Wk 4 Lect 4 Theory Of Mind

The social developmentalists believe that Theory of Mind (T of M) is developed through regular interactions with other people. This means that individuals learn to understand and interpret the thoughts, beliefs, and intentions of others by observing and engaging in social interactions. This view suggests that T of M is not an innate ability, but rather a skill that is acquired through social experiences. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

At age 3, children believe that their thoughts and beliefs directly reflect the objective reality around them, rather than understanding that their mental states are subjective representations of reality. This is because they have not yet developed the cognitive ability to differentiate between their own thoughts and the external world. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects this developmental stage in children's understanding of mental states.

The false belief task is considered the litmus test for Theory of Mind (T of M) because it measures an individual's ability to understand that others can hold false beliefs. In this task, participants are typically presented with a scenario where a character has a false belief about a situation. They are then asked to predict the character's behavior based on their false belief. This task requires individuals to understand that others can have different beliefs than their own, which is a key aspect of Theory of Mind.

The correct answer is "for." The meta-analysis conducted by Wellman, Cross & Watson (2001) provides support for a conceptual change occurring between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The study likely presents evidence or findings that indicate a shift or development in children's cognitive abilities or understanding during this specific age range.

Simulation theorists believe that understanding is intuitive rather than theoretical, meaning that we can naturally empathize with others and predict their feelings through introspection. This suggests that we have the ability to put ourselves in someone else's shoes and imagine how they would feel in a given situation. Therefore, the statement is true according to simulation theorists' perspective.

The theory of mind refers to the ability to understand and attribute mental states to others. In order to comprehend this concept, one must consider others, acknowledge that individuals may have different perspectives or thoughts, recognize the existence of a shared reality, and observe and interpret others' behaviors. Therefore, all of the given key words are essential in understanding the theory of mind.

According to the executive function view, children may have difficulties in performing certain tasks, which contradicts the conceptual deficit view. This suggests that there are other factors, such as executive functions, that can contribute to performance deficits in children. Therefore, the statement is true.

Judy Dunn's statement suggests that an 18-month-old child is capable of engaging in deception. This implies that at this age, children have developed the cognitive ability to deliberately mislead others. This aligns with research in child development, which indicates that by 18 months, children start to develop a sense of self-awareness and understanding of others' beliefs and intentions. This newfound understanding allows them to engage in deceptive behaviors, such as hiding objects or pretending not to have done something. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

The correct answer is "conceptual, metarepresent". The explanation for this answer is that the watershed view suggests that children under the age of 4 are not able to engage in metarepresentation, which is the ability to think about and understand other people's thoughts and beliefs. This ability is considered to be a higher-level cognitive skill that develops later in childhood. Therefore, the answer "conceptual, metarepresent" aligns with the idea that young children have conceptual deficits and are unable to metarepresent.

Social developmentalists believe that theory of mind, the ability to understand and attribute mental states to oneself and others, is acquired through daily interactions with others. They agree with simulationists, who propose that theory of mind develops through the process of simulating and imagining the mental states of others. However, they do not agree with maturational theorists, who argue that theory of mind is primarily biologically determined and develops according to predetermined stages.

Little Miss Riding Hood is a good example of understanding that people's emotions are influenced by their beliefs for children between 5-6 years old. In the story, Little Miss Riding Hood's belief that her grandmother is sick and needs her help influences her emotions of concern and worry. This showcases how a character's beliefs can shape their emotional responses, teaching children about the connection between thoughts and feelings.

Once a child has developed the ability to attribute beliefs to others, she can learn to manipulate another's beliefs. This means that the child can influence or control what others believe by using various tactics or strategies. By manipulating someone's beliefs, the child can potentially persuade them to think or act in a certain way that aligns with her own intentions or goals.

The correct answer is first order theory of mind, second order theory of mind. The first order theory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, typically developed between the ages of 3-5 years. The second order theory of mind, on the other hand, involves having a belief about someone else's belief and is usually developed around the ages of 6-7 years. This distinction highlights the progression in children's understanding and awareness of the mental states of themselves and others as they grow older.

Meta-representation refers to the ability to represent one's own representations or the representations of others. It involves thinking about thinking, or having awareness of one's own mental states or the mental states of others. The other options are examples of meta-representation:
A child pretending a banana is a telephone: The child is using an object to represent something else, demonstrating symbolic thinking.
A person reflecting on their own thoughts and feelings: This involves introspection and awareness of one's own mental states.
An artist creating a self-portrait: The artist is representing their own image, demonstrating self-awareness and the ability to reflect on their own identity.

Theory theorists believe that children are like little scientists and have different theories for different age ranges. This aligns with the desire psychologist at 2 years, where children have a theory of desire, and the belief-desire psychologist at 4 years, where children have a theory of mind. Theory theorists argue that children actively construct their understanding of the world through their own theories and hypotheses, much like scientists do. They believe that children's cognitive development is driven by their innate drive to understand and explain the world around them.

Onishi & Baillargeon claim that 15-month-olds with a NV task pass the FBT.

A child of 3 characteristically fails the FBT because their response matches reality. At this age, children are still developing their cognitive abilities and may struggle to differentiate between what they see, what they focus on, and what someone tells them. Their understanding of the world is limited, and they may not be able to accurately interpret and respond to situations based on reality.

The FBT, or Fluid Intelligence Test, is highly correlated with language skills. This means that individuals with strong language abilities are more likely to perform well on the FBT. Language skills involve the ability to understand and use words effectively, which is important in tasks that require reasoning and problem-solving abilities. Therefore, individuals with better language skills are likely to have better reasoning skills as well, leading to higher scores on the FBT.

Theory of mind refers to the ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, beliefs, and intentions that may differ from one's own. Young children, typically under the age of 4, have a more limited theory of mind. They may struggle to understand that others can have different perspectives or beliefs, and they may assume that everyone sees the world the same way they do.

When the child was actively engaged in the FBT, 87% of 3 year olds passed compared to only 40% when they were passively involved. This suggests that active engagement in the FBT significantly improves the chances of 3 year olds passing, as the pass rate more than doubles when they are actively participating compared to when they are not actively involved.