Academic Success Week 07 - GI Intro & GI Histology
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
A scientist genetically engineers a mouse to lack the hormone secretin. Compared with a normal animal, which of the following would be expected to be increased in the mutant mouse?
- A.
PH of pancreatic ductular secretion
- B.
Volume of pancreatic secretion
- C.
PH of duodenal contents
- D.
Susceptibility to duodenal erosions and ulcerations
- E.
Gallbladder contractibility
Correct Answer
D. Susceptibility to duodenal erosions and ulcerationsExplanation
Secretin is a hormone that stimulates the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice into the duodenum to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach. Without secretin, the pH of pancreatic ductular secretion would be decreased, as there would be less bicarbonate secretion. The volume of pancreatic secretion would also be decreased since secretin plays a role in stimulating pancreatic enzyme secretion. The pH of duodenal contents would be decreased as well, due to the lack of bicarbonate secretion. However, the absence of secretin would not directly affect gallbladder contractility. Therefore, the only expected increase in the mutant mouse would be susceptibility to duodenal erosions and ulcerations, as the acidic chyme would not be properly neutralized.Rate this question:
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- 2.
A 50-year-old male patient comes to his primary care physician complaining of a chronic burning sensation in his chest. The pain is worse when lying down at night after a meal, and can be alleviated to some degree by the use of over-the-counter antacids. The pain experienced by the patient is most likely due to dysfunction of which of the following gastrointestinal structures?
- A.
Pylorus
- B.
Lower esophageal sphincter
- C.
Upper esophageal sphincter
- D.
Pancreas
- E.
Colonic enteric nervous system
Correct Answer
B. Lower esopHageal spHincterExplanation
The chronic burning sensation in the chest, worsened by lying down at night after a meal, and relieved by antacids, suggests gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is responsible for preventing the backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus. Dysfunction of the LES can lead to acid reflux and the symptoms described by the patient. Therefore, the pain experienced by the patient is most likely due to dysfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter.Rate this question:
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- 3.
As part of a diagnostic test, a gastroenterologist uses an endoscope to deliver a bolus of dilute acid into the distal esophagus. The bolus is sufficient to cause esophageal dilatation. In a normal individual, the bolus will be cleared from the esophagus predominantly by which of the following?
- A.
Primary peristalsis
- B.
Swallowing
- C.
Relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter
- D.
Receptive relaxation
- E.
Secondary peristalsis
- F.
Gravity
Correct Answer
E. Secondary peristalsisExplanation
In a normal individual, the bolus will be cleared from the esophagus predominantly by secondary peristalsis. Secondary peristalsis is a reflexive contraction of the esophageal muscles that occurs in response to the presence of a bolus in the esophagus. This reflex helps to propel the bolus further down the esophagus and into the stomach. Primary peristalsis, on the other hand, is the normal rhythmic contraction of the esophageal muscles that occurs during swallowing to move the bolus from the mouth to the stomach. While swallowing and relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter also play a role in clearing the bolus, secondary peristalsis is the primary mechanism for clearance in this scenario.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Mr. Simms is having lunch at his team's practice facility. As he swallows food, his stomach changes size to accommodate his meal. What motor neurons specifically mediate this response at the smooth muscle level?
- A.
Stimulatory neurons from the myenteric plexus
- B.
Sympathetic neurons from thoracic autonomic ganglia
- C.
Stimulatory neurons from the submucosal plexus
- D.
Inhibitory neurons from the myenteric plexus
- E.
Parasympathetic neurons from the thoracic autonomic ganglia
Correct Answer
D. Inhibitory neurons from the myenteric plexusExplanation
The correct answer is inhibitory neurons from the myenteric plexus. These neurons mediate the response of the smooth muscles in the stomach by inhibiting their contraction, allowing the stomach to expand and accommodate the meal.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Which of the following pattern of smooth muscle contraction is characteristic of the stomach and small intestines during a period of fasting?
- A.
Peristalsis
- B.
Segmentation
- C.
Migrating motor complex
- D.
Mass movement
Correct Answer
C. Migrating motor complexExplanation
The migrating motor complex is a pattern of smooth muscle contraction that occurs in the stomach and small intestines during a period of fasting. It is characterized by a coordinated, sequential contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles, which helps to clear any residual food particles and bacteria from the digestive tract. This pattern of contraction is important for maintaining the health and function of the gastrointestinal system during periods of fasting.Rate this question:
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- 6.
In the control of gastric motility, there are several factors that inhibit motility and/or promote relaxation, including duodenal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK). What is the primary signal for release of CCK from intestinal cells into the blood?
- A.
Increased gastric motility
- B.
Fatty acids in the duodenum
- C.
Bile acids in the ileum
- D.
Acid in the duodenum
- E.
Increased intestinal motility
Correct Answer
B. Fatty acids in the duodenumExplanation
Fatty acids in the duodenum are the primary signal for the release of CCK from intestinal cells into the blood. When fatty acids are present in the duodenum, it triggers the release of CCK, which inhibits gastric motility and promotes relaxation. This is an important mechanism in the control of gastric motility, as it helps to regulate the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following neurotransmitters, hormones or paracrine substances has the greatest impact on acid secretion by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa?
- A.
Histamine
- B.
Acetylcholine
- C.
Gastrin
- D.
Somatostatin
Correct Answer
A. HistamineExplanation
Histamine has the greatest impact on acid secretion by the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa. Histamine acts on H2 receptors located on the parietal cells, stimulating the production and release of gastric acid. This is a key mechanism in the regulation of gastric acid secretion and plays a crucial role in the digestive process. Acetylcholine and gastrin also contribute to acid secretion, but histamine has been found to have the most significant impact. Somatostatin, on the other hand, inhibits acid secretion and acts as a negative regulator in the stomach.Rate this question:
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- 8.
As the rate of secretion increases in both the salivary glands and pancreas, which of the following ions is found to increase most?
- A.
Chloride
- B.
Potassium
- C.
Sodium
- D.
Bicarbonate
Correct Answer
D. BicarbonateExplanation
As the rate of secretion increases in both the salivary glands and pancreas, bicarbonate ions are found to increase the most. Bicarbonate ions are important in maintaining the pH balance in the body. They act as a buffer to neutralize excess acid in the stomach and help in the digestion process. Therefore, an increase in secretion rate would result in an increased production of bicarbonate ions to maintain the proper pH levels in the digestive system.Rate this question:
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- 9.
A 22 year old university student, Ms. Smith, complains of pain in the central abdomen. It gradually increased in severity and became localized to the lower right abdomen. She developed nausea and vomiting as well. As the pain increased in intensity, she was brought to the ER where her was temperature was 38 degree C. What is the probable diagnosis?
- A.
Acute cholecystitis
- B.
Acute appendicitis
- C.
Peptic ulcer
- D.
Biliary colic
- E.
Acute pancreatitis
Correct Answer
B. Acute appendicitisExplanation
Based on the symptoms described, such as pain in the central abdomen that localized to the lower right abdomen, along with nausea, vomiting, and an increased temperature, the probable diagnosis is acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis is characterized by inflammation of the appendix, which can cause severe abdominal pain and other associated symptoms. This condition often requires immediate medical attention and may require surgical intervention to remove the inflamed appendix.Rate this question:
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- 10.
A patient presents with recurrent fatty diarrhea, malabsorption, weakness, anemia for about last 6 months. Which part of the gastro-intestinal system is most important for digestion and absorption?
- A.
Oral cavity
- B.
Esophagus or gullet
- C.
Stomach
- D.
Small Intestine
- E.
Large Intestine
Correct Answer
D. Small IntestineExplanation
The small intestine is the most important part of the gastrointestinal system for digestion and absorption. It is responsible for the majority of nutrient absorption, including fats. The patient's symptoms of recurrent fatty diarrhea and malabsorption suggest that there is a problem with fat digestion and absorption, which is primarily carried out in the small intestine.Rate this question:
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- 11.
As part of a research study, a volunteer undergoes a test known as scintigraphy, in which the transit of a swallowed soluble radioactively labeled tracer is tracked over time as it travels through the gut. Assuming this volunteer has normal gastrointestinal function, how long following the swallow would it take the tracer to appear in the colon?
- A.
7 - 10 hours
- B.
0.5 - 1 hour
- C.
1 - 3 hours
- D.
24 - 30 hours
- E.
More than 30 hours
Correct Answer
A. 7 - 10 hoursExplanation
Based on the information given, scintigraphy is a test that tracks the transit of a swallowed tracer through the gut. The question asks how long it would take for the tracer to appear in the colon. Since the colon is further down the gastrointestinal tract, it would take some time for the tracer to reach there. The correct answer of 7 - 10 hours suggests that it would take this amount of time for the tracer to travel through the gut and reach the colon.Rate this question:
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- 12.
GI Histology Which one of the following statements concerning the histological structures in the fundus/body region of the stomach is correct?
- A.
Long pits and very short glands are found there.
- B.
Parietal cells are located mainly at the base of the gastric glands and chief cells are found primarily at the neck region of the gastric glands.
- C.
Chief cells produce pepsin
- D.
Gastric glands do not contain APUD cells
- E.
Villi and crypts are the characteristic features there
Correct Answer
C. Chief cells produce pepsinExplanation
Chief cells are located primarily at the base of the gastric glands, not at the neck region. These cells are responsible for producing and secreting pepsinogen, which is then converted to pepsin in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Pepsin is an enzyme that helps in the digestion of proteins.Rate this question:
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- 13.
As saliva passes through the striated duct, which of the following changes occurs?
- A.
Active secretion of Na+
- B.
Active secretion of water
- C.
Active secretion of CI¬
- D.
Active absorption of Na+
- E.
Active absorption of K+
Correct Answer
D. Active absorption of Na+Explanation
As saliva passes through the striated duct, it undergoes active absorption of Na+. This means that the cells in the striated duct actively transport sodium ions from the saliva into the surrounding tissue. This process helps to regulate the concentration of sodium ions in the saliva and maintain the overall balance of electrolytes in the body.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A transition from simple columnar epithelium with simple tubular glands (predominant cells are goblet) to non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium are revealed in a histological slide. The sample is taken from one spot of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the tissue types, which part of GI tube is under examination?
- A.
Junction of esophagus and cardia of stomach
- B.
Junction of pylorus of stomach and duodenum
- C.
Junction of excretory duct of salivary glands and oral cavity
- D.
Junction of sigmoid colon and rectum
- E.
Pectinate line
Correct Answer
E. Pectinate lineExplanation
The pectinate line is the transition zone between the simple columnar epithelium of the rectum and the non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the anal canal. This transition occurs at the junction of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Therefore, based on the tissue types described in the question, the part of the GI tract under examination is the junction of the sigmoid colon and rectum.Rate this question:
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- 15.
Which of the following statement concerning enteroendocrine cells (EEC) is correct?
- A.
Paneth cells are a type of EEC
- B.
EECs in the stomach are derived from surface mucous cells
- C.
There is no EEC in the duodenum.
- D.
G cells are EECs and they produce gastrin
- E.
D cells are EECs and they are found in the gastric pits.
Correct Answer
D. G cells are EECs and they produce gastrinExplanation
G cells are a type of enteroendocrine cells (EEC) and they produce gastrin.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Which of the following structures cannot be found in submandibular gland?
- A.
Mucous acinus
- B.
Serous acinus
- C.
Intercalated duct
- D.
Centroacinar cells
- E.
Striated duct
Correct Answer
D. Centroacinar cellsExplanation
Centroacinar cells cannot be found in the submandibular gland. These cells are located in the pancreas and are responsible for producing digestive enzymes. The submandibular gland, on the other hand, is a salivary gland that primarily secretes a mixture of mucus and serous fluid. Therefore, centroacinar cells are not present in the submandibular gland.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which one of the following statements concerning the histological structures in the fundus/body region of the stomach is correct?
- A.
Long pits and very short glands are found there.
- B.
Parietal cells are located mainly at the base of the gastric glands and chief cells are found primarily at the neck region of the gastric glands.
- C.
Chief cells produce intrinsic factor
- D.
Gastric glands contain APUD cells.
- E.
Villi and crypts are the characteristic features there.
Correct Answer
D. Gastric glands contain APUD cells. -
- 18.
Parietal cells possess receptors for which of the following hormones?
- A.
Cholecystokinin
- B.
Somatostatin
- C.
Gastrin
- D.
Secretin
- E.
Serotonin
Correct Answer
C. GastrinExplanation
Parietal cells possess receptors for gastrin. Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the release of gastric acid in the stomach. Parietal cells are found in the stomach lining and are responsible for producing and secreting gastric acid. The presence of receptors for gastrin on parietal cells allows for the regulation of gastric acid production in response to the hormone.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which of the following structures is not a characteristic feature of small intestine?
- A.
Plicae circulars
- B.
Microvilli
- C.
Rugae
- D.
Villi
- E.
Peyer's patches
Correct Answer
C. RugaeExplanation
Rugae is not a characteristic feature of the small intestine. Rugae are folds or wrinkles that are typically found in the stomach and urinary bladder, not in the small intestine. The small intestine is lined with structures such as plicae circulars, microvilli, villi, and Peyer's patches, which aid in absorption and digestion.Rate this question:
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Feb 01, 2024Quiz Edited by
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Feb 22, 2012Quiz Created by
Rossstudent
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