Plato's book "Republic" is a highly influential treatise on political philosophy and the just life. In this work, Plato explores various aspects of an ideal society, including the nature of justice, the role of the philosopher-king, and the importance of education. The book also delves into the concept of the "just life," discussing how individuals can achieve personal and societal harmony through the pursuit of wisdom and virtue. "Republic" continues to be studied and debated by scholars and philosophers, making it a significant contribution to political thought.

The correct answer is Western philosophy. The history of the social sciences can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, who laid the foundation for understanding society and human behavior. Western philosophy has greatly influenced the development of social sciences, providing theories, concepts, and methodologies that are still used today. Communism, socialism, and democracy are political ideologies that have also influenced the social sciences, but they are not the origin or foundation of the field.

Auguste Comte is generally regarded as the father of sociology because he was the first person to establish sociology as a distinct academic discipline. Comte coined the term "sociology" and believed that society could be studied scientifically, using methods similar to those used in the natural sciences. He emphasized the importance of social order and believed that sociology could contribute to solving social problems. Comte's ideas laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a field of study and greatly influenced subsequent sociologists.

Émile Durkheim is the correct answer because he is widely recognized as one of the founding fathers of sociology. He made significant contributions to the field by establishing it as a separate academic discipline and developing theories and concepts that are still influential today. Durkheim's work focused on social facts, social solidarity, and the study of suicide, among other topics. His contributions laid the foundation for the development of sociology as a scientific discipline and greatly influenced subsequent sociological theories and research.

Lord Rutherford is the correct answer because he was a physicist who believed in the importance of quantifiable knowledge. He was known for his work on atomic structure and his famous quote "All science is either physics or stamp collecting." This suggests that he valued knowledge that could be measured and quantified, indicating that he would agree with the maxim that any knowledge that cannot be measured numerically is of lesser value.

The term "social science" first appeared in 1824.

In the 18th century, the field of social science was referred to as moral philosophy. This term encompassed the study and understanding of human behavior, society, and moral values. During this time, the focus of social science was primarily on moral principles and ethical considerations, as opposed to the more modern approach of studying society through empirical research and scientific methods. Moral philosophy aimed to explore the moral and ethical dimensions of human society, making it the appropriate term for social science in the 18th century.

Ibn Khaldun is best known for his Muqaddimah.

John Dewey was one of the most persuasive advocates for the view of scientific treatment of philosophy. He believed that philosophy should be approached as a practical and experimental discipline, similar to the scientific method. Dewey emphasized the importance of studying real-life experiences and applying scientific principles to solve philosophical problems. He argued for the integration of philosophy with other disciplines, such as psychology and education, in order to address practical issues and promote social progress. Dewey's ideas had a significant influence on American pragmatism and the development of experimental philosophy.

Raven's Progressive Matrices is a test used to measure IQ. This test consists of a series of visual puzzles that assess an individual's ability to recognize patterns, think logically, and solve problems. It is a widely recognized and respected test in the field of psychology and is often used to assess cognitive abilities and intelligence.