioned both the Erechtheion and the Parthenon. Some speculate it honored King Erechtheus or replaced the Peisistratid temple destroyed by Persians in 480 BC. The complex design, addressing multiple sacred precincts, features up to four compartments with an Ionic portico on the east. Constructed on a slope with detailed marble ornamentation, the temple is renowned for the "Porch of the Maidens," showcasing six caryatids as supporting columns. Reduced in size during the Peloponnesian War, it remains an architectural marvel.

An atrium house is a type of Roman house that features a central patio called an atrium. This design was common in ancient Roman architecture and was used to provide natural light and ventilation to the interior of the house. The atrium was surrounded by rooms and often had a water feature, such as a pool or fountain, in the center. The term "villa" refers to a country house or estate, while "domus" is a more general term for a Roman house. "Thalamus" is not a term commonly associated with Roman architecture.

Juan Arellano is the correct answer for the architect of the Rizal Memorial Stadium. Juan Arellano was a renowned Filipino architect who made significant contributions to the field of architecture in the Philippines. He designed various iconic structures, including the Rizal Memorial Stadium, which is a national sports complex located in Manila. Juan Arellano's architectural style was characterized by a blend of modernist principles and traditional Filipino design elements, making him a prominent figure in Philippine architecture.

George Ramos is the correct answer because he is known as the architect of the Philippine Heart Center. He is credited with designing and overseeing the construction of the facility, which is a renowned medical institution in the Philippines. Felipe Mendoza, Gabriel Formoso, and Leandro Locsin are not associated with being the architect of the Philippine Heart Center.

The space between the colonnade and the naos wall in a Greek temple is called the pteroma. The pteroma is an open area or walkway that surrounds the naos, which is the main chamber or cella of the temple. It provides a transition between the exterior colonnade and the interior sacred space, creating a visual and physical separation between the two. The pteroma also serves as a buffer zone, allowing for movement and circulation around the temple.

The word "kindred" suggests that the correct answer should be a type or category that is similar or related to the theater. Out of the given options, "Odeion" is the only one that fits this description. Odeion is a type of ancient Greek theater or concert hall, typically used for musical performances. Therefore, it is the most appropriate choice among the given options.

Anthemius and Isidorus were the architects of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. They were commissioned by Emperor Justinian I to design and construct the church, which was completed in 537 AD. The Hagia Sophia is renowned for its innovative architectural design, including its massive dome and intricate mosaics. Anthemius and Isidorus successfully combined elements of Roman and Byzantine architecture to create a grand and awe-inspiring structure that has stood the test of time.

Pyramids have square plans, while plans of ziggurats are rectangular. This means that the base of a pyramid is in the shape of a square, while the base of a ziggurat is in the shape of a rectangle. This is a distinguishing feature between the two structures.

Mudejar is the correct answer because it refers to the architectural style that emerged in Spain during the 12th-16th centuries, which combined elements of Christian, Spanish, and Muslim influences. This style was developed by Muslim craftsmen who continued to work in Christian territories after the Reconquista, resulting in a unique blend of architectural features. The term "Mudejar" is used to describe this distinct architectural style that showcases the cultural and artistic exchange between different religious and ethnic groups during that time period.

The Prytaneion was a public building in Ancient Greek city-states that served as the town hall, the community hearth, and palace for the chief magistrate. As well, the Prytaneion would also be used for public functions and hospitality for important citizens, dignitaries, and visitors.

Hennevique is the correct answer because he is credited with inventing reinforced concrete in France. Erich Mendelsohn, Le Corbusier, and Mies van de Rohe are all influential architects, but they did not invent reinforced concrete.

Completed in 1929 and later redesigned in 1945, the Dymaxion, a creation of Buckminster Fuller, aimed to mass-produce houses and bathrooms. The initial design, inspired by a grain bin, evolved during World War II when the U.S. Army commissioned units for the Persian Gulf. Robert A. Heinlein ordered one for Los Angeles in 1945, but the request went unfulfilled. The Dymaxion house featured a central stainless-steel strut supporting structures resembling bicycle-wheel spokes, with wedge-shaped aluminum fans forming the roof, ceiling, and floor. It introduced the concept of autonomous buildings, designed for storm-prone regions worldwide. Its innovative features included a packaging toilet, water storage, and a convection-driven ventilator to reduce water usage.

Callimachus is the correct answer because he is known for conceptualizing the Corinthian capital, which is a decorative element used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The Corinthian capital is characterized by intricate acanthus leaves and scrolls, and Callimachus is credited with its design. Phidias is a renowned ancient Greek sculptor, Ptolemy III was a ruler of Egypt, and Bernini was an Italian sculptor and architect, none of whom are associated with the conceptualization of the Corinthian capital.

The Apodyteria was the main entry to the public baths and had a large changing or dressing room with shelves or cubicles to hold people's belongings while they were in the baths.

The correct answer is "Centralized." This type of plan refers to the layout of Byzantine churches where the main space is typically circular or octagonal with a central dome. This design creates a sense of unity and emphasizes the central focus of worship. The centralized plan is often associated with Byzantine architecture and can be seen in famous structures like the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul.

The correct answer is Sudatorium. In the Thermae, the sudatorium is the dry or sweating room. This room is designed to induce sweating and promote relaxation. It is typically heated and may have benches or seating for individuals to rest on while they sweat. The sudatorium is an important part of the bathing experience in the Thermae, as it helps to cleanse the body and promote overall well-being.

The correct answer is "Domus." In ancient Rome, a domus referred to a private house or residence. It was typically owned by the wealthy and consisted of multiple rooms, courtyards, and often had a central atrium. The domus was a symbol of social status and was designed to showcase the owner's wealth and power. It was a place for the family to live, entertain guests, and conduct business. The term "domus" is derived from the Latin word for "home" or "house."

Walter Gropius is the correct answer because he was an architect who believed in the integration of art and architecture. He founded the Bauhaus school, which aimed to unite all forms of art and design to create a new, modern architecture. Gropius believed that architecture should not be divided into separate monumental and decorative elements but rather should be a composite and inseparable work of art. 

A space frame construction system permits great spans of infinite variety of shapes of concrete, or steel combined with glass or plastic. This system consists of a three-dimensional framework of interconnected beams or trusses that provides structural support and allows for flexibility in design. The use of space frames allows for the creation of large, open spaces without the need for intermediate columns or supports, making it ideal for structures such as airports, stadiums, and exhibition halls.

Juan Nakpil is the correct answer because he is known as the designer of the Bonifacio Monument. He was a prominent Filipino architect and engineer who played a significant role in shaping the architectural landscape of the Philippines. Nakpil's design for the Bonifacio Monument, located in Caloocan City, is considered one of his most notable works. The monument serves as a tribute to Andres Bonifacio, a key figure in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonization. Nakpil's design incorporates elements of neoclassical and art deco styles, showcasing his talent and contribution to Filipino architecture.

Iñigo Jones is the correct answer because he was a prominent figure in bringing the Italian Renaissance style to England. He was an English architect who studied and incorporated classical architecture from Italy into his designs. His work had a significant influence on the development of English architecture and he is considered one of the pioneers of the English Palladian style. Christopher Wren, John Vanbrugh, and William Chambers were also notable architects, but they did not have the same level of association with the Italian Renaissance style as Iñigo Jones.

Opus Tesselatum refers to the technique of creating mosaic patterns using small marble pieces on the ceilings of vaults and domes. This technique involves arranging the marble pieces in a tessellated pattern, where they fit together perfectly without any gaps. Opus Mixtum, Opus Recticulatum, and Opus Quadratum are also techniques used in ancient Roman architecture, but they do not specifically refer to the use of marble mosaics on ceilings. Therefore, Opus Tesselatum is the correct answer.

Opus recticulatum is a type of Roman wall facing that has a net-like effect. This technique involves using small rectangular bricks or stones arranged in a diagonal pattern, creating a grid-like appearance. The bricks or stones are placed at an angle to each other, forming diamond-shaped voids in between. This method was commonly used in Roman architecture, particularly during the late Republic and early Imperial periods. Opus recticulatum was often used in combination with other wall facing techniques, such as opus mixtum, to create decorative and visually appealing surfaces.

Opus Quadratum refers to a type of Roman wall facing that consists of rectangular blocks with or without mortar joints. This technique was commonly used in ancient Roman architecture to create sturdy and visually appealing walls. The rectangular blocks were carefully cut and fitted together to form a solid and durable structure. Opus Quadratum is distinct from other types of Roman wall facings, such as Opus Tesselatum (mosaic work), Opus Mixtum (a combination of different types of facing), and Opus Recticulatum (a net-like pattern of facing).

A Prytaneion (Πρυτανεῖον) was seat of the Prytaneis (executive), and so the seat of government in ancient Greece. The term is used to describe any of a range of ancient structures where officials met (normally relating to the government of a city) but the term is also used to refer to the building where the officials and winners of the Olympic games met at Olympia. The Prytaneion normally stood in centre of the city, in the agora. The building contained the holy fire of Hestia, the goddess of the hearth, and symbol of the life of the city.

The correct answer is Temenos. In ancient Greek cities, the highest part of the city often contained a sacred enclosure known as a temenos. This area was dedicated to a specific deity or deities and was considered holy and separate from the rest of the city. It often contained temples, altars, and other religious structures, and was a place for worship and religious ceremonies. The temenos played an important role in Greek religious and civic life, and was a central feature of many cities.

Juan Nakpil is the correct answer because he was the first president and founder of PAS (Philippine Architects Society). He was a renowned Filipino architect and a pioneer of modern Philippine architecture. Nakpil played a significant role in shaping the architectural landscape of the Philippines and his contributions to the field are widely recognized.

The term "cella" corresponds to the Greek naos, which refers to the inner chamber or sanctuary of a temple. In ancient Greek architecture, the cella was considered the most sacred part of the temple and was typically where the cult statue of the deity was housed. It was a space reserved for religious rituals and was often inaccessible to the general public. The other options listed, ambo, bema, and cancelli, do not have the same association with the Greek naos and are not directly related to the concept of a temple's inner chamber.

Constructed by Ptolemy III in 246–222 BCE, the Serapeum of Alexandria was a grand temple dedicated to Serapis, the protective deity of the city. Described as the largest and most magnificent temple in Alexandria's Greek quarter, it also housed an offshoot collection of the Library of Alexandria. The temple's location in the west of the city is now untraceable above ground. Excavations near the column of Diocletian in 1944 revealed foundation deposits, confirming Ptolemy III's role as the builder. Parmeniskos likely served as the architect. Subterranean galleries beneath the temple may have been used for the mysteries of Serapis. A diorite statue of Serapis dating to Hadrian's reign was discovered in 1895.

Phidias is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as the master sculptor of the Parthenon. He was a renowned Greek sculptor, painter, and architect who lived during the 5th century BC. Phidias was commissioned by Pericles to oversee the construction and decoration of the Parthenon in Athens, which is considered one of the greatest achievements of Greek art. His work on the Parthenon included sculpting the famous statue of Athena Parthenos, as well as numerous other sculptures and reliefs. Phidias' skill and craftsmanship made him a highly respected and influential figure in ancient Greek art.

The correct answer is Cancelli. In a church, the space for the clergy and choir is often separated from the body of the church by a low screen wall called cancelli. This screen wall serves as a physical barrier to separate the sacred space reserved for the clergy and choir from the rest of the church. It helps to maintain the sanctity and order within the church during religious ceremonies and services.

Jose Herrera is the correct answer because he was the first elected president of the United Architects of the Philippines (U.A.P.). The other options, Juan Nakpil, Cesar Concio, and Felipe Mendoza, are not relevant to the question and do not hold the distinction of being the first elected U.A.P. president.

An acroterion is a decorative element that is placed on top of a pedestal at the corners or peak of a roof. It can also refer to the ornament itself. This term is commonly used in architecture to describe the decorative features found on the roofs of buildings.

Welton Becket is the correct answer because he was the architect of the Manila Hilton Hotel. Becket was a prominent American architect known for his modernist designs. He was responsible for designing numerous iconic buildings, including the Capitol Records Building in Los Angeles and the Cinerama Dome. His expertise and innovative approach to architecture make him a suitable choice for being the architect of the Manila Hilton Hotel.

Insulae is the correct answer because it refers to Roman apartment blocks. Insulae were multi-story buildings that housed multiple families and were typically made of brick or concrete. They were a common form of housing in ancient Rome, especially for the lower classes. The term "insulae" literally means "islands" in Latin, which reflects the fact that these buildings were often densely packed together, resembling islands in a sea of buildings.

A functional interrelationship diagram is a tool in architecture that helps organize space or spatial composition based on function. It allows architects to understand and visualize how different spaces within a building or structure relate to each other and how they can be arranged to optimize functionality. This diagram helps in creating efficient and effective spatial layouts that meet the specific needs and requirements of the users.

The correct answer is Egyptian. The clerestory, which is a row of windows or openings located high on a wall, allowing light to enter a building, was first introduced in Egyptian architecture. This architectural feature can be seen in many ancient Egyptian structures, such as temples and tombs. The use of clerestory windows in Egyptian architecture not only provided natural light but also created a sense of grandeur and height in the buildings.

Exaggerated elements in architecture refer to the use of oversized or exaggerated features in a structure, such as large columns, arches, or decorative elements. This approach focuses on creating a visually striking and dramatic effect, often disregarding practicality or efficiency. While it may not necessarily use the least amount of material or focus solely on novelty of form, the emphasis on exaggerated elements sets it apart as a description of formal or sculptured structure.

On either side of the choir, pulpits for the reading of the epistle and the gospel are called ambo. An ambo is a raised platform or lectern in a church where the readings from the Bible are proclaimed during the liturgy. It is typically located on either side of the choir or sanctuary and is used by the clergy or other designated individuals to deliver these readings to the congregation. The term "ambo" is derived from the Greek word "ambon" meaning "elevated" or "raised," reflecting its elevated position in the church.

The raised part of the sanctuary in some churches that later developed into the transept is called the Bema.

Opus Incertum is a type of Roman wall facing made of small stones that are laid in a loose pattern resembling polygonal work. This technique was commonly used in Roman architecture to create a rustic and irregular appearance. Opus Mixtum refers to a combination of different construction techniques, Opus Recticulatum refers to a pattern of rectangular tiles, and Opus Tesselatum refers to a pattern of small square tiles. Therefore, Opus Incertum is the correct answer as it specifically describes the type of wall facing mentioned in the question.

The orientation of the Medieval Church was towards the West. This is because churches were traditionally built with the altar at the eastern end and the entrance at the western end. This orientation symbolized the journey of the sun, which rises in the east and sets in the west, representing the journey of Christ from birth to death. Additionally, it also allowed the congregation to face east, towards Jerusalem, during prayer and worship. The west-facing entrance also served as a reminder of the second coming of Christ, as it was believed that he would return from the east.

The warm room in the Thermae is called the tepidarium. This room is designed to provide a comfortable and relaxing environment with a moderate temperature. It serves as a transition space between the cooler rooms and the hotter rooms in the Thermae. The tepidarium is often equipped with heated floors or benches to further enhance the warmth and relaxation for the visitors.