1.
What is a hordoleum?
Correct Answer
B. Stye
Explanation
A hordoleum is a term used to describe a stye, which is a small, painful lump that forms on the inside or outside of the eyelid. It is typically caused by a bacterial infection in the oil glands of the eyelid. Styes can be red, swollen, and tender to the touch. They usually resolve on their own within a few days or weeks, but warm compresses and good eyelid hygiene can help alleviate the symptoms.
2.
How many bones in the spine (vertebrae) are moveable?
Correct Answer
C. 24
Explanation
The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae, but only 24 of them are moveable. The remaining 9 vertebrae are fused together to form the sacrum and coccyx, which are immovable bones located at the base of the spine. Therefore, the correct answer is 24.
3.
What is the name of the pathology caused by inflammation inside of a vein?
Correct Answer
C. pHlebitis
Explanation
Phlebitis is the correct answer because it refers to the inflammation of a vein. This condition occurs when a blood clot forms in a vein, causing redness, swelling, and pain in the affected area. Deep vein thrombosis and embolism are related conditions that can result from untreated phlebitis. Tachycardia, on the other hand, is a rapid heart rate and is not directly related to inflammation inside a vein.
4.
The name for a white blood cell is a leucocyte
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A white blood cell is commonly referred to as a leucocyte. Leucocytes are an essential part of the immune system and play a crucial role in defending the body against infections and diseases. These cells are responsible for identifying and destroying pathogens, as well as producing antibodies to help fight off future infections. Therefore, it is correct to say that the name for a white blood cell is a leucocyte.
5.
Vitamin C is produced by the skin
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The answer is vitamin D
6.
Which type of nutrient starts to be digested in the mouth?
Correct Answer
D. Starch
Explanation
Starch is the correct answer because it is a complex carbohydrate that starts to be digested in the mouth. The salivary glands in the mouth release an enzyme called amylase, which begins the breakdown of starch into smaller molecules called maltose. This process is the first step in the digestion of carbohydrates and allows for the absorption of nutrients later in the digestive system.
7.
Where are faeces stored?
Correct Answer
B. Rectum
Explanation
The rectum is where faeces are stored before they are eliminated from the body. It is the final section of the large intestine, located just above the anus. Once the colon has absorbed water and nutrients from the digested food, the remaining waste material is passed into the rectum for temporary storage. When the rectum becomes full, it triggers the urge to have a bowel movement, and the faeces are then expelled through the anus.
8.
What is the liquid part of blood called?
Correct Answer
A. Plasma
Explanation
Plasma is the liquid part of blood that makes up about 55% of its total volume. It is a yellowish fluid that contains water, proteins, electrolytes, hormones, waste products, and nutrients. Plasma plays a crucial role in transporting these substances throughout the body, regulating body temperature, maintaining blood pressure, and supporting the immune system. Thrombocytes, erythrocytes, and leucocytes are all cellular components of blood and do not refer to the liquid part.
9.
In which layer of the dermis are collagen and elastin found?
Correct Answer
B. Reticular
Explanation
Collagen and elastin are found in the reticular layer of the dermis. The reticular layer is the deeper layer of the dermis and is responsible for providing strength, support, and elasticity to the skin. Collagen is a protein that gives the skin its structure and helps with wound healing, while elastin allows the skin to stretch and bounce back to its original shape. These two components are crucial for maintaining the integrity and elasticity of the skin.
10.
What is the name of the tube which carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
Correct Answer
B. Ureter
Explanation
The ureter is the tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder. It is a long, muscular tube that transports urine by peristalsis, a wave-like muscle contraction. The ureter plays a crucial role in the urinary system by facilitating the elimination of waste products from the body. The urethra, on the other hand, is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.
11.
Which glands are found all other the body, particularly the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
Correct Answer
B. Eccrine
Explanation
Eccrine glands are found all over the body, including the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. These glands are responsible for producing sweat, which helps regulate body temperature. Unlike sebaceous glands, which produce oil, and apocrine glands, which are found in specific areas like the armpits and groin, eccrine glands are distributed throughout the entire body.
12.
Which part of the small intestine absorbs nutrients?
Correct Answer
C. Ileum
Explanation
The ileum is the part of the small intestine that absorbs nutrients. It is the final section of the small intestine, located between the jejunum and the large intestine. The inner lining of the ileum contains numerous microscopic finger-like projections called villi, which greatly increase the surface area for absorption. These villi have specialized cells that absorb nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and digested food particles into the bloodstream. Therefore, the correct answer is the ileum.
13.
Which part of the digestive system stores bile?
Correct Answer
A. Gallbladder
Explanation
The gallbladder stores bile, which is produced by the liver. Bile is a greenish-yellow fluid that helps in the digestion and absorption of fats. The liver produces bile and releases it into the gallbladder for storage. When food containing fats enters the small intestine, the gallbladder contracts and releases bile into the digestive system to aid in the breakdown of fats. Therefore, the correct answer is the gallbladder.
14.
Which type of blood cell is responsible for clotting blood?
Correct Answer
C. Thrombocyte
Explanation
Thrombocytes, also known as platelets, are responsible for clotting blood. When there is an injury or damage to a blood vessel, thrombocytes gather at the site and form a plug to stop bleeding. They release chemicals that activate other clotting factors, leading to the formation of a blood clot. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen, while leucocytes (white blood cells) are responsible for fighting infections.
15.
Which type of connective tissue links bones and muscles together?
Correct Answer
A. Tendon
Explanation
Tendons are a type of connective tissue that link bones and muscles together. They are strong, flexible cords that attach muscles to bones, allowing for movement and providing stability to the skeletal system. Tendons are composed of collagen fibers, which are highly organized and resistant to tension. They play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the bones, enabling movement and facilitating joint stability.
16.
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
Correct Answer
A. 126
Explanation
The correct answer is 126. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the limbs and their associated girdles. This includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders, and hips. There are a total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton.
17.
Diathrotic is another term for which kind of joint?
Correct Answer
C. Synovial
Explanation
Diathrotic is another term for synovial joint. Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which is filled with synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and allows for smooth movement. These joints are highly mobile and allow for a wide range of movement in multiple directions. Examples of synovial joints include the shoulder joint, hip joint, and knee joint.
18.
How much oxygen is exhaled in air?
Correct Answer
B. 16
Explanation
The correct answer is 16 because when we exhale, the air we breathe out contains approximately 16% oxygen. The remaining 84% is mostly nitrogen, with small amounts of other gases.
19.
What function do enzymes have?
Correct Answer
A. To speed up a chemical reaction in the body
Explanation
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur, thereby increasing the rate of the reaction. Enzymes are highly specific and can only catalyze specific reactions. They play a crucial role in various biological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and cellular respiration. Without enzymes, many essential reactions in the body would occur too slowly to sustain life. Therefore, the function of enzymes is to accelerate chemical reactions in the body.
20.
What type of nutrient does the enzyme break down?
Correct Answer
A. Protein
Explanation
The enzyme breaks down proteins.
21.
Which type of nutrient is indigestible?
Correct Answer
B. Fibre
Explanation
Fibre is the correct answer because it is a type of nutrient that cannot be broken down or digested by the human body. It passes through the digestive system relatively intact, adding bulk to the stool and aiding in regular bowel movements. Fibre is found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. It provides many health benefits, including promoting digestive health, preventing constipation, and reducing the risk of certain diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.
22.
Where in the body is water reabsorbed?
Correct Answer
B. Colon
Explanation
Water is reabsorbed in the colon. The colon is the final part of the digestive system, responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes from the undigested food material that passes through it. This reabsorption process helps in maintaining the body's fluid balance and preventing dehydration. The small intestine primarily absorbs nutrients, while the stomach is mainly involved in the initial digestion of food.
23.
Dyspepsia is another name for which pathology?
Correct Answer
A. Indigestion
Explanation
Dyspepsia is another term used to refer to indigestion. Indigestion is a common condition characterized by discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, bloating, and a feeling of fullness after eating. It can be caused by various factors such as overeating, eating too quickly, consuming fatty or spicy foods, or certain medical conditions. Dyspepsia is often used interchangeably with indigestion to describe this condition. Acid reflux and flatulence are related but different conditions that may have similar symptoms but distinct underlying causes.
24.
What does the word brachial mean?
Correct Answer
B. Arm
Explanation
The word "brachial" refers to something related to the arm. It is commonly used to describe the brachial artery, which is the major blood vessel in the upper arm. Therefore, the correct answer is "Arm."
25.
Which word means above or higher?
Correct Answer
B. Superior
Explanation
The word "superior" means above or higher. It is the opposite of "inferior," which means below or lower. "Medial" refers to the middle or center, while "lateral" refers to the side. Therefore, "superior" is the correct answer as it best fits the given definition.
26.
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Correct Answer
A. Protection
Explanation
Epithelial tissue functions primarily in protection. It forms a barrier that covers and protects the surfaces of the body, both internally and externally. This tissue acts as a protective shield against physical, chemical, and microbial damage, preventing harmful substances from entering the body. It also helps in reducing water loss and provides a barrier against infection. Epithelial tissue is found in various organs, such as the skin, lining of the respiratory tract, digestive tract, and blood vessels, where protection is crucial for maintaining the body's overall health and well-being.
27.
Which of the following is not a type of muscle?
Correct Answer
D. Stripped
Explanation
The term "stripped" is not a recognized type of muscle. The other options, skeletal, cardiac, and visceral, are all types of muscles that exist in the human body. Skeletal muscles are responsible for voluntary movements, cardiac muscles are found in the heart and control its contractions, and visceral muscles are found in the organs and control involuntary movements. However, "stripped" does not correspond to any known type of muscle.
28.
Which is the most superficial layer of skin?
Correct Answer
A. Stratum corenum
Explanation
The most superficial layer of the skin is the stratum corneum. This layer is composed of dead skin cells that have undergone a process called keratinization, where they have become tough and waterproof. The stratum corneum acts as a protective barrier, preventing the entry of harmful substances and pathogens into the body. It also helps to retain moisture and regulate temperature.
29.
Herpes zoster is another term for shingles
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Herpes zoster is indeed another term for shingles. Shingles is a viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. After a person recovers from chickenpox, the virus can remain dormant in the body and reactivate later in life, causing shingles. The condition is characterized by a painful rash that typically appears in a band or strip on one side of the body. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct.
30.
What is tinea capitis?
Correct Answer
B. Ringworm of the head
Explanation
Tinea capitis is a fungal infection that affects the scalp and hair. It is commonly known as ringworm of the head. This condition is characterized by itchy, scaly patches on the scalp, hair loss, and sometimes the presence of small black dots. It is more common in children and can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated objects. Treatment usually involves antifungal medications, both oral and topical, to eliminate the infection and promote hair regrowth.
31.
Which blood vessel carries blood from the lower body to the heart?
Correct Answer
A. Inferior vena cava
Explanation
The correct answer is the inferior vena cava. The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body back to the heart. It is responsible for returning blood from the legs, abdomen, and pelvis to the right atrium of the heart. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. The superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart.
32.
How many lobes does the left lung have ?
Correct Answer
A. 2
Explanation
The left lung has two lobes.
33.
How many litres of blood are there in the average adult?
Correct Answer
B. 5-6
Explanation
The average adult has approximately 5-6 liters of blood in their body. This amount of blood is necessary for the body to carry out its vital functions, such as delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells, removing waste products, and regulating body temperature. Any significant deviation from this range can indicate a potential health problem, such as anemia or dehydration.
34.
In which type of blood vessel does the exchange of nutrients and waste, between the body tissues and the blood take place?
Correct Answer
C. Capillary
Explanation
Capillaries are the smallest and thinnest blood vessels in the body. Their walls are only one cell thick, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. This exchange occurs through the process of diffusion, as oxygen and nutrients move from the capillaries into the tissues, while carbon dioxide and waste products move from the tissues into the capillaries to be transported away. Arterioles and venules are larger blood vessels that connect arteries and veins respectively, but the actual exchange of nutrients and waste occurs in the capillaries.
35.
Which layer of the heart is made up of the muscle bulk and is responsible for heart contraction?
Correct Answer
B. Myocardium
Explanation
The myocardium is the correct answer because it is the layer of the heart that is composed of muscle tissue and is responsible for the contraction of the heart. It is the thickest layer of the heart and helps to pump blood throughout the body. The pericardium is the protective outer layer of the heart, while the endocardium is the innermost layer that lines the chambers and valves of the heart.
36.
Which type of blood circulation carries blood between the body and the heart?
Correct Answer
A. Systemic
Explanation
Systemic circulation carries blood between the body and the heart. This type of circulation is responsible for delivering oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart. It involves the arteries, veins, and capillaries throughout the body, ensuring that all organs and tissues receive the necessary nutrients and oxygen for their proper functioning.
37.
Which valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle?
Correct Answer
A. Tricuspid
Explanation
The valve found between the right atrium and the right ventricle is called the tricuspid valve. This valve has three cusps or flaps that open and close to regulate the flow of blood from the atrium to the ventricle. When the right atrium contracts, the tricuspid valve opens, allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent blood from flowing back into the atrium. This ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the atrium to the ventricle, facilitating efficient circulation.
38.
Which word means to contract?
Correct Answer
B. Systole
Explanation
Systole is the correct answer because it refers to the contraction phase of the heartbeat, specifically the contraction of the heart muscles to pump blood out into the arteries. Diastole, on the other hand, refers to the relaxation phase of the heartbeat, when the heart muscles are at rest and the chambers are filling with blood. Therefore, systole is the word that means to contract.
39.
What does the word calcaneal mean?
Correct Answer
A. Heel
Explanation
The word "calcaneal" refers to something related to the heel. In anatomy, the calcaneus is the bone that forms the heel of the foot. Therefore, "heel" is the correct answer as it directly corresponds to the meaning of the word "calcaneal".
40.
In this type of movement, water molecules move from a high to a low concentration.
Correct Answer
B. Osmosis
Explanation
Osmosis is the correct answer because it is the movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. This process occurs across a semi-permeable membrane, allowing water to pass through but not solute particles. Osmosis is important for maintaining balance in cells and is commonly observed in biological systems, such as the movement of water in plant roots or the absorption of water in the intestines.
41.
Which part of a cell controls movement in and out of a cell?
Correct Answer
C. Cell membrane
Explanation
The cell membrane is responsible for controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It acts as a barrier, allowing certain molecules to pass through while preventing others from entering or leaving the cell. This selective permeability is crucial for maintaining the internal environment of the cell and regulating the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and signaling molecules with the surrounding environment. The nucleus, on the other hand, contains the cell's genetic material and is involved in controlling cell functions, but it does not directly control the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
42.
In which layer of the skin, do cells become keritanised?
Correct Answer
B. Stratum granulosum
Explanation
The correct answer is Stratum granulosum. This is the layer of the skin where cells undergo the process of keratinization, which is the formation of the tough protein keratin. As cells move from the Stratum germinativum to the Stratum granulosum, they begin to produce keratin and other proteins, causing them to become flattened and filled with granules. These granules contain enzymes and lipids that help to waterproof the skin and provide protection against external factors.
43.
Which pathology is onychocryptosis?
Correct Answer
A. Ingrowing toenail
Explanation
Onychocryptosis refers to the condition of an ingrowing toenail, where the edge of the toenail grows into the surrounding skin, causing pain, inflammation, and sometimes infection. This condition commonly occurs in the big toe and can be caused by improper nail trimming, tight footwear, or genetic factors. It is important to treat ingrowing toenails promptly to prevent further complications and relieve discomfort.
44.
The tempro-mandibular joint is an example of which type of synovial joint?
Correct Answer
D. Condyloid
Explanation
The tempro-mandibular joint refers to the joint connecting the temporal bone of the skull to the mandible (lower jaw). This joint allows for movement in multiple directions, including rotation, translation, and gliding. A condyloid joint is a type of synovial joint that allows for movement in two planes, making it the most suitable classification for the tempro-mandibular joint.
45.
Which lung has more lobes (3 instead of 2) and is therefore the largest?
Correct Answer
A. Right
Explanation
The right lung has three lobes instead of two, making it larger than the left lung. This anatomical difference allows for a greater surface area for gas exchange and increased respiratory capacity. The additional lobe in the right lung helps accommodate the heart, which is located slightly to the left side of the chest.
46.
What happens during inhalation?
Correct Answer
A. Contraction of diapHragm muscle increases the volume of the thorax
Explanation
During inhalation, the diaphragm muscle contracts. This contraction causes the diaphragm to move downward, which increases the volume of the thorax. As the volume of the thorax increases, the pressure inside the lungs decreases. This decrease in pressure allows air to rush into the lungs, filling them with oxygen. Therefore, the correct answer is that the contraction of the diaphragm muscle increases the volume of the thorax.
47.
Which pigment inside of red blood cells picks up the oxygen?
Correct Answer
B. Haemoglobin
Explanation
Haemoglobin is the pigment inside red blood cells that picks up oxygen. It is a protein molecule that binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it to the body's tissues and organs. This process is crucial for the transportation of oxygen throughout the body and is essential for normal bodily functions. Oxyhaemoglobin is the form of haemoglobin that is bound to oxygen, while erythema refers to the redness of the skin and plasma is the liquid component of blood.
48.
Which spinchter controls the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine?
Correct Answer
B. Pyloric
Explanation
The pyloric sphincter controls the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine. It is located at the lower end of the stomach and regulates the release of partially digested food, known as chyme, into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption. The pyloric sphincter opens and closes to allow the controlled passage of food, preventing backflow and ensuring proper digestion and absorption of nutrients.
49.
Which enzyme is found in the mouth?
Correct Answer
D. Amylase
Explanation
Amylase is the correct answer because it is an enzyme that is found in the mouth. It is responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into smaller molecules such as sugars. This enzyme is produced by the salivary glands and is released into the mouth during the process of chewing and swallowing food. Amylase starts the digestion of starches in the mouth before the food reaches the stomach.
50.
The left side of the heart is less muscular than the right.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
The left side is more muscular to give blood the power to travel around the body.