Distributed System Quiz

A distributed system refers to a network of independent computers that are connected together and have software that enables them to function as a unified computing system. This definition accurately describes the characteristics of a distributed system, making the statement true.

The correct answer is that all of the characteristics mentioned in the question are acceptable answers. A distributed system is a network of computers that work together to achieve a common goal. Resource sharing allows multiple users to access and utilize shared resources. Heterogeneity refers to the different types of hardware and software used in the system. Openness means that the system can be extended and interact with other systems. Security ensures that the system is protected from unauthorized access and attacks. Scalability allows the system to handle an increasing number of users and resources. Fault handling deals with the ability of the system to recover from failures. Concurrency refers to the ability to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. Transparency ensures that the system appears as a single cohesive unit to users.

The explanation for the given correct answer, which is True, is that the peer processes model is indeed a distributed application based on peer processes. In this model, processes interact cooperatively as equals to perform a task, often in the context of group communication. This model is used when the nature of the application requires such collaboration among processes. Therefore, the statement is true.

The given statement is true. Distribution involves dividing a component into smaller parts and spreading them across the system. The Internet Domain Name System (DNS) is a good example of distribution as it consists of multiple servers located in different parts of the world that work together to translate domain names into IP addresses. This decentralized approach allows for better performance, redundancy, and scalability.

Scalability refers to the ability of a network to handle increasing amounts of data and traffic. It is true that scalability can create problems in a network, as the network may become overwhelmed and unable to handle the increased load. To solve this problem, there are three techniques for scaling: hiding communication latencies, distribution, and replication. These techniques help to improve the performance and capacity of the network, allowing it to handle larger amounts of data and traffic effectively.

In a distributed system, multiple autonomous computers are present but they are hidden from the users, making it appear as a single computer to them. This means that the users are not aware of the multiple computers and interact with the system as if it is a single entity. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately describes the key difference between the two systems.

In the context of client-server architecture, a server is a computer program running to serve the requests of other programs, the "clients". Thus, the "server" performs some computational task on behalf of "clients". The clients either run on the same computer or connect through the network. In most common use, a server (also called a host) is a physical computer (a hardware system) dedicated to running one or more such services (as a host), to serve the needs of users of the other computers on the network. Depending on the computing service that it offers it could be a database server, file server, mail server, print server, web server, or other.

There is one serious drawback to caching and replication that may adversely affect scalability. Because we now have multiple copies of a resource, modifying one copy makes that copy different from the others. Consequently, caching and replication leads to consistency problems. To what extent inconsistencies can be tolerated depends highly on the usage of a resource.

Networks can be classified into three geographical scopes. This means that networks can be categorized based on their coverage area. The three scopes are local area network (LAN), which covers a small area such as a home or office building; metropolitan area network (MAN), which covers a larger area such as a city or town; and wide area network (WAN), which covers a wide geographical area such as multiple cities or countries.

Within the IEEE specification, the Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) provides a method to control the bundling of several physical ports together to form a single logical channel. LACP allows a network device to negotiate an automatic bundling of links by sending LACP packets to the peer (a directly connected device that also implements LACP).

For a network, users must explicitly log on to a machine, explicitly know what the machine can do, explicitly submit data to the correct location, and explicitly tell the machine how to return their results (e.g., give their own logical addresses to the machine). A distributed system is built on top of a network.

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The LAN network is a local area network that is designed to cover a small geographical area, such as a home, office, or building. The distance between the systems in a LAN network can vary depending on the type of network technology being used. Ethernet, which is the most common technology used in LAN networks, has a maximum distance of 100 meters. However, there are other technologies such as fiber optic cables or wireless connections that can extend the distance up to 1 kilometer or even more. Therefore, all of the given answers are acceptable as the distance between the systems in a LAN network can vary depending on the technology being used.

The correct combination for the requirements in the design of a distributed system includes network performance, quality of service (QoS), caching and replication, and dependability issues. These requirements are essential for ensuring that the system operates efficiently, provides reliable and consistent service, and can handle potential failures or disruptions. Network performance ensures that the system can handle the required workload and data transfer efficiently. Quality of service (QoS) ensures that the system meets the expected performance and reliability standards. Caching and replication help improve system performance and availability by reducing latency and ensuring data redundancy. Dependability issues address the system's ability to handle faults, failures, and ensure continuous operation.

In LAN, waiting time is only few hundred microseconds. But in Wide Area Network (WAN), the waiting time may be hundreds of milliseconds.

Packet switching is when a message or data is broken into packets and are routed independently. It also has better network utilization. Meanwhile circuit switching is a dedicated path between a source and a destination e.g., telephone connection. It wastes bandwidth.

The TCP/IP reference model consists of four layers: the host-to-network layer, the network or IP (Internet Protocol) layer, the transport or TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) layer, and the application layer. Each layer has its own specific functions and responsibilities in the communication process. The host-to-network layer is responsible for the physical transmission of data between the host and the network. The network or IP layer handles the routing of data packets across different networks using IP addresses. The transport or TCP layer ensures reliable delivery of data between hosts using TCP. Finally, the application layer provides services and protocols for specific applications to communicate over the network.

The given correct answer is 10 km. This suggests that for a MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), the distance between systems can go up to a maximum of 10 km. This indicates that the network is designed to cover a relatively smaller geographic area compared to a WAN (Wide Area Network), which can span across larger distances.

Intranet and Mobile system are both examples of distributed systems. An intranet is a private network that is used within an organization and is spread across multiple locations. It allows for the sharing of information and resources among employees. A mobile system refers to a network of mobile devices that communicate with each other and share resources. Therefore, the correct answer is CyberCafe, as it is not a type of distributed system but rather a public place where individuals can access the internet using computers or mobile devices.

The above advantage best describes the category of "Inherent distribution" because it mentions the need for spatially separated machines and the requirement to update information from multiple locations. This indicates that the application naturally requires a distributed system to handle the distribution of data and tasks across different machines or locations.

Concurrency is one of the intrinsic characteristics of distributed systems. There are two reasons for parallel executions to occur: 1. Many users simultaneously invoke commands or interact with (the same) application programs. 2. Many server processes run concurrently, each corresponding to a single request from a client process.