1.
Which of the following cranium bones are paired
Correct Answer
B. Maxilla
Explanation
The maxilla is the only cranium bone listed that is paired. The frontal bone is a single bone that forms the forehead, the mandible is the lower jaw bone, and the vomer is a single bone in the nasal cavity. Only the maxilla bone is present in pairs, forming the upper jaw.
2.
Pt presents with injury to viscerocranium, which bone is least likely to be damaged
Correct Answer
B. Frontal
Explanation
The frontal bone is least likely to be damaged in an injury to the viscerocranium. The ethmoid bone, vomer, and mandible are all located in the lower part of the viscerocranium and are more susceptible to injury due to their positioning. The frontal bone is located at the front of the skull and forms the forehead and upper part of the eye sockets, making it less likely to be directly affected in an injury to the viscerocranium.
3.
Pt. presents with trauma to the prominence of his cheeks (face), which bone is most likely to be involved
Correct Answer
D. Zygomatic
Explanation
The zygomatic bone is most likely to be involved in trauma to the prominence of the cheeks. This bone is commonly referred to as the cheekbone and is located on the lateral aspect of the face. It forms the prominence of the cheeks and contributes to the structure of the eye socket. Trauma to this area can result in fractures or other injuries to the zygomatic bone.
4.
Which landmark can be found on the anterior fossa of the cranial base
Correct Answer
B. Cribiform plate
Explanation
temporal lobe and sella turcica are found in the middle fossa
5.
Which of the following is not found in the posterior fossa of the cranial base
Correct Answer
C. Sella turcica
Explanation
The sella turcica is not found in the posterior fossa of the cranial base. The posterior fossa is the space at the back of the skull and it contains structures such as the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons, and internal acoustic meatus. The sella turcica, on the other hand, is a bony structure located in the middle cranial fossa, which is a different compartment of the cranial base. It houses the pituitary gland and is not part of the posterior fossa.
6.
Where is CSF formed
Correct Answer
D. Choroid plexus
Explanation
The choroid plexus is responsible for the formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Located in the ventricles of the brain, the choroid plexus consists of specialized cells that produce CSF by filtering blood plasma and secreting it into the ventricles. CSF then circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nutrients to the nervous system. Therefore, the choroid plexus is the site where CSF is formed.
7.
The falx cerebri
Correct Answer
D. Seperates cerebral hemispHeres
Explanation
The falx cerebri is a fold of dura mater, a tough membrane, that extends vertically in the midline of the skull. It separates the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain, helping to provide structural support and prevent excessive movement between them. This division allows for specialization and coordination of different functions in each hemisphere.
8.
MRI shows pt has a tumor pushing against the pons, which of the following cranial nerves are most likely to be affected
Correct Answer
B. CN V
Explanation
pons associated with CN V, midbrain associated with CN III and IV
9.
The cerebellar tentorium separates the
Correct Answer
B. Cerebrum and cerebellum
Explanation
The cerebellar tentorium is a structure in the brain that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum. It is a fold of the dura mater, the outermost layer of the meninges, and it helps to provide support and protection to the brain. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, such as thinking, reasoning, and memory, while the cerebellum is involved in coordination, balance, and motor control. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrum and cerebellum.
10.
After passing through the interventricular foramen of Monro, CSF initially drains into the
Correct Answer
C. Third ventricle
Explanation
After passing through the interventricular foramen of Monro, CSF initially drains into the third ventricle. The interventricular foramen of Monro connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle. CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through this pathway. Therefore, the correct answer is the third ventricle.
11.
A pt presents with an ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery, which of the following vessels did the clot travel through most recently
Correct Answer
B. Common carotid arteries
Explanation
common carotid branches into middle and anterior cerebral arteries
12.
The circle of willis
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
the circle of willis is an anastamosis between the four arteries (2 carotids and 2 vertebrals), it connects arteries not veins
13.
Blood flow out of the cerebrum is facilliated by
Correct Answer
C. All of the above
Explanation
Blood flow out of the cerebrum is facilitated by the dural venous sinuses and the great vein of Galen. The dural venous sinuses are a network of veins located between the two layers of the dura mater, the outermost membrane covering the brain. These sinuses collect deoxygenated blood from the brain and drain it into the internal jugular veins, which eventually carry the blood back to the heart. The great vein of Galen is a large vein located deep within the brain that also helps drain blood from the cerebrum. Therefore, both the dural venous sinuses and the great vein of Galen play a role in facilitating blood flow out of the cerebrum.
14.
Injury to the obicularis oculi may result in
Correct Answer
B. Decreased flow of tears
Explanation
Injury to the obicularis oculi, the muscle responsible for closing the eyelids, can affect the normal functioning of tear production and drainage. The obicularis oculi muscle plays a crucial role in the lacrimal pump mechanism, which helps in the flow of tears. If this muscle is injured, it can lead to a decreased ability to close the eyelids properly, resulting in decreased flow of tears.
15.
Patient presents with numbness in the face and inability to chew which of the following is a potential cause
Correct Answer
B. Damage to CN V
Explanation
Trigeminal nerve (CN V ) is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and is the motor nerve for muscles of mastication
16.
Patient with lacrimal gland problems may present with tenderness in the ____________part of each orbit
Correct Answer
B. Superolateral
Explanation
Patients with lacrimal gland problems may present with tenderness in the superolateral part of each orbit. The lacrimal gland is located in the superolateral part of the orbit, near the outer corner of the eye. If there is inflammation or infection in the lacrimal gland, it can cause tenderness in this area.
17.
The vascular layer of the eye contains all of the following except
Correct Answer
B. Retina
Explanation
The vascular layer of the eye, also known as the uvea, is responsible for supplying blood to the various structures of the eye. It consists of three main parts: the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The choroid provides nourishment to the retina, which is the innermost layer of the eye responsible for sensing light and transmitting visual information to the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is retina, as it is not a part of the vascular layer of the eye.
18.
Which is true about the teeth
Correct Answer
D. Has dentin covered by enamel
Explanation
there are 20 deciduous teeth, and 32 permanent,
19.
The philtrum and vermillion border are found
Correct Answer
C. Between epithelium of lips and mucosa of the mouth
Explanation
The philtrum is the vertical groove located between the base of the nose and the upper lip, while the vermillion border is the distinct boundary between the red-colored portion of the lips and the surrounding skin. Both the philtrum and vermillion border are found between the epithelium of the lips and the mucosa of the mouth.
20.
Pt c/o problems to external ear, which of the following is involved
Correct Answer
E. None of the above
Explanation
The correct answer is "none of the above." This is because the question is asking about the involvement of certain structures in problems related to the external ear, and none of the options listed (vestibulocochlear organ, endolymph, tympanic plexus of nerves, malleus, incus, stapes) are directly associated with the external ear. The vestibulocochlear organ is responsible for hearing and balance, the endolymph is a fluid found in the inner ear, the tympanic plexus of nerves is associated with the middle ear, and the malleus, incus, and stapes are the three small bones in the middle ear. Therefore, none of these options are involved in problems related to the external ear.
21.
The platysma is
Correct Answer
C. Important muscle for facial expression
Explanation
The correct answer is "important muscle for facial expression" because the platysma is a thin, broad muscle that covers the front of the neck and extends into the lower face. It is responsible for various facial expressions, such as pulling down the corners of the mouth and tightening the skin of the neck. It is not found in the thorax or related to cranial nerve IV, nor is it an extinct amphibian.
22.
The retropharyngeal space
Correct Answer
C. Is a primary pathway for the spread of infection
Explanation
The retropharyngeal space is a potential space located behind the pharynx and in front of the cervical vertebrae. It is a primary pathway for the spread of infection because it is in close proximity to the pharynx, which is a common site for infections such as tonsillitis or pharyngitis. Infections can easily spread from the pharynx to the retropharyngeal space, leading to complications such as abscess formation.
23.
The lateral cervical region is bordered by the SCM and the border of the trapezius a patient with pain in this region may have
Correct Answer
B. Impaired function of CN XI
Explanation
A patient with pain in the lateral cervical region may have impaired function of CN XI. The question mentions that the lateral cervical region is bordered by the SCM (sternocleidomastoid muscle) and the border of the trapezius. CN XI, also known as the accessory nerve, innervates both of these muscles. Therefore, if there is pain in this region, it could potentially affect the function of CN XI and lead to impaired movement of the SCM and trapezius muscles.
24.
Which of the following triangles of the anterior cervical region are unpaired
Correct Answer
D. Submental triangle
Explanation
The submental triangle is the only unpaired triangle in the anterior cervical region. The submandibular triangle, carotid triangle, and muscular triangle are all paired structures. The submental triangle is located below the chin and is bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the two hyoid muscles.
25.
Patient presents with injury to the floor of the mouth and decreased mobility of the tongue. Which of the following muscles is least likely to be involved
Correct Answer
D. Omohyoid
Explanation
all of these muscles except the omohyoid make up the suprahyoid, which forms the floor of the mouth
26.
Which of the following arteries are not found in the neck
Correct Answer
F. None of the above
Explanation
The answer "none of the above" is correct because all of the listed arteries (occipital, posterior auricular, lingual, and facial) are indeed found in the neck.
27.
Which nerve passes deep to the digastric muscle and enters the submandibular region
Correct Answer
B. Hypoglossal (CN XII)
Explanation
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) passes deep to the digastric muscle and enters the submandibular region. This nerve is responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue, including swallowing and speech. It also provides sensory information from the tongue. The phrenic nerve is not relevant to the submandibular region, as it innervates the diaphragm. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is responsible for sensory information from the face, but it does not pass deep to the digastric muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is hypoglossal (CN XII).
28.
The prevertebral muscles are found ____to the vertebrae
Correct Answer
D. Lateral and anterior
Explanation
The correct answer is "lateral and anterior". The prevertebral muscles are located on the sides (lateral) and towards the front (anterior) of the vertebrae. These muscles are responsible for supporting and stabilizing the neck and spine.
29.
After surgery of the neck, pt. develops a hoarse voice, which is the most likely cause
Correct Answer
C. Damage to reccurent laryngeal nerve
Explanation
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve is the most likely cause of a hoarse voice after surgery of the neck. The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates the muscles responsible for vocal cord movement. Injury to this nerve can result in vocal cord paralysis or dysfunction, leading to hoarseness. The other options, such as injury of the hypoglossal nerve, trauma of the vagus nerve, or impairment of the phrenic nerve, do not directly affect the vocal cords and are less likely to cause hoarseness.
30.
Which of the following does not describe the larynx
Correct Answer
D. Connects to the hyoid bone via thyrohyoid membrane
Explanation
connects to hyoid via cricohyoid membrane
31.
Which of the following does not describe the vestibular folds
Correct Answer
B. Control sound production
Explanation
the vocal found control sound, the vestibular folds play little or no part in sound production
32.
Which of the following describes the trachea
Correct Answer
D. None of the above
Explanation
the trachea splits at the sternal angle, and has incomplete rings posteriorly and is anterior to the esophagus
33.
Pt presents with infection localized to the nasopharynx, upon physical examination which of the following findings are most likely to be noted
Correct Answer
C. Inflammation of the pHaryngeal tonsils
Explanation
pharyngeal tonsils are in the nasopharynx and the palantine tonsils are in the oropharynx
34.
The nasopharynx has purely respiratory function
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
there are digestive and respiratory functions
35.
Pt presents with trauma to Zone III of the neck, which of the following findings are the most compatible to this injury
Correct Answer
B. Damage to oropHarynx
Explanation
Damage to the oropharynx is the most compatible finding with trauma to Zone III of the neck. Zone III is located between the cricoid cartilage and the angle of the mandible, and it includes the oropharynx. Trauma to this zone can result in damage to the oropharynx, such as lacerations or perforations. This can be caused by penetrating injuries or blunt force trauma to the neck. Damage to the other structures listed (cervical pleura, thyroid, and cartilages of the neck) would not be expected in Zone III trauma.
36.
The apices of the lung may be damaged by
Correct Answer
D. Bullet wound to Zone I
Explanation
The apices of the lung may be damaged by a bullet wound to Zone I. Zone I refers to the area above the clavicles, which is in close proximity to the apices of the lungs. A bullet wound in this area can potentially penetrate the lung tissue and cause damage to the apices. Knife wounds to Zone III, blunt trauma to Zone I, and bullet wounds to Zone II would not directly affect the apices of the lung.
37.
Ribs 10 - 12 are all considered
Correct Answer
D. None of the above
Explanation
10-12 are considered atypical ribs, 10 is also a false rib, 11 and 12 are also floating
38.
Pt presents with trauma to the superior Atypical rib. The patient is at greatest risk for which of the following
Correct Answer
B. Damage to subclavian vessels
Explanation
the superior atypical ribs are 1 and 2 , the closest structure would be the subclavian vessels which run along the superior surface of the 1st rib
39.
The sternal angle of louis is
Correct Answer
A. Found at T3-T4
Explanation
formed by joining of manubrium and body
40.
Pt with an injury to the xiphoid process way also have
Correct Answer
B. Puncture of the liver
Explanation
xiphoid process is at inferior end of heart, superior end of liver, no ribs attach to it
41.
Which is not true about the thoracic apertures
Correct Answer
C. The aorta passes through the diapHragm at the inferior aperture
Explanation
the aorta passes posterior to the diaphragm but the esophagus and IVC pass through it
42.
Female breasts enlarge during puberty because of
Correct Answer
C. All of the above
Explanation
During puberty, female breasts enlarge due to glandular development and fat deposition. Glandular development refers to the growth and development of the milk-producing glands in the breasts, which is stimulated by hormonal changes. At the same time, fat deposition occurs in the breasts, leading to an increase in size. Both processes contribute to the enlargement of female breasts during puberty, making the answer "all of the above" correct.
43.
The suspensory ligament of cooper is responsible for
Correct Answer
B. Connecting the breast to the skin
Explanation
The suspensory ligament of Cooper is responsible for connecting the breast to the skin. This ligament provides support and helps maintain the shape and position of the breast. It attaches the breast tissue to the overlying skin, preventing excessive movement and sagging. This ligament is particularly important in providing stability and maintaining the overall appearance of the breast.
44.
Physical examination of the accessory muscles of respiration would include all of the following except
Correct Answer
D. Latissimus dorsi
Explanation
latissimus is not an accessory muscle of respiration
45.
Visceral pleura cannot be dissected from the lungs
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the visceral pleura is a thin membrane that covers the surface of the lungs and is tightly adhered to it. It cannot be easily separated or dissected from the lungs without causing damage. The visceral pleura and the lungs are closely connected and function together to protect and support the lungs during breathing.
46.
The pleural sleeve
Correct Answer
B. Is found at the root of the lung
Explanation
forms pleural ligament to mediastinum; costodiaphragmatic recess is from the pleura being incompletely filled during exhalation
47.
Which describes the lung
Correct Answer
C. Margin of left lung has cardiac notch ending in lingula
Explanation
right has 3 left has 2
48.
The right main bronchi is a common site of obstruction in the lung while the left main bronchi is a site of obstruction in the esophagus
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus. This anatomical difference makes the right main bronchus more prone to obstruction by foreign objects or mucus, leading to conditions like aspiration pneumonia. On the other hand, the left main bronchus is narrower and more horizontal, making it less likely to be obstructed. However, it is important to note that both main bronchi can be sites of obstruction, but the right main bronchus is more commonly affected.
49.
The main bronchi diverge immediately into
Correct Answer
A. Lobar bronchi
Explanation
The main bronchi, also known as primary bronchi, are the first branches of the trachea that enter the lungs. They further divide into smaller bronchi called lobar bronchi. Lobar bronchi are responsible for supplying air to each lobe of the lungs. On the other hand, segmental bronchi are the smaller branches that arise from the lobar bronchi and supply air to specific segments within each lobe. Therefore, the correct answer is lobar bronchi.
50.
Pulmonary arteries carry venous blood and veins carry arterial blood
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, while veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart. This is the opposite of what happens in the systemic circulation, where arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.