Water Review- Goal 3

Groundwater refers to water that is stored underground in the spaces between rocks and dirt. It is an important source of water for wells and springs, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the water cycle. Unlike rainwater and precipitation, which are above-ground water sources, groundwater is found beneath the Earth's surface. Spring is a specific type of groundwater that naturally flows to the surface. Therefore, groundwater is the correct answer for water stored in the spaces between rocks and dirt.

97% of Earth's waters is saltwater, and 3% is freshwater. Most freshwater on Earth is located in the polar ice caps.

Chlorine is added to a sewage system to kill harmful bacteria. Chlorine is a strong disinfectant and has the ability to kill various types of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms that may be present in sewage. It helps in preventing the spread of diseases and maintaining the cleanliness and safety of the sewage system.

Point-source pollution refers to pollution that can be traced back to a specific location or source. This type of pollution occurs when contaminants are discharged directly into a water body or released from a specific point such as a pipe or factory. It is easier to identify and regulate point-source pollution compared to nonpoint-source pollution, which is pollution that cannot be traced back to a specific source. Examples of point-source pollution include industrial wastewater discharges, sewage treatment plant effluents, and oil spills.

Sonar is a technique that uses sound waves to measure the depth of the ocean. Sound waves are emitted from a device called a sonar transducer, which sends out sound pulses that travel through the water. These sound waves then bounce off the ocean floor or any objects in the water and return to the transducer. By measuring the time it takes for the sound waves to travel to the object and back, the depth of the ocean can be calculated. Therefore, sound waves are the most suitable method for measuring ocean depth using sonar technology.

Water striders are able to walk on water due to the property of surface tension. Surface tension is the cohesive force between water molecules at the surface, which creates a "skin" or "film" that allows the water strider to distribute its weight and stay on the surface. However, the strong surface tension also makes it difficult for the water strider to break through the water's surface, causing pain or discomfort when attempting to do so.

Water in the form of gas is called water vapor. When water molecules gain enough energy, they break free from the liquid phase and become a gas. This process is known as evaporation. The gaseous water molecules are then referred to as water vapor. Water vapor is invisible to the naked eye and is responsible for the formation of clouds and humidity in the atmosphere.

Most of Earth's freshwater is frozen in glaciers and icebergs.

A habitat refers to an environment that provides all the essential conditions and resources for an organism to survive and thrive. It includes factors such as food, water, shelter, and suitable temperature and climate. A habitat can vary in size and can be found in various locations, such as forests, oceans, or deserts. It is the specific place where an organism naturally lives and carries out its life functions.

Cohesion refers to the ability of water molecules to stick to each other. This is due to the hydrogen bonding between the molecules. This property allows water to form droplets and have a high surface tension. Adhesion, on the other hand, refers to the ability of water molecules to stick to other substances. Specific heat and density are unrelated to water sticking to itself.

A channel dug to allow boats to travel from one river to another is an example of a canal. Canals are man-made waterways that are constructed to connect bodies of water, such as rivers or lakes, and enable transportation of goods or people by boat. They are typically created by excavating and dredging, allowing for the passage of vessels and facilitating trade and transportation between different water bodies. Canals have been used for centuries as important transportation routes, and they continue to play a significant role in modern transportation systems.

Hydrothermal vents are located on the deep-ocean floor. These vents are formed when seawater seeps into the ocean floor and comes into contact with hot magma, resulting in the release of superheated water rich in minerals and chemicals. These vents are typically found near tectonic plate boundaries, where volcanic activity is present. The extreme conditions surrounding these vents, including high temperatures and high pressure, create a unique ecosystem that supports a variety of organisms adapted to survive in this harsh environment.

Overfishing refers to the practice of catching fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce. This means that the rate of fishing exceeds the natural reproductive capacity of the fish population, leading to a decline in their numbers. Overfishing can result in the depletion of fish stocks, disruption of ecosystems, and potential extinction of certain species. It is a major concern for sustainable fisheries management as it can have detrimental effects on marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of communities dependent on fishing.

In a sewage plant, sludge and oil are consumed by bacteria. Bacteria play a crucial role in the treatment process of sewage by breaking down organic matter, such as sludge and oil, into simpler and less harmful substances. This process, known as biodegradation, helps in the decomposition and removal of pollutants from the wastewater, making it cleaner and safer before it is discharged into the environment. Chlorine is typically used for disinfection purposes, sand is used for filtration, and soap is not involved in the consumption or treatment of sludge and oil in a sewage plant.

The three forms of water on Earth are liquid water, frozen water, and water vapor. Liquid water is the most common form, found in lakes, rivers, and oceans. Frozen water is in the form of ice, found in glaciers, icebergs, and snow. Water vapor is the gaseous form of water, present in the atmosphere as clouds and steam. These three forms of water are constantly cycling through the Earth's system, through processes such as evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.

Warm water stays at the ocean's surface because it is less dense than cold water. Density is a measure of how tightly packed the molecules are in a substance. When water is heated, the molecules move faster and spread out, causing the water to become less dense. This decrease in density makes the warm water float on top of the denser, colder water below.

Algae is considered an example of plankton because it is a type of microscopic organism that drifts or floats in water. Plankton are typically unable to swim against currents and rely on water movement to transport them. Algae, being a photosynthetic organism, can be found in both freshwater and marine environments and play a vital role in the food chain as a primary producer.

Flood irrigation is a type of irrigation that pours water through canals and waterways. This method involves flooding the fields with water, allowing it to flow through the channels and evenly distribute across the land. It is commonly used in areas with flat terrain and high water availability. This type of irrigation is effective for crops that can tolerate excess water and helps replenish soil moisture levels.

Surface currents are caused by winds. Winds exert a force on the surface of the ocean, pushing the water in the direction of the wind. This creates a movement of water called surface currents. The strength and direction of the winds determine the speed and direction of the surface currents. The friction between the wind and the water's surface transfers energy to the water, causing it to move. Therefore, winds play a crucial role in generating surface currents in the oceans.

Salt marshes and mangrove forests are two kinds of wetlands that border estuaries. Salt marshes are areas of coastal grasses and plants that are regularly flooded by the tides. They are characterized by their high salt content and provide important habitat for various species of birds, fish, and other wildlife. Mangrove forests, on the other hand, are dense areas of trees and shrubs that grow in coastal areas with high salinity. They provide protection against erosion, act as a buffer against storms, and serve as important nursery grounds for many marine species. Both salt marshes and mangrove forests play a crucial role in maintaining the health and biodiversity of estuarine ecosystems.

Water is stored in an aquifer in cracks and spaces in rocks. These cracks and spaces act as natural storage reservoirs, allowing water to accumulate and be held underground. As water infiltrates through the soil and permeable layers, it seeps into the fractures and pores of the rocks, creating a network of storage spaces. This stored water can then be accessed through wells and springs when needed. Impermeable rock, on the other hand, does not allow water to pass through, so it cannot store water in the same way.

Tides are primarily caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Earth. The Moon's gravity attracts the water on Earth's surface, creating a bulge that causes high tide. On the opposite side of the Earth, there is another high tide due to the centrifugal force caused by the Earth's rotation. This creates two high tides and two low tides each day. While the Sun also exerts gravitational pull on the Earth, its effect on tides is less significant compared to the Moon. Therefore, the correct answer is Earth and the Moon.

A benthos refers to organisms that live on or near the bottom of a body of water. Among the given options, a crab is the only organism that fits this description. Sharks are pelagic, meaning they live in open waters, while algae are typically found floating or suspended in water. Clownfish, on the other hand, are associated with coral reefs and do not live on the bottom. Therefore, a crab is the correct example of a benthos.

Intertidal zones are the areas between high and low tide where ocean organisms are exposed to air during low tide and submerged during high tide. These organisms have adapted to survive in this challenging environment by being able to withstand drastic changes in salinity, temperature, and exposure to air. This makes the intertidal zone the most suitable habitat for ocean organisms that can survive out of water and endure extreme changes in salinity. Coral reefs, the open ocean, and hydrothermal vents do not experience the same fluctuations in water levels and salinity as intertidal zones, making them less likely to harbor organisms capable of surviving out of water.

Water sticking to water is known as cohesion. Cohesion is the reason water forms droplets.

A section of a waterway in which ships are raised or lowered is called a lock. A lock is a device used for raising and lowering water levels to allow boats and ships to navigate through different elevations in a canal or river. It consists of a chamber with gates at each end that can be opened or closed to control the flow of water. By filling or emptying the chamber, the water level is adjusted to match the desired elevation, allowing vessels to pass through the lock safely.

The nertic zone is the correct answer because it is always covered by water, shallow enough for photosynthesis to occur, and can contain kelp forests. This zone is located between the coastline and the edge of the continental shelf, where sunlight can penetrate and support the growth of photosynthetic organisms like kelp. It is an important and productive zone in the ocean, supporting a diverse range of marine life.

The intertidal zone is the area between the high tide and low tide marks, where the ocean meets the land. It is characterized by constantly changing conditions, as the area is alternately submerged and exposed to air. This habitat is suitable for organisms that can tolerate both marine and terrestrial conditions. In this case, the starfish being trapped on the beach indicates that it is in the intertidal zone, as it is unable to survive outside of the water.

Deep currents are caused by differences in density. Density refers to the mass of a substance per unit volume. In the context of deep currents, it refers to the density of water. Variations in water density can be caused by differences in temperature and salinity. When water masses with different densities come into contact, they tend to flow horizontally along the ocean floor, forming deep currents. These currents play a crucial role in the global circulation of the oceans and the transport of heat and nutrients.

The bacteria at hydrothermal vents convert chemicals released by the vents into food. This is because hydrothermal vents release various chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, and iron, which serve as a source of energy for the bacteria. These bacteria are capable of using these chemicals through a process called chemosynthesis to produce organic compounds and serve as the base of the food chain in this unique ecosystem.

The correct answer is "fishing nets catch everything in their path." This means that when commercial fishing boats use nets to catch fish, the nets also catch other marine creatures unintentionally. As a result, when the nets are pulled up, the unwanted catch, including smaller fish, is thrown away. This practice is known as bycatch and is a significant issue in commercial fishing, leading to the wastage of a considerable portion of the caught fish.