Wilkes Pharmacy Veterinary Medicine Practice Final Exam

The correct answer is "All of the above" because all three options mentioned - daily exercise, daily grooming, and daily cleaning of hooves - are important techniques in animal husbandry when owning a horse. Daily exercise helps keep the horse physically fit and mentally stimulated, daily grooming promotes a healthy coat and skin, and daily cleaning of hooves prevents infections and other hoof-related issues. Therefore, all these techniques are necessary for the overall well-being and care of a horse.

Onions need to be avoided in dogs because they contain a substance called thiosulphate, which can cause damage to a dog's red blood cells. This can lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia, which can be life-threatening for dogs. Therefore, it is important to avoid feeding onions or any food products that contain onions to dogs to ensure their health and well-being.

The correct answer is to use a 1:32 dilution of bleach:water and wipe down all surfaces that the infected cat has come in contact with. Calicivirus is highly contagious among cats and can survive in the environment for a long time. Using bleach diluted with water is an effective way to kill the virus and prevent its spread. Lysol and Febreeze may not be effective in killing the virus. Moving into a different home or ignoring the veterinarian's diagnosis are not necessary or appropriate measures for preventing the spread of the infection.

The formal name for "Mad Cow Disease" is Bovine Spongioform Encephalopathy. This term accurately describes the disease, which is a degenerative neurological disorder that affects the brains and spinal cords of cattle. The term "spongioform" refers to the sponge-like appearance of the affected brain tissue, while "encephalopathy" indicates a disease or disorder of the brain. This name distinguishes the specific disease from other bovine disorders, such as Bovine Mood Disorder, Bovine Attention Deficit Disorder, and Bovine AIDS, which are not associated with the same symptoms or causes.

A valid way to diagnose a turkey with Avian Influenza (AI) is by conducting a tracheal or cloacal swab. This involves taking samples from the turkey's respiratory or digestive tract to test for the presence of the virus. This method is commonly used in veterinary medicine to accurately diagnose AI in birds.

Onions are bad to give to birds because they contain a compound called thiosulphate, which can be toxic to birds. This compound can damage their red blood cells and lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia. Onions can also cause digestive issues and irritation in birds. Therefore, it is best to avoid feeding onions to birds to ensure their health and well-being.

Symptoms of a parvovirus infection in puppies include lethargy. Lethargy refers to a state of extreme tiredness or lack of energy. In the case of a parvovirus infection, puppies may appear weak, sluggish, and uninterested in their surroundings. This symptom is commonly observed in infected puppies as the virus affects their immune system, leading to fatigue and decreased activity levels.

All of the above options are clinical presentations of Ersiphelas. Ersiphelas is a bacterial skin infection that typically presents with sudden onset symptoms such as high fever (temperature of 105-108), lethargy, and enlarged lymph nodes. Therefore, all the given options accurately describe the clinical manifestations of Ersiphelas.

The feline leukemia virus is primarily transmitted through direct contact with infected cats, particularly through saliva and bite wounds. Therefore, a cat who has just been in a fight and has bite marks from an infected cat is most susceptible to being infected with the virus. The other options, such as an indoor cat with no contact with other cats, a male kitten in a shelter, or a pregnant cat who has just been vaccinated, have less exposure to potential sources of the virus.

Weight gain is not a clinical sign or symptom of foot rot in cattle. Foot rot is a bacterial infection that affects the feet of cattle, causing lameness in the affected leg. It is characterized by a foul necrotic odor and can lead to a reduction in milk production. However, weight gain is not associated with foot rot and is therefore not a clinical sign or symptom of the condition.

The common signs of greasy pig disease include localized lesions, wrinkled skin, a wet or greasy texture, and the skin turning brown. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the Above."

All of the options listed are risk factors for developing flounder in horses. Horses on a high grain diet are at risk because excessive grain consumption can disrupt the balance of gut bacteria, leading to digestive issues. Overweight horses are also at risk because excess weight puts strain on their joints and can lead to lameness. Horses on a lush pasture are at risk because the high sugar content in the grass can cause metabolic imbalances and increase the likelihood of developing flounder. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the risk of developing flounder in horses.

The Avian flu is associated with Type A influenza virus. Type A influenza viruses are known to infect birds, including domestic poultry and wild birds. Avian flu, also known as bird flu, primarily affects birds but can also infect humans. Type A influenza viruses are highly variable and can cause pandemics when they cross over to humans and spread rapidly.

Ivermectin is the drug of choice for Knemidokoptes mutans because it is an effective treatment for parasitic mites, including Knemidokoptes mutans. Ivermectin works by targeting the nervous system of the mites, causing paralysis and death. It is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug that is commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat various types of parasites, including mites. Oxytetracycline, Tetracycline, and Chlortetracycline are antibiotics that are not typically used to treat parasitic mites and would not be as effective against Knemidokoptes mutans.

All of the impacts mentioned in the options are associated with respiratory diseases involving swine. Respiratory diseases can lead to longer days until the swine are ready for the market, as the illness can delay their growth and development. Increased treatment costs are also a consequence of respiratory diseases, as affected swine require medical attention and medication. Additionally, these diseases can contribute to an increase in transmission, as infected swine can spread the illness to other animals. Therefore, all the options mentioned in the question are true regarding the impacts of respiratory diseases involving swine.

Female hamsters have a higher cancer rate because most cancers involve the female reproductive organs. This is likely due to the hormonal changes and biological processes associated with reproduction in female hamsters, which can increase their susceptibility to cancer. Additionally, the presence of reproductive organs in females provides more opportunities for abnormal cell growth and the development of tumors.

Vaccinations are not a common management cause of respiratory diseases in swine. While overcrowding, poor ventilation, and poor waste removal can contribute to the spread of respiratory diseases, vaccinations are actually a preventive measure that helps to protect against these diseases. Vaccinations help to build immunity in swine, reducing the risk of respiratory illnesses.

Respiratory diseases are the leading cause of mortality in grower-finisher units of pigs. This is because pigs in this stage of growth are more susceptible to respiratory infections due to factors such as crowded housing, poor ventilation, and stress. These diseases, such as pneumonia and influenza, can spread quickly within the unit and lead to severe respiratory distress and death if not properly managed and treated. Therefore, it is crucial for farmers to implement appropriate biosecurity measures and vaccination programs to prevent and control respiratory diseases in grower-finisher units.

Female goats are referred to as "does." This term is commonly used to distinguish between the genders of goats. "Bucks" are male goats, "billies" are adult male goats, "wethers" are castrated male goats, and "balloons" is not a term used to refer to any gender of goats. Therefore, the correct answer is "does."

Feeding the fish as much as they can eat at one time does not prevent fin rot because overfeeding can lead to poor water quality and an increase in waste, which can contribute to the development of fin rot. Additionally, fin rot is often caused by bacterial infections, which can be exacerbated by poor water quality. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced diet for the fish and avoid overfeeding them.

Struvite crystals are the most common type of crystals found in the feline urinary bladder. These crystals are composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. They form in alkaline urine and are commonly associated with urinary tract infections. Struvite crystals can cause discomfort and can lead to the formation of urinary stones if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to diagnose and manage these crystals to prevent further complications in cats.

Salmonella is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted through contaminated food, including fruits and vegetables. It is commonly found in animals such as hamsters and guinea pigs, and can be contracted by humans as well. The ingestion of contaminated food can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Therefore, Salmonella is the most likely disease to occur due to transmission on fruits and vegetables.

Orf is the correct answer because it is another term used to refer to Sore Mouth. Orf is a viral infection that primarily affects sheep and goats, causing lesions and sores in and around the mouth. The name "Orf" comes from the Old English word for "rough" or "scabby," which accurately describes the appearance of the mouth sores. Therefore, Orf is the correct alternative name for Sore Mouth.

Dropsy, also known as edema, is a condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the body tissues. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections, cancer, and metabolic disorders. Bacterial infections can lead to inflammation and fluid buildup, while cancer can cause fluid retention due to the tumor's effect on the body's fluid balance. Metabolic disorders, such as kidney or liver disease, can impair the body's ability to regulate fluid levels. Therefore, all of the mentioned factors can contribute to the development of dropsy.

H1N1 is not associated with causing Upper Respiratory Infections in cats. While Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydophila felis, FHV-1, and FCV are all known to cause Upper Respiratory Infections in cats, H1N1 is a strain of the influenza virus that primarily affects humans and pigs. It is not commonly seen as a cause of respiratory infections in cats.

Mycoplasma Venereal Disease in turkeys can be spread through various ways. Artificial insemination is one method, where the disease can be transmitted through infected semen during the breeding process. Mating between infected and uninfected turkeys can also lead to the spread of the disease. Additionally, the transovarian route to progeny allows the disease to be transmitted from infected hens to their offspring. Lastly, aerosol particles in the air among poults can carry the disease and infect susceptible turkeys. Therefore, all of the above methods are main ways in which Mycoplasma Venereal Disease is spread in turkeys.

Enteritis, also known as wet tail, is the most common disease that can be found occurring in hamsters. Wet tail is a bacterial infection that affects the intestines of hamsters, causing symptoms such as diarrhea, dehydration, loss of appetite, and lethargy. It is highly contagious and can be fatal if left untreated. Hamsters are particularly susceptible to wet tail when they are stressed or have a weakened immune system. Therefore, it is important for hamster owners to provide proper care, hygiene, and a stress-free environment to prevent the occurrence of wet tail.

Turtles may wheeze and become lethargic. This statement suggests that respiratory diseases in turtles can manifest in symptoms such as wheezing and lethargy. Wheezing is a common sign of respiratory distress, indicating that the turtle may have difficulty breathing. Lethargy, on the other hand, refers to a lack of energy or activity, which can be a result of the turtle's weakened respiratory system. These symptoms together indicate that turtles can experience respiratory issues.

Fish food should be kept for a maximum of 6 months. After this time, the quality and nutritional value of the food may deteriorate, which can have negative effects on the health of the fish. It is important to regularly check the expiration date and properly store the fish food in a cool and dry place to ensure its freshness and effectiveness.

Swollen eyelids are the most common sign of Vitamin A deficiency in turtles. This occurs because Vitamin A is essential for maintaining the health of the mucous membranes, including those around the eyes. Without enough Vitamin A, the turtle's eyelids become inflamed and swollen. This can cause discomfort and may also lead to other eye problems if left untreated. Therefore, swollen eyelids serve as an important indicator of Vitamin A deficiency in turtles.

Vomiting is not a symptom of Vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C deficiency, also known as scurvy, is characterized by symptoms such as loose teeth, diarrhea, and a rough hair coat. However, vomiting is not typically associated with Vitamin C deficiency.

To treat colic in horses, it is recommended to walk them for 15-30 minutes. This duration allows the horse to move and stretch its legs, which can help alleviate discomfort and encourage bowel movements. Walking for too long may exhaust the horse and walking for too short a time may not provide enough relief. Therefore, 15-30 minutes is the ideal timeframe for walking a horse with colic.

Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant commonly used to treat bacterial and fungal infections, including shell rot, in turtles. It is effective against a wide range of microorganisms and is safe to use on reptiles. Tetracycline, Baytril, and Doxycycline are antibiotics that may be prescribed to treat infections, but they are not specifically disinfectants. Therefore, Chlorhexidine is the most appropriate choice for disinfecting a turtle diagnosed with shell rot.

Shell rot is a common condition in reptiles, particularly turtles and tortoises, where their shells become infected and start to deteriorate. It is caused by various factors such as poor hygiene, inadequate diet, and unsuitable living conditions. Viruses are not typically associated with shell rot. While viruses can cause other health issues in reptiles, they are not a direct cause of shell rot.

Penicillin is used to treat foot rot. Foot rot is a bacterial infection that affects the hooves of animals, particularly livestock. Penicillin is an antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those that cause foot rot. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria, allowing the body's immune system to eliminate the infection. Penicillin is commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat various bacterial infections, including foot rot.

Dogs with Atopic Dermatitis typically start showing symptoms between the ages of 1 to 3 years. This age range is commonly associated with the onset of the condition, as dogs may develop allergies to environmental factors such as pollen, dust mites, or certain foods during this time. It is important for dog owners to be aware of this age range in order to promptly identify and treat Atopic Dermatitis symptoms in their pets.

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Bovine 200 is not a treatment for foot rot in cattle. The other options listed, Tylan 200, Naxcel, and Micotil, are all antibiotics commonly used to treat foot rot in cattle. Bovine 200 does not refer to a specific medication or treatment, so it is not a valid option for treating foot rot.

If diabetes is left untreated in a canine, it can lead to decreased resistance to infection. This is because diabetes affects the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off infections. High blood sugar levels can weaken the immune system and impair the body's ability to heal wounds, making the canine more susceptible to infections. It is important to manage diabetes in canines to prevent complications like decreased resistance to infection.

Contagious ecthyma, also known as orf or contagious pustular dermatitis, is a viral infection. It is caused by the Orf virus and commonly affects sheep and goats. The infection usually resolves on its own without any specific treatment. Antibiotics like amoxicillin, penicillin, doxycycline, or Macrobid are not effective against viral infections, so none of these options can be used to treat contagious ecthyma.

The Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus is dependent on Magnesium. Magnesium is an essential element for the replication and survival of many viruses, including the Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus. It plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle by facilitating viral protein synthesis and assembly. Without an adequate supply of magnesium, the virus would not be able to replicate effectively and may struggle to infect host cells. Therefore, magnesium is an important element for the survival and proliferation of the Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis Virus.

Lameness is the most common symptom of equine lymphangitis. This condition is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the lymphatic vessels in horses, typically affecting the limbs. The inflammation can cause pain and stiffness, resulting in lameness. Other symptoms such as confusion or gastrointestinal upset are not typically associated with equine lymphangitis.

Abraham Lincoln set the official date for Thanksgiving. In 1863, during the midst of the Civil War, Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving as a national holiday to be celebrated on the last Thursday of November. This was done in order to foster unity and gratitude among the American people during a time of great division and hardship. Lincoln's proclamation helped establish the tradition of Thanksgiving as a national holiday, which has been celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November ever since.

Tetracycline is not appropriate for the treatment of Chlamydiosis because it is a type of antibiotic that belongs to the same class as doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline. Chlamydiosis is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia, and tetracycline antibiotics are not effective against this type of bacteria. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline are commonly used to treat Chlamydiosis because they are effective against Chlamydia bacteria.

Decreasing the feeding intervals of cattle is not a common treatment for bloat in cattle. Bloat is a condition where excessive gas accumulates in the stomach or rumen, causing distension and discomfort. The other treatments mentioned in the options are commonly used to address bloat. Bloat guard containing the detergent poloxalene helps to break down foam and release gas. Inophore antibiotics such as Monensin can be used to prevent bloat. Insertion of tubing into the stomach or rumen allows gas release, and mineral oil helps in the formation and release of smaller gas pockets. Therefore, decreasing feeding intervals is not a recommended treatment for bloat.

Poor appetite is not a sign or symptom of dropsy because dropsy, also known as edema, is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the body tissues, leading to swelling. Symptoms of dropsy typically include bulging of the eyes, swelling of the body cavity, and raised scales. Poor appetite, on the other hand, is not directly related to fluid retention and is more commonly associated with other health issues or conditions.

Ich is a parasitic infection that affects fish. It has a life cycle that includes a free-swimming stage where it can be killed using appropriate treatments. If only parts of the tank are treated, the parasites may still be present in other areas, such as on the fish or in the substrate, and can re-infect the fish once they become free-swimming again. Therefore, it is necessary to treat the entire tank to ensure that all stages of the parasite are eliminated.