Quiz On Urinary System
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- 1.
The functional unit in the kidney is the _____
- A.
Nephron
- B.
Renal pyramids
- C.
Parenchyma
- D.
Medulla
Correct Answer
A. NepHronExplanation
The functional unit in the kidney is the nephron. The nephron is responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. It consists of a glomerulus, which filters waste products and excess water from the blood, and a tubule, which reabsorbs necessary substances back into the bloodstream and excretes the remaining waste as urine. The nephron plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and regulating the concentration of ions in the blood.Rate this question:
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- 2.
Nerve supply to the kidney is from (Select 2)
- A.
Parasympathetic division of ANS
- B.
Sympathetic division of ANS
- C.
Renal plexus
- D.
Enteric nervous system
Correct Answer(s)
B. Sympathetic division of ANS
C. Renal plexusExplanation
The nerve supply to the kidney is primarily from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the renal plexus. The sympathetic nerves regulate the blood flow to the kidneys and control the release of renin, which is important for blood pressure regulation. The renal plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the kidneys and is involved in controlling renal blood flow and urine production. The parasympathetic division of the ANS and the enteric nervous system do not play a significant role in the nerve supply to the kidneys.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Vaso______ (dilation/constriction) of the afferent ________ (glomerular/peritublar/vasa recta) arterioles causes a decrease in GFR
- A.
Constriction
- B.
Peritubular
- C.
Glomerular
- D.
Dilation
- E.
Vasa Recta
Correct Answer(s)
A. Constriction
C. GlomerularExplanation
Filtration of blood occurs at the glomerular capillaries (this is basically where blood begins the renal filtration process). Constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases the amount of blood passing through the renal corpuscle and so the filtration rate decreases.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A juxtamedullary nephron's loop of Henle descends deeper into the medulla of the kidney when compared to a cortical nephron
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Juxtamedullary nephrons have a longer loop of Henle that extends deeper into the medulla of the kidney compared to cortical nephrons. This anatomical difference allows for a greater concentration gradient to be established in the medulla, which is important for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine.Rate this question:
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- 5.
ADH will most likely act on cells in which area of the nephron?
- A.
Proximal convoluted tubule
- B.
Vasa Recta
- C.
Distal Convoluted tubule
- D.
Glomerulus
Correct Answer
C. Distal Convoluted tubuleExplanation
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts on cells in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume or high blood osmolarity. ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to conserve water and concentrate urine.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Which of the following would increase glomerular filtration (select 2)
- A.
Increase thickness of filtration membrane
- B.
Decrease thickness of filtration membrane
- C.
Increased surface area of glomerular capillaries
- D.
Decreased surface area of glomerular capillaries
Correct Answer(s)
B. Decrease thickness of filtration membrane
C. Increased surface area of glomerular capillariesExplanation
A decrease in the thickness of the filtration membrane would increase glomerular filtration because a thinner membrane would allow for easier passage of substances through it. This would result in an increase in the filtration rate. Additionally, an increased surface area of glomerular capillaries would also increase glomerular filtration as there would be more area available for filtration to occur. This would allow for a greater volume of filtrate to be produced.Rate this question:
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- 7.
If the Capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP) increased while both GBHP and BCOP remained constant, what would you expect to happen to the GFR?
- A.
It would cause more fluid to enter the Bowman's capsule
- B.
GFR remain constant
- C.
GFR would increase
- D.
GFR would decrease
Correct Answer
D. GFR would decreaseExplanation
CHP is a pressure acting to push fluid back into the glomerular capillaries. If this pressure increases, less fluid will enter the bowman's capsule (decreased GFR)Rate this question:
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- 8.
How would Myogenic autoregulation control of the GFR react to an increase in blood pressure?
- A.
Smooth muscle would relax
- B.
Myogenic autoregulation doesn't occur in the kidneys
- C.
Vasoconstriction
- D.
Vasodilation
Correct Answer
C. VasoconstrictionExplanation
An increase in BP would cause the smooth muscle to be stretched causing the smooth muscle to counteract this stretch by constricting. This causes less blood to flow through the system and maintain a constant GFRRate this question:
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- 9.
Which hormone's release is directly triggered by stretching of the atria
- A.
Renin
- B.
Angiotensin 2
- C.
ADH
- D.
ANP
Correct Answer
D. ANPExplanation
Slide 40Rate this question:
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- 10.
The majority of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed at which level of the nephron?
- A.
Distal convoluted tubule
- B.
Proximal convoluted tubule
- C.
Ascending loop of Henle
- D.
Descending loop of Henle
Correct Answer
B. Proximal convoluted tubuleExplanation
The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing the majority of the glomerular filtrate. This is because it is located closest to the glomerulus and has a highly specialized structure that allows for efficient reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients back into the bloodstream. The proximal convoluted tubule has a large surface area due to its convoluted shape and the presence of microvilli, which increases the absorption capacity. Additionally, it is lined with transport proteins that actively transport substances from the tubule into the bloodstream, ensuring efficient reabsorption.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The filtered load for glucose is 180g/day. Your patient comes in and their urine shows a filtered load of 150g/day. What process has occurred in the kidneys?
- A.
Net Tubular secretion
- B.
Net Tubular reabsorption
- C.
None of the options
- D.
Both of the options
Correct Answer
B. Net Tubular reabsorptionExplanation
The correct answer is Net Tubular reabsorption. This is because the filtered load for glucose is 180g/day, but the patient's urine shows a filtered load of only 150g/day. This means that some of the filtered glucose has been reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by the renal tubules, resulting in a lower amount in the urine.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Transcellular reabsorption occurs through passive processes.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
Active transport. Slide 46Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which of the following contribute to the diffusion of sodium from the fluid in the lumen to the peritubular capillary (select 2)
- A.
Low capillary hydrostatic pressure
- B.
High capillary osmotic pressure
- C.
Na/K pump on tubule cell basolateral membrane
- D.
High capillary hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer(s)
A. Low capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. High capillary osmotic pressureExplanation
Diffusion is passive and so it isn't the Na/K pump (which is active). Low capillary hydrostatic pressure is correct because it means there is a decreased outward force from the capillary. High capillary osmotic pressure is correct because it draws water into the capillary. Sodium and other cations follow by diffusionRate this question:
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- 14.
Which of the following is an obligatory control of water reabsorption? (Select 2)
- A.
Water reabsorption occurring due to the reabsorption of solutes (water following solutes)
- B.
Water reabsorption occurring due to the insertion of aquaporings (water flowing independent of solutes)
- C.
Water reabsorption occurring due to an increased sodium reabsorption
- D.
Water reabsorption due to ADH action
Correct Answer(s)
A. Water reabsorption occurring due to the reabsorption of solutes (water following solutes)
C. Water reabsorption occurring due to an increased sodium reabsorptionExplanation
ADH effects are by inserting aquaporins to directly allow water to exit the nephron. It is facultative.Rate this question:
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- 15.
If the carriers for glucose in the renal tubule are saturated, which of the following is true? (Select 2)
- A.
Excess glucose will be reabsorbed
- B.
Excess glucose will be secreted
- C.
This reflects the transport maximum for glucose
- D.
This will occur at ~100mg/ml for glucose
Correct Answer(s)
B. Excess glucose will be secreted
C. This reflects the transport maximum for glucoseExplanation
Slide 51 & 52. Glucose transport maximum is about 200 mg/ml.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following is correct regarding an increase in aldosterone?
- A.
It promotes the synthesis of more basolateral Na/K pumps in principle cells
- B.
It will generally decrease BP
- C.
It will decrease the synthesis of luminal Na and K channels in principle cells
- D.
It will generally decrease the reabsorption of sodium
- E.
It increases K reabsorption
Correct Answer
A. It promotes the synthesis of more basolateral Na/K pumps in principle cellsExplanation
Increases reabsorption of Na. Increases BP. Increases both luminal channels (passive) and basolateral pumps (active). Increase potassium secretionRate this question:
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- 17.
Protons secreted by intercalated cells are buffered in the ______ (capillary/tubule lumen) by ______ (Ammonia/Ammonium) and ______ (HPO4/Calcium)
- A.
Tubule Lumen, Ammonia, HPO4
- B.
Capillary, Ammonia, HPO4
- C.
Tubule Lumen, Ammonium, HP04
- D.
Tubule Lumen, Ammonium, Calcium
Correct Answer
A. Tubule Lumen, Ammonia, HPO4Explanation
Protons combine with ammonia to form ammonium. So they are buffered by ammonia NOT ammonium. Dick move I know..Rate this question:
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- 18.
As blood descends deeper in the medulla, it becomes
- A.
More dilute
- B.
More concentrated
- C.
Its concentration is independent of depth
- D.
It depends on whether the body is in antidiuresis or diuresis
Correct Answer
B. More concentratedExplanation
As blood descends deeper in the medulla, it becomes more concentrated. This is because the medulla of the kidney is responsible for reabsorbing water from the filtrate, which results in a higher concentration of solutes in the blood. Therefore, as the blood travels deeper into the medulla, more water is reabsorbed, leading to a higher concentration of solutes in the blood. This concentration gradient is essential for the formation of concentrated urine.Rate this question:
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- 19.
The descending limb of the loop of Henle is (Select 2)
- A.
Permeable to water
- B.
Equally permeable to Sodium and Water
- C.
Impermeable to sodium
- D.
Impermeable to water
Correct Answer(s)
A. Permeable to water
C. Impermeable to sodiumExplanation
Descending limb is permeable to water (this causes water to exit the lumen and be absorbed, concentrating the tubular fluid). It is impermeable to sodium and other ions. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the opposite (Impermeable to water and permeable to ions)Rate this question:
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- 20.
During antidiuresis, which of the following would occur?
- A.
There would be a decrease in ADH secretion
- B.
There would be an increase in Aquaporin 2 channel synthesis
- C.
A more dilute urine would be formed
- D.
There would be an increase in ANP
Correct Answer
B. There would be an increase in Aquaporin 2 channel synthesisExplanation
Antidiuresis = decreased urine formation/water loss. ADH secretion would be increased in order to absorb more water. A more concentrated urine would be formed (due to increased reabsorption of water). There would be a decrease in ANP (ANP decreases blood pressure and ind increases water loss)Rate this question:
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- 21.
During alkalosis, type B intercalated cells will (select 2)
- A.
Pump HCO3 into the interstitial fluid to be collected by the capillary
- B.
Pump protons into the interstitial fluid to be collected by the capillary
- C.
Secrete HCO3 into the lumen (of nephron)
- D.
Secrete protons into the lumen (of nephron)
Correct Answer(s)
B. Pump protons into the interstitial fluid to be collected by the capillary
C. Secrete HCO3 into the lumen (of nepHron)Explanation
In her notes she says type B intercalated cells "secrete HCO3" which makes it seem like the body is gaining HCO3, but they are being secreted into the lumen of the nephron to be excreted (so the body is losing HCO3) and becoming more acidic......---- TYPE B Make the body more acidic. TYPE A make the body more basic.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Your patient comes in looking ill, taking very deep and rapid breaths, and explains they have had persistent diarrhea. What is a probable diagnosis/state of the patient? Note - the patient's bicarbonate levels are lower than normal.
- A.
Respiratory acidosis being compensated by the renal system
- B.
Metabolic acidosis being compensated by the renal system
- C.
Metabolic acidosis being compensated by the respiratory system
- D.
Metabolic alkalosis being compensated by the respiratory system
Correct Answer
C. Metabolic acidosis being compensated by the respiratory systemExplanation
The persistent diarrhea points to metabolic acidosis (excessive loss of bicarbonate ions). The deep rapid breathing is the respiratory system compensating the acidosis by decreasing the pCO2 and thereby decreasing H concentration (Increased ventilation increases pO2 and decreases pCO2..this is what the patient's body is doing).Rate this question:
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- 23.
Which of the following is true regarding excessive alcohol consumption?
- A.
It primarily causes inhibition of ADH
- B.
It primarily inhibits Na reabsorption
- C.
It promotes reabsorption of water
- D.
It will stimulate the release of renin
Correct Answer
A. It primarily causes inhibition of ADHExplanation
Alcohol increases urination so it can only be sodium reabsorption and inhibition of ADH. Na reabsorption inhibition is caused by caffeine not alcohol. Alcohol inhibits ADH leading to less reabsorption of water and therefore more dilute urine.Rate this question:
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Current Version
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Mar 22, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Oct 30, 2015Quiz Created by
Eddy Sidra
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