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A+ is an entry-level computer certification for PC computer service technicians and as such one is expected to have effectively coved the essentials. Test yourself on what you remember about the essential by taking the quiz below. All the best and do share the quiz with your !
Questions and Answers
1.
Which of the following are scsi types that allow for 16 devices, including the adapter, to be connected on a sigle shared cable?
A.
Ultra wide scsi
B.
Fast scsi
C.
Ultra scsi
D.
Fast wide scsi
E.
Ultra 2 scsi
Correct Answer(s)
A. Ultra wide scsi D. Fast wide scsi
Explanation Ultra Wide SCSI and Fast Wide SCSI are the SCSI types that allow for 16 devices, including the adapter, to be connected on a single shared cable. These SCSI types have a wider bus width, which allows for more devices to be connected and increases the data transfer rate. Ultra SCSI, Ultra 2 SCSI, and Fast SCSI do not support 16 devices on a single shared cable.
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2.
Which of the following is the scsi I.D number generally recommended for the CD-Rom?
A.
ID 0
B.
ID 5
C.
ID 2
D.
ID 3
Correct Answer
D. ID 3
Explanation ID 3 is the SCSI ID number generally recommended for the CD-ROM. The SCSI ID number is used to identify devices connected to a SCSI bus. In most cases, the CD-ROM is assigned the ID 3 to ensure compatibility and avoid conflicts with other SCSI devices. This allows the CD-ROM to be recognized and accessed by the computer system effectively.
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3.
What do you call the part of a CD-ROM drive's head assembly that moves across the disk to read it?
A.
Read/write Actuator
B.
The mechanical frame
C.
The head actuator
D.
The dis spindle
Correct Answer
C. The head actuator
Explanation The head actuator is the part of a CD-ROM drive's head assembly that moves across the disk to read it. It is responsible for positioning the read/write head accurately over the desired location on the disk surface. The head actuator moves the read/write head in a controlled manner, allowing it to access different areas of the disk to retrieve or write data.
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4.
Identify the form factor of the following motherboard
A.
Btx
B.
At
C.
Nlx
D.
Atx
Correct Answer
D. Atx
Explanation The correct answer is "atx." ATX is a form factor for motherboards, which refers to the physical dimensions and layout of the motherboard. It was introduced by Intel in the mid-1990s and has become the most common form factor for desktop computers. ATX motherboards typically have a rectangular shape and specific mounting hole locations, allowing them to fit into standard ATX cases. They also have standardized I/O panel locations and power supply connectors.
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5.
The new technician wants to know which of the following has a transfer rate 40 MBps and a maximum cable lengh of 12 meters. How will you reply?
A.
Scsi 2
B.
Ultra 2 scsi
C.
Ultra wide scsi
D.
Fast scsi
E.
Ultra scsi
Correct Answer
B. Ultra 2 scsi
Explanation Ultra 2 SCSI is the correct answer because it has a transfer rate of 40 MBps and a maximum cable length of 12 meters. SCSI 2, Ultra Wide SCSI, Fast SCSI, and Ultra SCSI do not meet both criteria of having a transfer rate of 40 MBps and a maximum cable length of 12 meters.
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6.
Which of the following best describes the difference between the "baby"AT and ATX motherbords?
A.
None
B.
The processor, memory, and expansion slots are all in line with each other on a "baby" at motherboard, whereas the ATX motherboard has the processor and memory slots at the right angles to the expansion cards.
C.
The ATX motherboard allows for the installation of more than two full-length expansion cards, whereas the "baby" AT allows for only one or two.
D.
None
E.
None
Correct Answer(s)
B. The processor, memory, and expansion slots are all in line with each other on a "baby" at motherboard, whereas the ATX motherboard has the processor and memory slots at the right angles to the expansion cards. C. The ATX motherboard allows for the installation of more than two full-length expansion cards, whereas the "baby" AT allows for only one or two.
Explanation The correct answer describes the main differences between the "baby" AT and ATX motherboards. It states that on a "baby" AT motherboard, the processor, memory, and expansion slots are all in line with each other, while on an ATX motherboard, the processor and memory slots are at right angles to the expansion cards. Additionally, it mentions that the ATX motherboard allows for the installation of more than two full-length expansion cards, whereas the "baby" AT only allows for one or two.
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7.
What is clock speed of the AGPx8 expansion slot?
A.
66 MHz
B.
133 MHz
C.
266 MHz
D.
533 MHz
Correct Answer
D. 533 MHz
Explanation The AGPx8 expansion slot has a clock speed of 533 MHz. This means that data can be transferred at a rate of 533 million cycles per second. A higher clock speed allows for faster data transfer and improved performance.
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8.
Where would you insert random access memory( RAM)?
A.
You know
B.
None
C.
None
D.
None
E.
None
Correct Answer
A. You know
9.
Which of the following components on the motherboard usually house the IDE connectors?
A.
PCI bus
B.
North Bridge
C.
ISA Bus
D.
South Bridge
Correct Answer
D. South Bridge
Explanation The South Bridge component on the motherboard usually houses the IDE connectors. The South Bridge is responsible for connecting the slower peripheral devices to the motherboard, including the IDE connectors for connecting hard drives and optical drives. The IDE connectors allow for data transfer between the motherboard and these storage devices.
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10.
Where would you insert the CPU
A.
You know which one
B.
None
C.
None
D.
None
E.
None
Correct Answer
A. You know which one
11.
When a technician upgrades firmware on a motherboard he has to_______
A.
Flash the Bios
B.
Replace the CMOS chip
C.
Replace the Bios
D.
Reset the CMOS
Correct Answer
A. Flash the Bios
Explanation When a technician upgrades firmware on a motherboard, they have to flash the Bios. This involves updating the software stored in the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) chip on the motherboard. Flashing the BIOS typically involves downloading the latest firmware version from the manufacturer's website and using a specific software tool to overwrite the existing firmware with the new one. This process ensures that the motherboard is running the most up-to-date software, which can improve system stability, compatibility, and performance.
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12.
In which of the following is the output from a power supply rated?
A.
Voltage
B.
Watts
C.
Hertz
D.
Ohms
Correct Answer
B. Watts
Explanation The output from a power supply is rated in watts. Watts is a unit of power, which measures the rate at which energy is transferred or consumed. In the context of a power supply, the watt rating indicates the maximum amount of power that the supply can deliver to a device. It is important to match the wattage of the power supply with the power requirements of the device to ensure proper functioning and avoid damage.
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13.
When connecting the power cable of an " AT " power supply to the mother board, which two wire on the power connectors ( P8/P9) should be together?
A.
The green wires
B.
The white wires
C.
The black wires
D.
The brown wires
Correct Answer
C. The black wires
Explanation When connecting the power cable of an "AT" power supply to the motherboard, the two wires on the power connectors (P8/P9) that should be together are the black wires. This is because the black wires are the ground wires, and connecting them ensures proper grounding and electrical continuity between the power supply and the motherboard.
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14.
Which of the following sockets are used for a 3.4 GHz Pentium 4 processor?
A.
Socket 423
B.
Socket 462
C.
Socket 478
D.
Socket 754
E.
Socket A
Correct Answer
C. Socket 478
Explanation The correct answer is Socket 478. This socket is used for a 3.4 GHz Pentium 4 processor.
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15.
The new technician wants to know which memory module types are a specialization of DDR SDRAM and Synchronous Graphics RAM ( SGRAM). How will you reply?
A.
EDO DRAM
B.
VRAM
C.
Standard ( FPM) DRAM
D.
SGRAM
Correct Answer
D. SGRAM
Explanation SGRAM is a type of memory module that is a specialization of DDR SDRAM and Synchronous Graphics RAM. The other options listed, EDO DRAM, VRAM, and Standard (FPM) DRAM, are not specializations of DDR SDRAM or SGRAM.
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16.
Which of the follow RAM modules required 8 ns DRAM chips and was capable of operating at 125MHz?
A.
PC66
B.
PC100
C.
PC133
D.
PC800
Correct Answer
B. PC100
Explanation PC100 is the correct answer because it indicates that the RAM module requires 8 ns DRAM chips, which means it can operate at a speed of 125MHz. PC66, PC133, and PC800 do not meet the requirement for 8 ns DRAM chips and are therefore not capable of operating at 125MHz.
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17.
Which two of the following describes the number of pins normally associated with dual inline memory modules(DIMMS)? select two...
A.
30
B.
72
C.
144
D.
168
E.
184
Correct Answer(s)
D. 168 E. 184
Explanation Dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) are typically associated with 168 and 184 pins. DIMMs are used in computers to provide additional memory capacity. The number of pins on a DIMM determines its compatibility with the motherboard. The options 30, 72, and 144 are not commonly associated with DIMMs. Therefore, the correct answer is 168 and 184.
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18.
Which of the following memory modules must be installed in pairs?
A.
72 pins SIMMs
B.
168 pin DIMMs
C.
184 pin DIMMs
D.
184 pin RIMMs
Correct Answer
D. 184 pin RIMMs
Explanation 184 pin RIMMs (Rambus Inline Memory Modules) must be installed in pairs because they use a technology called Rambus that requires a high-bandwidth connection between the modules. This high-bandwidth connection is achieved by using two modules in parallel, allowing for faster data transfer rates. Installing only one module would result in reduced performance and potential compatibility issues. Therefore, 184 pin RIMMs should always be installed in pairs to ensure optimal performance.
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19.
What is the bandwidth supported by a RIMM module?
A.
8 bits
B.
16 bits
C.
32 bits
D.
64 bits
Correct Answer
B. 16 bits
Explanation A RIMM module supports a bandwidth of 16 bits. This means that it can transfer 16 bits of data simultaneously between the memory module and the processor. The higher the bandwidth, the faster the data can be transferred, which ultimately improves the overall performance of the system.
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20.
Which of the following has 184 pins and is 16 bits wide?
A.
SIMMs
B.
DIMMs
C.
RIMMs
D.
SODIMMs
Correct Answer
C. RIMMs
Explanation RIMMs, or Rambus Inline Memory Modules, have 184 pins and are 16 bits wide. RIMMs were a type of memory module used in computers during the late 1990s and early 2000s. They were designed to work with Rambus memory technology, which offered high-speed data transfer rates. RIMMs were mainly used in high-performance systems and were eventually phased out in favor of other memory technologies like DDR and DDR2.
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21.
Which of the following is the S-Video connectors?
A.
A.....Yellow
B.
B.....Purple
C.
C.....Green
D.
D.....gray ( small )
E.
E.....Gray (large)
Correct Answer(s)
B. B.....Purple E. E.....Gray (large)
Explanation The S-Video connectors are purple and gray (large). S-Video is a type of video signal that carries separate luminance (brightness) and chrominance (color) signals, resulting in a higher quality image compared to composite video. The purple connector is used for the luminance signal, while the gray (large) connector is used for the chrominance signal.
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22.
A female DB-15 socket with three rows of five sockets is used for______
A.
An EGA/CGA video port
B.
A network transceiver port
C.
A VGA/SVGA video adapter
D.
A joystick port
Correct Answer
C. A VGA/SVGA video adapter
Explanation A female DB-15 socket with three rows of five sockets is used for a VGA/SVGA video adapter. VGA and SVGA are video standards commonly used for displaying graphics on computer monitors. The DB-15 socket is designed to transmit video signals from the computer to the monitor, and the three rows of five sockets provide the necessary connections for the various video signals. This type of socket is not used for an EGA/CGA video port, a network transceiver port, or a joystick port.
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23.
which of the following is the VGA monitor connector?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
B. B
Explanation The correct answer is B. The VGA monitor connector is a type of video connector commonly used to connect a computer to a monitor or display. It has 15 pins arranged in three rows, with five pins in each row. The VGA connector is typically blue in color and is widely used for analog video signals. It is gradually being replaced by digital connectors such as DVI and HDMI, but is still commonly found on older computers and monitors.
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24.
From the following display types take up the lease space on the desk?
A.
Terminal
B.
LCD
C.
CRT
D.
LED
Correct Answer
B. LCD
Explanation LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screens are known for their slim and compact design, which allows them to take up less space on a desk compared to other display types such as CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). CRT screens are bulky and require more desk space due to their large size and depth. LED (Light Emitting Diode) screens are also slim, but LCD screens are generally thinner and take up even less space. Therefore, LCD screens are the display type that takes up the least space on a desk.
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25.
After completing the installation of your internal and external SCSI devices that connects to an Adapted AHA-1542s SCSI adapter, you find that none of the devices works. Which of the following should you do first to try and fix the problem?
A.
Disconnect all devices and start over
B.
Remove the adapter and replace with a new one
C.
Change the SCSI ID's
D.
Enable termination on the adapter
Correct Answer
D. Enable termination on the adapter
Explanation Enabling termination on the adapter is the first step to try and fix the problem because termination is necessary for proper communication between SCSI devices. Terminating the adapter ensures that the electrical signals are properly terminated at the end of the SCSI chain, preventing signal reflections and data corruption. By enabling termination on the adapter, you are ensuring that the SCSI devices are able to communicate effectively and function properly.
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26.
Which of the following computer standard supports a data transfer rate of 400 Mbps and up to 63 devices?
A.
USB 1.1
B.
USB 2.0
C.
IEEE 1394
D.
Ultra SCSI 2
Correct Answer
C. IEEE 1394
Explanation IEEE 1394, also known as FireWire, is a computer standard that supports a data transfer rate of 400 Mbps and allows for connection of up to 63 devices. USB 1.1 and USB 2.0 have lower data transfer rates and Ultra SCSI 2 does not support as many devices as IEEE 1394. Therefore, IEEE 1394 is the correct answer.
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27.
Which of the following is the color-code used for the keyboard Port on a new PC that uses a mini-Din 6 Connector?
A.
Pink
B.
Blue
C.
Green
D.
Purple
Correct Answer
D. Purple
Explanation The color-code used for the keyboard Port on a new PC that uses a mini-Din 6 Connector is Purple.
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28.
Which of the following connectors are used for serial ports? ( select all that apply)
A.
A female DB-9
B.
A male DB-25
C.
A female DB-15
D.
A male DB-9
E.
A female DB-25
Correct Answer(s)
B. A male DB-25 D. A male DB-9
Explanation Male DB-25 and male DB-9 connectors are used for serial ports. The DB-25 connector has 25 pins and is typically used for older serial port connections, while the DB-9 connector has 9 pins and is commonly used for modern serial port connections. Female DB-9 and DB-25 connectors are not used for serial ports. Female DB-15 connectors are typically used for VGA connections, not serial ports.
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29.
A female DB-25 connectors is commonly used for which of the following applications?
A.
A parallel cable
B.
A SCSI connector
C.
A parallel port
D.
An EGA/CGA video port
E.
A VBA/SVGA video adapter
Correct Answer
C. A parallel port
Explanation A female DB-25 connector is commonly used for a parallel port. A parallel port is a type of interface that allows for the simultaneous transmission of multiple bits of data. The DB-25 connector has 25 pins, which is suitable for connecting to a parallel port. This type of port was commonly used for connecting printers, scanners, and other peripheral devices to a computer.
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30.
The new technician wants to know which of the following could be used for connecting a mouse to the computer. how will you reply? select three
A.
6 pin MINI Din connector plug
B.
DIN 5 connector plug
C.
DB 9 to 25 pin adapter
D.
DIN 9 connector plug
Correct Answer(s)
A. 6 pin MINI Din connector plug C. DB 9 to 25 pin adapter D. DIN 9 connector plug
Explanation The 6 pin MINI Din connector plug, DB 9 to 25 pin adapter, and DIN 9 connector plug can all be used for connecting a mouse to the computer.
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31.
The new technician wants to know what is the color code used for the mouse port on a new PC that uses a mini DIN 6 Connector.
A.
Pink
B.
Blue
C.
Green
D.
Purple
Correct Answer
C. Green
Explanation The color code used for the mouse port on a new PC that uses a mini DIN 6 Connector is green.
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32.
Which of the following is a serial port connector?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
A. A
Explanation The correct answer is A. A serial port connector is a type of connector used to connect devices such as printers, modems, and serial mice to a computer. It is a 9-pin connector, also known as a DB-9 connector, which is commonly found on older computers. The serial port connector is used for serial communication, where data is transmitted one bit at a time.
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33.
Which of the following is a RS 232 connector?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
A. A
Explanation A RS 232 connector is a type of serial connector used for connecting devices such as computers and modems. It is typically a 9-pin connector, which is represented by option A in this question. Options B, C, and D are not specified, so it is not possible to determine if they are RS 232 connectors.
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34.
Which of the following is a parallel port connector?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
D. D
Explanation The correct answer is D. A parallel port connector is a type of connector used to connect devices to a computer's parallel port. This type of connector is typically wider and has more pins compared to other types of connectors. It is commonly used for connecting printers, scanners, and other external devices to a computer.
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35.
Which of the following is used to connect a game controller, such as a joystick?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
C. C
Explanation The correct answer is C. The reason why C is the correct answer is because it is commonly used to connect a game controller, such as a joystick. C could refer to a USB cable or port, which is a standard connection method for game controllers on many gaming consoles and computers.
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36.
which of the following would you attach an " AT " Keyboard?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer
E. E
Explanation An "AT" keyboard would be attached to option E.
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37.
Which of the following would you attach a PS/2 keyboard?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer
B. B
38.
Which of the following are keyboard connectors?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer(s)
B. B E. E
Explanation The correct answer is B and E because both B and E are commonly used keyboard connectors. B refers to the PS/2 connector, which is a round connector with six pins and is used for connecting keyboards to computers. E refers to the USB connector, which is a rectangular connector and is also used for connecting keyboards to computers. Both of these connectors are widely used and recognized in the computer industry.
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39.
which of the following would you attach a PS/2 mouse?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
E.
E
Correct Answer
C. C
Explanation A PS/2 mouse would be attached to option C.
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40.
Which of the following a serial port on an Apple Macintosh computer?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer
C. C
Explanation Serial ports are used for connecting external devices such as printers, modems, and mice to a computer. In the case of Apple Macintosh computers, they typically do not have built-in serial ports. However, in the given options, option C is the only one that mentions a serial port, suggesting that it could be the correct answer.
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41.
Which of the following could you attach a mouse on an IBM PC?
A.
A
B.
B
C.
C
D.
D
Correct Answer(s)
B. B D. D
Explanation Option B and D could be the correct answers because a mouse can be attached to an IBM PC using either a PS/2 port (Option B) or a USB port (Option D). These ports are commonly found on IBM PCs and are used to connect peripherals such as mice and keyboards.
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42.
When installing a new CPU, what is applied directly to the CPU?
A.
Cooling liquid
B.
Thermal compound
C.
A Heat Sink
D.
A Fan
Correct Answer
B. Thermal compound
Explanation When installing a new CPU, thermal compound is applied directly to the CPU. Thermal compound is a substance with high thermal conductivity that helps to improve the transfer of heat from the CPU to the heat sink. It fills in microscopic gaps and air pockets between the CPU and the heat sink, ensuring better contact and heat dissipation. This helps to prevent overheating and ensures optimal performance of the CPU. Cooling liquid, a heat sink, and a fan are also important components in CPU cooling, but they are not applied directly to the CPU like thermal compound.
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43.
While installing an IDE device, you find that the cable to connect the IDE device is not keyed. which of the following should you do?
A.
Locate the red stripe on the cable, and connect the device with the red stripe lining up to pin #1
B.
Attach cable any way that fits
C.
If there is also no red stripe, Locate the blue stripe on the cable, and connect the device with the blue stipe lining up to pin # 1
D.
Purchase a new cable
Correct Answer(s)
A. Locate the red stripe on the cable, and connect the device with the red stripe lining up to pin #1 C. If there is also no red stripe, Locate the blue stripe on the cable, and connect the device with the blue stipe lining up to pin # 1
Explanation When installing an IDE device, it is important to connect the cable correctly. In this case, if the cable is not keyed, the correct approach is to locate the red stripe on the cable and connect the device with the red stripe lining up to pin #1. This ensures that the device is properly aligned with the correct pin. However, if there is no red stripe on the cable, the next step is to locate the blue stripe and connect the device with the blue stripe lining up to pin #1. This ensures that the device is connected correctly, even without a red stripe. Purchasing a new cable is not necessary unless there is a problem with the current cable.
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44.
Which of the following is a task that you have to perform when installing SCSI devices?
A.
Set the jumpers for master/slave
B.
Perfomr a low - level format the SCSI drive
C.
Assign each SCSI device a unique ID number
D.
Set the drive type in the CMOS setup
Correct Answer
C. Assign each SCSI device a unique ID number
Explanation When installing SCSI devices, one of the tasks that needs to be performed is assigning each SCSI device a unique ID number. This is necessary because SCSI devices are connected in a daisy-chain configuration, and each device must have a unique identifier to ensure proper communication and data transfer. By assigning a unique ID number, the system can differentiate between different SCSI devices and address them accordingly. This helps in avoiding conflicts and ensuring smooth operation of the SCSI devices.
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45.
Which of the following gives the porper sequence for installing master and slave IDE drives?
A.
Mount the drive in the carrier, connect the cable to the drive, install the drive in the computer, and configure the drive
B.
Mount the drives in the carrier, connect the 40-pin cable to the drives, set the drive at the end of the cable to master, set the drive in the middle to the cable to slave, install the drives in the computer, and configure the drives.
C.
Mount the drive in the carrier, connect the master drive after the twist in the cable, connect the slave drive before the twist in the cable, install the drives in the computer, and configure the drives.
D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. Mount the drives in the carrier, connect the 40-pin cable to the drives, set the drive at the end of the cable to master, set the drive in the middle to the cable to slave, install the drives in the computer, and configure the drives.
46.
Which of the following determines the master or slave in a system that supports two IDE devices?
A.
A twist in the cable
B.
Which device was installed first
C.
The jumper settings
D.
The BIOS
Correct Answer
C. The jumper settings
Explanation The jumper settings determine the master or slave in a system that supports two IDE devices. IDE devices, such as hard drives or CD/DVD drives, have jumper pins that can be configured to set the device as either master or slave. The master device is usually connected to the end of the IDE cable and has priority over the slave device. The jumper settings allow the system to identify and assign the appropriate roles to each device, ensuring proper functioning and data transfer between them.
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47.
A second hard disk drive which was recently installed on a computer is not being recognized by the system.All the cables and jumper settings are in order. what can the technician do to locate the cause of this problem?
A.
Verify that the hard disk drive has been formatted
B.
Update or repair the MBR
C.
Verify that the hard disk drive has an active partition
D.
Verify that the BIOS has been configured to detect a second hard disk drive
Correct Answer
D. Verify that the BIOS has been configured to detect a second hard disk drive
Explanation The technician should verify that the BIOS has been configured to detect a second hard disk drive. This is because if the BIOS is not set up to recognize the new hard disk drive, the system will not be able to detect it. By checking the BIOS settings, the technician can ensure that the computer is configured correctly and able to detect the newly installed hard disk drive.
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48.
You want to setup dual monitors on a laptop. you right click on Windows Desktop, select Display Properties and select the Settings tab. What should you do next?
A.
Select Detect Monitors
B.
Select the Second Display and check Extend the Desktop
C.
Set the Resolutions and color Depths
D.
Select Dual View
Correct Answer
B. Select the Second Display and check Extend the Desktop
Explanation After selecting the Display Properties and going to the Settings tab, the next step would be to select the Second Display option and check the Extend the Desktop checkbox. This will allow the user to enable dual monitors on their laptop by extending the desktop across both screens.
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49.
A technician upgrades the video drivers on a Windows XP computer. Now the computer will not boot up properly. What should the technician do first?
A.
Revert to the Las Known Good Configuration
B.
Run the Recovery Console.
C.
Start the computer in Safe Mode and Roll Back the driver
D.
Re-install the operating system.
Correct Answer
C. Start the computer in Safe Mode and Roll Back the driver
Explanation When a technician upgrades the video drivers on a Windows XP computer and it fails to boot up properly, the first step should be to start the computer in Safe Mode. Safe Mode allows the computer to boot up with minimal drivers and services, which can help isolate and troubleshoot the issue. Once in Safe Mode, the technician can then roll back the video driver to the previous version. This can be done through the Device Manager or by using the System Restore feature. Reverting to the last known good configuration or running the Recovery Console may also be viable options, but starting in Safe Mode and rolling back the driver is the most straightforward solution.
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