Unit 8 Exam Review

During the Industrial Revolution, child labor was prevalent because children were cheaper to hire. Due to the rapid growth of the industry, there was a high demand for labor, and children were seen as a cost-effective solution. Women were indeed allowed to work, but this does not directly explain the practice of child labor. Children were not only used to deliver goods, but they were also employed in factories for various tasks, including assembly. The statement that all men were working on farms does not provide a logical explanation for child labor.

The given passage from the Parliamentary Inquiry in 1838 describes the means that were taken to keep children working in factories. These means included tapping them over the head, nipping them over the nose, giving them a pinch of snuff, throwing water in their faces, pulling them off where they were, and jobbing them about. This suggests that the children were being physically mistreated and subjected to harsh conditions in order to keep them awake and working. The reason for allowing such child labor conditions to exist in the 1800s was that children were a cheap supply of labor.

India was known as the "Jewel in the Crown" of the British Empire because it was the most valuable and important colony for the British. India was a major source of wealth and resources for the British Empire, particularly in terms of its vast population, natural resources, and strategic location. The British established control over India in the 18th century and exploited its resources for their own economic gain. India's importance to the British Empire was reflected in the phrase "Jewel in the Crown," which symbolized its significance and value.

Robert Boyle is known for his significant contributions to the field of chemistry, just as Isaac Newton is known for his contributions to physics. Boyle's work in chemistry, particularly his experiments on the properties of gases and his formulation of Boyle's Law, laid the foundation for the modern understanding of the subject. Similarly, Newton's groundbreaking theories in physics, such as his laws of motion and theory of universal gravitation, revolutionized the field. Therefore, the analogy between Robert Boyle and chemistry and Isaac Newton and physics is appropriate.

Robert Owens is known for his advocacy of socialism, while Karl Marx is known for his advocacy of communism. Both socialism and communism are socio-economic ideologies that aim to create a more equal society by eliminating class divisions and private ownership of the means of production. Therefore, the correct answer is "socialism and communism."

Adam Smith is associated with capitalism and market economy, while Karl Marx is associated with communism. Both Smith and Marx were influential economists who provided theories and analysis on different economic systems. Smith's ideas centered around the benefits of free markets and capitalism, emphasizing the importance of self-interest and competition. On the other hand, Marx critiqued capitalism and advocated for a communist society where the means of production are owned collectively and wealth is distributed equally. Therefore, the correct answer is capitalism and communism.

Great Britain's rapid industrialization was aided by its geography because it had access to abundant natural resources such as coal and iron, which were essential for industrial production. Additionally, the presence of rivers allowed for easy transportation of goods and the availability of ports facilitated trade and communication with other countries. This combination of resources and infrastructure provided Great Britain with a competitive advantage and contributed to its successful industrialization.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, both Christianity and Islam actively worked to convert traditional Africans. These two religions sent missionaries and established religious institutions in Africa, aiming to spread their beliefs and gain new followers. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa during this period had a significant impact on the African societies, leading to cultural and religious transformations.

The Industrial Revolution created a need for raw materials to fuel the growing industries in Europe. As a result, European powers sought to colonize Africa and Asia to secure access to these resources. This colonization allowed them to exploit the natural resources of these regions and establish control over trade routes, leading to economic and political dominance. The colonization of Africa and Asia was driven by the demand for raw materials and the desire for economic expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

China is described as an example of a "sphere of influence" by western nations, where European and American economies have benefited from trade without the need to occupy the country. This suggests that China was not directly occupied by European powers, but rather had its economy influenced and controlled by them. This statement implies that China was subjected to economic exploitation by Western nations without being fully occupied or colonized.

During the Imperialistic Era, England (Great Britain) expanded its influence and control beyond Europe and colonized various regions in Africa, Asia, and Australia. This expansion of the British Empire into these continents is well-documented and marked a significant period of colonialism and imperialism in history.

The British were able to control their vast empire in the 18th and 19th centuries due to their naval power. The British Navy was the strongest in the world during this time, allowing them to establish and maintain control over their colonies and trade routes. The navy provided the British with the ability to project their military force across the globe, protect their interests, and enforce their policies. It also enabled them to transport troops, supplies, and resources efficiently, giving them a significant advantage in their imperial endeavors.

An autobiography of a worker would provide primary source information on child labor in Great Britain in the 1800s. This is because an autobiography is a firsthand account written by someone who experienced the events themselves. In the context of child labor, an autobiography of a worker would offer personal insights, experiences, and observations, providing a direct and authentic perspective on the topic.

Secularism is the belief that the well-being of mankind should predominate over religious considerations in civil and public affairs. It advocates for the separation of religion and state, ensuring that religious beliefs do not interfere with the functioning of government and public institutions. This allows for a more inclusive and diverse society, where individuals of different religious backgrounds can coexist peacefully and where decisions are made based on rationality and the common good rather than religious dogma.

During the Era of Economic Progress, women faced discrimination in factories, which led them to demand changes and actively participate in labor reform. They fought for better working conditions, fair wages, and improved rights for workers. Women played a crucial role in advocating for labor reform, highlighting the need for equal treatment and fair opportunities in the workplace. Their efforts contributed to significant changes in labor laws and policies, ultimately improving the working conditions for all workers, regardless of gender.

The Industrial Revolution had several long-term effects on society, including increased worldwide power for industrialized nations, greater government involvement in protecting the needs of producers, consumers, and workers, and improved access to public parks, transportation, and education. However, one long-term effect that did not occur was children becoming a permanent part of the workforce. While child labor was prevalent during the Industrial Revolution, efforts were eventually made to restrict and regulate child labor, leading to its decline in many industrialized nations.

In the 1870s, China was experiencing a significant decline in dynastic rule. The Qing dynasty, which had been in power for centuries, was facing numerous challenges and internal conflicts that weakened its authority and control over the country. This period marked the beginning of a shift towards new ideologies and movements, such as nationalism and communism, which further undermined the traditional dynastic rule in China.

In the Communist Manifesto, the social class that was downtrodden by capitalism was the workers. The manifesto argues that capitalism exploits the working class by extracting surplus value from their labor, leading to inequality and alienation. The workers are portrayed as oppressed and marginalized, with their labor being controlled and exploited by the capitalist class. The manifesto calls for the workers to unite and overthrow the capitalist system in order to establish a classless society.

During British Imperialism, one positive effect on India was the introduction of unified weights, measurements, and currency. This brought standardization and facilitated trade and commerce within the country. It helped in creating a more efficient and organized economic system, making it easier for businesses and individuals to conduct transactions and compare prices. Additionally, it promoted unity and cohesion among the different regions of India by establishing a common system of measurement and currency.

The main effect of the Industrial Revolution on Great Britain (England) was the rise of a powerful middle class. This occurred as a result of the shift from an agrarian society to an industrial one, with the emergence of factories and the growth of urban areas. The middle class, consisting of industrialists, entrepreneurs, and professionals, gained wealth and influence during this period, leading to social and political changes in the country.

Scientific discoveries and technological innovations have a significant impact on social and cultural life in various ways. Dominant nations transmitting their culture to others, the development of new forms of transportation and communication, and medical research enabling longer life spans are all examples of how these advancements affect society. However, less social mobility occurring in society is not directly related to scientific discoveries and technological innovations. Social mobility refers to the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder, and it is influenced by various factors such as education, economic opportunities, and social policies.

The phrase "European oppression" in the quotation refers to imperialism. This is because imperialism refers to the policy or practice of extending a nation's power and influence through colonization, economic domination, or political control over other territories. In this context, it suggests that the peoples of Asia have hoped to shake off the dominance and control of European powers, indicating a desire for independence from European imperialism.

During the era of Imperialism, European countries partitioned the continent of Africa. They held a meeting called the "Conference of Berlin" to peacefully divide Africa among themselves. This conference aimed to avoid conflicts and establish equitable divisions of African territories among European powers. Through this process, Africa was divided into various colonies and territories, which had significant impacts on the continent's history, culture, and development.

The "Economic Progress Era" refers to a period of time characterized by advancements in economic development and growth. Nationalism, imperialism, and the industrial revolution are all factors that contributed to this era by promoting economic expansion, trade, and technological advancements. However, political revolution does not directly align with economic progress as it typically involves upheaval, instability, and changes in governance, which can disrupt economic activities. Therefore, political revolution is not considered a part of the "Economic Progress Era."

The lasting effect of European colonization of Africa is a continuation of regional conflicts. European powers drew arbitrary borders and boundaries without considering the existing ethnic, cultural, and tribal divisions, leading to ongoing conflicts between different groups within African countries. These conflicts have persisted even after decolonization, as the legacy of colonialism left behind deep-seated tensions and power struggles that continue to fuel regional conflicts in Africa.

The given reading expresses the bias of Karl Marx. This is evident from the mention of the development of Modern Industry and the bourgeoisie producing its own grave-diggers. These ideas align with Marx's theory of capitalism, where he believed that the bourgeoisie, or the capitalist class, would eventually be overthrown by the proletariat, or the working class. Marx's writings focused on the social and economic inequalities created by capitalism and advocated for a socialist revolution.

The Pacific Islands were important to European powers in the "Economic Progress Era" because of their strategic location on trade routes. These islands served as crucial stopping points for ships traveling between Europe, Asia, and the Americas. They provided a convenient place for ships to restock on supplies, repair their vessels, and trade goods. The Pacific Islands' location allowed European powers to establish control over these trade routes, enabling them to expand their economic influence and increase their wealth through trade with other regions.