Whap Ch. 5-8 Review

Greek philosophy is particularly noted for its emphasis on logic and the relentless questioning of received wisdom, without giving much of a role to the gods. Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle sought to understand the world through rational inquiry and critical thinking, focusing on human reason rather than divine intervention. They challenged traditional beliefs and sought to find logical explanations for natural phenomena and human behavior. This emphasis on logic and skepticism towards traditional beliefs distinguishes Greek philosophy from other cultural traditions mentioned in the options.

Sub-Saharan Africa had the least productive agriculture due to poorer and less fertile soils caused by the rapid breakdown of humus. Humus is an essential component of soil that provides nutrients to plants. The rapid breakdown of humus in Sub-Saharan Africa's soils resulted in decreased fertility, making it difficult for agriculture to thrive in the region. This led to lower agricultural productivity compared to Europe, North America, and China, which had more fertile soils and higher agricultural yields.

The Maya achieved all of the options listed. They developed an elaborate writing system that combined pictographs and phonetic or syllabic elements, allowing them to record their history and communicate complex ideas. They also had a sophisticated mathematical system that included the concept of zero and place notation, which was a significant advancement for the time. Additionally, they created impressive public spaces, such as temples, pyramids, and palaces, showcasing their architectural and engineering skills.

Long-distance trade between 500 and 1500 C.E. had a significant impact on various aspects. Firstly, it motivated the creation of states in different regions as trade routes required political stability and control. Secondly, it affected the day-to-day working lives of many people by providing employment opportunities and influencing economic activities. Lastly, trade became the vehicle for the spread of ideas and diseases, as it facilitated cultural exchange and the transmission of goods and diseases across different regions. Therefore, all of the given options correctly explain the changes brought about by long-distance trade during this time period.

Buddhism did not develop in China during the "age of warring states". Buddhism originated in India and was introduced to China several centuries later, during the Han Dynasty. The "age of warring states" refers to a period in Chinese history before the unification of China, when different states were constantly at war with each other. During this time, Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism were the dominant philosophies that developed in China.

All of the above features of the First Civilizations may have contributed to the development of slavery. Large-scale warfare in which prisoners were taken would have provided a ready source of slaves. Patriarchal relationships between men and women may have led to the subjugation of certain groups, making them more susceptible to enslavement. Class inequalities based on great differences in privately owned property could have created a system where the wealthy elite could own slaves as a symbol of their wealth and power.

The correct answer is "None of the above" because the question states that long-distance trade in the Americas was facilitated by something, but none of the options provided (wheeled vehicles, oceangoing vessels, the isthmus of Panama) are correct facilitators of long-distance trade in the Americas. Therefore, the correct answer is that none of the options provided are correct.

Daoism and Confucianism were regarded as complementary rather than contradictory. This means that Chinese elites saw these two philosophies as harmonious and believed that they could be practiced together. They did not view them as opposing or conflicting ideologies. This understanding suggests that Daoism and Confucianism could coexist and even enhance each other's teachings, rather than being in strict opposition or despising one another.

The Upanishads are a collection of texts that aim to explore the deeper significance of the earlier Vedas. They prioritize introspection and inner reflection over external rituals. Additionally, they were a response to the discontent caused by Brahmins who had accumulated excessive wealth and privilege through their control of Vedic rituals. Therefore, all of the given statements about the Upanishads are true.

In classical civilizations, women in general experienced fewer restrictions compared to those living in pastoral societies. Public life was predominantly dominated by men, while women's roles were mostly confined to domestic settings. This suggests that women had limited opportunities for involvement in public affairs and were expected to focus on their household duties. This pattern was not limited to a specific civilization but was a general trend in classical societies.

Confucius believed in the restoration of social harmony through various means. According to his teachings, superiors should set a good moral example for their inferiors, elites should receive a broad liberal arts education to improve their morals, and superiors should cultivate benevolence or nobility of heart for a peaceful society. However, Confucius did not emphasize meditation on nature as a means to restore balance with the world. Therefore, the correct answer is that people should not meditate on nature as the key means to restore their sense of balance with the world.

During the period after the fall of the Han dynasty, Chinese women experienced increased restrictions due to the cultural influence of nomadic conquerors. However, they also benefited from the growing influence of Buddhism, which offered them an alternative to traditional family life. Some women were able to join Buddhist monasteries, providing them with opportunities for education, spiritual growth, and independence. This allowed them to escape the constraints of their societal roles and pursue a different path in life.

During most periods, the existence of a single state that unified the region was not a part of Mesoamerica's common culture. This means that Mesoamerica did not have a centralized political authority that governed the entire region throughout its history. Instead, Mesoamerica was characterized by the presence of multiple independent city-states and kingdoms that often competed with each other for power and resources.

Mesoamerica and the Andes seem to have had little direct contact with each other. This can be inferred from the fact that they had different regional economies controlled by the state and there is no mention of any significant trade or interaction between the two regions. Additionally, the statement implies that both regions grew the same crops and had the same resources, suggesting that they were self-sufficient and did not rely on each other for trade or resources. Therefore, the answer suggests that there was limited or no direct contact between Mesoamerica and the Andes.

Confucianism was primarily a philosophical movement rather than a religion focusing on the supernatural. It originated in ancient China and was based on the teachings of Confucius, who emphasized moral values, social harmony, and ethical behavior. Confucianism focused on the importance of personal and societal development, proper conduct, and the cultivation of virtues. While it did include some religious elements, such as ancestor worship, Confucianism primarily emphasized ethical teachings and practical guidance for living a virtuous life, making it more of a philosophical movement than a religion centered around the supernatural.

During the Han dynasty, Chinese state officials were selected based on their performance in examinations. This system allowed individuals from various backgrounds and regions to have the opportunity to serve in government positions based on merit rather than birth or wealth. Despite their central role in government, these officials lacked social prestige as their loyalty was primarily towards their own families and regions.

During the Roman world, slavery was a common practice and slaves constituted a significant portion of the population. It is estimated that in the Italian heartland of the empire, slaves made up around 33 to 40 percent of the population. This indicates that slavery was widespread and had a significant impact on Roman society. The other options are incorrect as they do not accurately reflect the nature of slavery in the Roman world.

The given options explain different aspects of the Indian Ocean trade during the first centuries C.E. The first option states that Indian Ocean trade increased as mariners discovered how to navigate using the monsoons. The second option mentions that Christianity spread to Kerala in southern India through the Indian Ocean trade routes. The third option states that Chinese merchants began trading directly with India. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and contribute to the understanding of the Indian Ocean trade during that time period.

China contributed to the growth of trade in the Indian Ocean between 500 and 1500 C.E. through several ways. Firstly, the Chinese state under the Tang and Song dynasties actively encouraged maritime trade, promoting the expansion of trade networks. Secondly, the invention of the magnetic compass in China greatly improved navigation, making long-distance voyages safer and more efficient. Additionally, China provided a vast and attractive market for Indian and Southeast Asian goods, stimulating trade and economic growth. However, the Chinese state under the Tang and Song dynasties did not prohibit Chinese merchants from traveling along the Silk Road, as stated in the answer. This is incorrect because the Silk Road and Indian Ocean trade routes were both important trade networks during this time period.

During its peak, the Maya civilization engaged in trade along both a seaborne network with South American Andean civilizations and a land-based network with the great city-state of Teotihuacán in central Mexico. These trade routes allowed the Maya to acquire exotic luxury goods from South America, which helped to maintain the status and power of the nobles and rulers. Additionally, the land-based trade with Teotihuacán provided the Maya with access to goods and resources from central Mexico, further enhancing their economic and cultural connections with other Mesoamerican civilizations.

Buddhism shares all the teachings mentioned in the options with Hinduism, except for the need for individuals to take responsibility for their own spiritual development. While Hinduism emphasizes the individual's responsibility in seeking spiritual growth and liberation, Buddhism focuses more on the concept of non-self and the idea that liberation can be achieved through the Eightfold Path and the guidance of a teacher or guru.

In classical India, slaves were allowed to own property and earn money in their spare time. This suggests that slavery in India was not solely based on economic dependence but also allowed some level of autonomy for slaves. Unlike in China, where criminals were enslaved, this was not the case in India. Religious writings and secular law, however, did not provide any protection for slaves, indicating that they were still considered a lower class in society.

In Sparta, women married men who were about their own age. This distinguished the experience of women in Sparta from that of women in Athens because in Athens, women typically married men who were much older than them. This age difference in marriage practices would have had an impact on the dynamics and power dynamics within the households and the overall roles and responsibilities of women in each society.

The Silk Roads were largely a "relay trade" route, in which goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route. This means that goods would be exchanged at different points along the Silk Roads, with each merchant carrying the goods to the next point before passing them on to the next merchant. This allowed for a more efficient and organized trade system, as it reduced the burden on individual merchants and allowed for goods to be transported more quickly and safely.

The widespread popularity of monotheism as a religious concept in the Roman Empire did not help early Christianity spread because Christianity was seen as a departure from traditional Roman polytheism. The Romans were tolerant of different religions as long as they did not challenge the authority of the state, so the concept of monotheism would not have made Christianity more appealing to them.

The correct answer is "were patriarchal in organization". This means that, similar to the First Civilizations, the civilizations of the classical era were organized in a patriarchal manner, where men held most of the power and authority in society. This can be seen in various classical civilizations, such as Ancient Greece and Rome, where men dominated political, social, and economic spheres, while women had limited rights and were often confined to domestic roles.

The Chinese state opposed the growth of a landlord class in control of large landed estates because wealthy landlords could raise their own military forces that might challenge the authority of the emperor. This would pose a threat to the stability and control of the state. By preventing the concentration of power in the hands of a few wealthy landlords, the government aimed to maintain its authority and ensure the overall well-being of the empire.

A long-term drought is believed to have contributed to the collapse of the Maya civilization in the ninth century C.E. This prolonged period of dryness would have had a severe impact on agriculture, which was the primary source of sustenance for the Maya people. The lack of water would have led to crop failures, food shortages, and ultimately, societal instability. This environmental stressor, combined with other factors such as political unrest and warfare, likely played a significant role in the downfall of the Maya civilization.

The correct answer is "as a number of rival independent cities". This is because the Swahili civilization was not ruled by a single powerful king, but rather consisted of various independent city-states along the East African coast. These cities were engaged in trade with each other and with other civilizations, creating a network of economic and cultural exchange. This decentralized structure made the Swahili civilization unique among the third-wave civilizations of the time.

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Daoism is the correct answer because it does not foretell a savior figure who will restore either individuals or the world itself to purity and peace. Daoism focuses on the concept of the Dao, which is the natural way of the universe, and emphasizes living in harmony with nature and finding balance within oneself. It does not involve the belief in a specific savior figure or the idea of restoring purity and peace.

The correct answer is "only the Brahmin, Kshatriya, and Vaisya were believed to be 'twice born'." This means that these three varnas were considered to have a higher spiritual status and were allowed to undergo a second birth through an initiation ceremony called Upanayana. This ceremony marked their entrance into adulthood and their eligibility to study the Vedas and perform religious rituals. The Sudras, on the other hand, were not believed to be "twice born" and were therefore excluded from these privileges.

The correct answer is the Americas after European colonization. Race played a significant role in the system of slavery in the Americas after European colonization. European colonizers brought African slaves to work on plantations and in mines, and their race was used as a justification for their enslavement. Slavery based on race became deeply ingrained in the social, economic, and legal systems of the Americas during this time period. In contrast, while slavery existed in both Han dynasty China and classical Greece and Rome, it was not primarily based on race.

The growth of democracy in classical Athens coincided with a significant increase in slavery. As the city-state embraced democratic principles, the number of slaves also rose substantially. Interestingly, when a slave was freed by their master, they would become a citizen of Athens. Despite this, slaves still constituted only a small proportion of the overall population, accounting for no more than 3 percent. It is worth noting that even the renowned Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, criticized slavery, and eventually, it was abolished throughout society.

The Sumerian civilization was indeed a civilization of the classical era. It emerged in Mesopotamia around 4500 BCE and is considered one of the earliest civilizations in history. They developed a sophisticated system of writing known as cuneiform, built monumental architecture such as ziggurats, and made significant contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and literature. Therefore, the correct answer is The Sumerian civilization.

Daoism is a cultural tradition that emphasizes the belief in an underlying and unchanging principle that governs all natural phenomena. This principle, known as the Dao, is seen as the source of all things and the ultimate reality. Daoism teaches that by aligning oneself with the Dao, individuals can achieve harmony with nature and find balance in their lives. This belief in a fundamental and unchanging principle sets Daoism apart from other cultural traditions such as Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, and Buddhism.

In the classical era, Eurasia had the highest population, followed by Africa, Central/South America, North America, and Australia/Oceania. This is supported by historical evidence of civilizations and empires in Eurasia and Africa having larger populations and more advanced societies compared to the Americas and Australia/Oceania during that time period.

The Maya were most like classical Greece in their political organization. Both civilizations had a decentralized political structure with city-states that were independent and had their own rulers. They also had a similar system of government where power was shared among a group of elite individuals rather than being concentrated in the hands of a single ruler. Additionally, both civilizations had a strong emphasis on religion and the arts, and placed a high value on intellectual pursuits.

The correct answer is The Ancestral Pueblo. The Ancestral Pueblo, also known as the Anasazi, were a Native American culture that inhabited the southwestern United States from around 200 BCE to 1300 CE. They built impressive multi-story structures, known as "great houses," that could house hundreds of people. These structures were made of stone and adobe, and often featured intricate architectural details. The Ancestral Pueblo were known for their advanced agricultural techniques and their skill in pottery-making.

The given correct answer is that only Jesus stressed love of others as a central teaching. This means that the other three statements are true. Jesus did actively engage with the supernatural, talking about God and working miracles. He was also more concerned with the poor and oppressed compared to the Buddha. Additionally, unlike Jesus, the Buddha died peacefully after a long life of public preaching.

China was unique in the ancient world because its social organization was shaped by the actions of the state. Unlike other ancient societies where social structure was defined by factors like slaveholding or caste system, China's social structure was primarily influenced by the actions and policies of the ruling state. The state played a significant role in determining the social hierarchy, regulating relationships between different classes, and promoting the values and norms of the society. This centralized control over social organization sets China apart from other ancient civilizations.

Chinese merchants were not ostracized by state officials and landlords. In fact, they had relationships with them despite the potential for profit.

The given answer suggests that in the system of jatis in India, an individual jati could improve its social standing in the local hierarchy by acquiring land or wealth. This implies that social mobility was possible within the jati system, as individuals had the opportunity to raise their status by accumulating wealth or property. This explanation highlights the dynamic nature of the jati system, where jatis could strive to improve their position in relation to other jatis through economic achievements.

During the classical era, pastoral societies were characterized by their reliance on domesticated animals for their livelihoods. The Americas did not have any pastoral societies during this time period because they did not have large domesticated animals like cattle, sheep, or goats that could support a pastoral way of life. Instead, the indigenous peoples of the Americas relied on agriculture, hunting, and gathering for their sustenance. Therefore, the absence of pastoral societies in the Americas during the classical era is due to the lack of suitable domesticated animals.

The Atlantic Ocean Roads were not an important Eurasian trade route before 1450. The other three options, the Sand Roads, the Sea Roads, and the Silk Roads, were all significant trade routes connecting different regions of Eurasia. The Sand Roads crossed the Sahara Desert, facilitating trade between North Africa and West Africa. The Sea Roads crossed the Indian Ocean, connecting East Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. The Silk Roads crossed Central Asia, linking China, the Middle East, and Europe. However, the Atlantic Ocean Roads did not play a major role in Eurasian trade before 1450.

The sudden rise of Islam in the seventh century C.E. had an impact on Indian Ocean commerce because Muslim merchants and sailors established communities of traders from East Africa to the southern China coast. This expansion of Islamic trade networks allowed for increased trade and cultural exchange across the Indian Ocean region. Muslim traders played a significant role in connecting different regions and facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies. Their establishment of trading communities helped to stimulate economic growth and fostered a cosmopolitan trading network in the Indian Ocean.

The correct answer suggests that according to Confucian sentiments, women should maintain modesty and always yield to others. This aligns with Confucian beliefs that emphasize hierarchical relationships and the importance of social harmony. Women are expected to be submissive and prioritize the needs and desires of others, particularly men. This view reflects the traditional gender roles and expectations within Confucianism, where women are expected to be obedient and fulfill their societal roles as daughters, wives, and mothers.

Buddhism is most concerned with the imperfection and impermanence of human life. The core teachings of Buddhism revolve around the concept of suffering and the impermanence of all things. Buddhists believe that life is characterized by suffering due to the imperfections and impermanence of existence. They seek to attain enlightenment and liberation from suffering by understanding and accepting the transient nature of human life. Buddhism emphasizes the importance of letting go of attachments and desires in order to find peace and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that although the position of Buddhist women was considered better than that of women in Hinduism, they were still subject to restrictions and subordination to men. This suggests that while there may have been some degree of improvement in the status of women within Buddhism compared to Hinduism, they were still not granted full equality or autonomy. This aligns with the historical context of patriarchal societies where women were often marginalized and controlled by male authority figures.

The exchange of diseases along the Silk Roads ultimately gave Western Europeans an advantage in later centuries when they confronted the peoples of the Western Hemisphere who had not been exposed to the diseases of the Silk Roads. This is because the diseases brought by Europeans had already spread and built up immunity within their own population, while the indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere had no prior exposure and were therefore more vulnerable to these diseases. This gave the Europeans a significant advantage in their conquest and colonization of the Americas.