Anatomy: What Is It And Why Is It Important?
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Which is not a function of bone?
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Movement
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Storage of energy
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ATP storage
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Blood cell production
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Anatomy and physiology is a course that describes the structure and operation of one's individual body. Studying it helps one know exactly what goes on inside the body and leads to some actions. Give the quiz below a try and test your basic knowledge of anatomy and what it entails.
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- 2.
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
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Osteoclasts
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Osteocytes
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Stem cells
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Chondrocytes
Correct Answer
A. OsteoclastsExplanation
Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for the process of bone resorption. They break down and remove old or damaged bone tissue, allowing for new bone formation. This process is essential for maintaining bone health and remodeling. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are involved in maintaining bone structure and regulating mineral metabolism. Stem cells have the potential to differentiate into various cell types, including osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage, not bone.Rate this question:
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- 3.
The humerus is a(n)
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Long bone
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Irregular bone
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Short bone
Correct Answer
A. Long boneExplanation
The humerus is classified as a long bone because it is longer than it is wide. Long bones, such as the humerus, are characterized by having a shaft (diaphysis) and two expanded ends (epiphyses). They provide support, mobility, and protection to the body and are found in the limbs.Rate this question:
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- 4.
A meatus is a
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Shallow, basin-like depression.
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Smooth, nearly flat articular surface.
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Canal-like passage
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Small rounded projection
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Large blunt irregular surface
Correct Answer
A. Canal-like passageExplanation
A meatus is a canal-like passage. It refers to a narrow opening or passageway in the body, such as the auditory meatus in the ear or the urethral meatus in the urinary system. These passages allow for the passage of fluids, air, or other substances.Rate this question:
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- 5.
A head on a bone is a(n)
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Rounded projection on a neck
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Armlike bar of bone
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Shallow, basin-like depression
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Narrow slitlike opening for passage of blood vessels
Correct Answer
A. Rounded projection on a neckExplanation
A head on a bone refers to a rounded projection that is typically found on the end of a bone, particularly where it articulates with another bone. This projection allows for movement and provides a point of attachment for muscles and ligaments. The neck refers to the narrower portion of the bone that connects the head to the rest of the bone. Therefore, a rounded projection on a neck accurately describes the structure and function of a head on a bone.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The structural unit of compact bone is
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The osteon
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Spongy bone
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Osseous matrix
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Myofibril
Correct Answer
A. The osteonExplanation
The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon. An osteon, also known as a Haversian system, is a cylindrical structure that is composed of concentric layers of bone tissue called lamellae. Each osteon contains a central canal, which houses blood vessels and nerves, as well as osteocytes, which are mature bone cells. The osteon provides strength and support to compact bone, allowing it to resist bending and breaking.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Bones are covered by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primaily of.
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Cartilage and compact bone
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
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Chondrocytes and osteocytes
Correct Answer
A. Osteoblasts and osteoclastsExplanation
The correct answer is osteoblasts and osteoclasts. The periosteum is a protective tissue that covers bones, and its inner layer, known as the osteogenic layer, is primarily composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation, while osteoclasts are involved in bone resorption. These two cell types work together to maintain the balance of bone growth and remodeling in the body.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Ossification and growth at the epiphyses of long bones
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Is accomplished by secondary ossification
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Is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation
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Requires that the mesenchyme become periosteum
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Involves medullary cavity formation
Correct Answer
A. Is accomplished by secondary ossificationExplanation
Ossification and growth at the epiphyses of long bones is accomplished by secondary ossification. Secondary ossification refers to the process where ossification occurs in the epiphyseal plates, which are cartilaginous areas at the ends of long bones. This process allows for the growth of long bones by adding new bone tissue to the epiphyses. It is different from primary ossification, which occurs in the diaphysis or shaft of the long bone. Secondary ossification is essential for the proper development and growth of long bones during childhood and adolescence.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Which would be the primary reason more bone is resorbed than deposited?
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To increase blood calcium
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To increase blood potassium
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To help blood to clot
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To reduce bone mass
Correct Answer
A. To increase blood calciumExplanation
The primary reason more bone is resorbed than deposited is to increase blood calcium levels. Resorption is the process of breaking down bone tissue and releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This occurs when the body needs to maintain a balance of calcium in the blood for various physiological functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and maintaining healthy bones. When blood calcium levels are low, the body resorbs bone to release calcium into the bloodstream, ensuring that there is enough calcium available for these essential functions.Rate this question:
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- 10.
To make spongy bone stronger, trabeculae align
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Randomly
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At right angles to lines of stress
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Along lines of stress
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Obliquely to lines of stress
Correct Answer
A. Along lines of stressExplanation
Trabeculae are the thin, bony strands that make up spongy bone. They are responsible for providing strength and support to the bone. When trabeculae align along the lines of stress, they are positioned in a way that can withstand and distribute forces that act on the bone. This alignment helps to make the spongy bone stronger and more resistant to fractures or damage.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which is not a bone of the axial skeleton?
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Sternum
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Ethmoid
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Atlas
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Clavicle
Correct Answer
A. ClavicleExplanation
The clavicle is not a bone of the axial skeleton. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage, which are all involved in protecting and supporting the central axis of the body. The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is part of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton. It plays a role in connecting the upper limb to the trunk.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Choose the statement that is most correct about the bony orbits that house your eyes.
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The orbits are made entirely of cartilage
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The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bones
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The orbits contain only cranial bones
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The orbits contain only facial bones
Correct Answer
A. The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bonesExplanation
The bony orbits that house your eyes are formed of both facial and cranial bones. This means that the orbits are not made entirely of cartilage or contain only cranial or facial bones. The facial bones involved in forming the orbits include the maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine bones, while the cranial bones include the frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. These bones together create a protective structure that surrounds and supports the eyes.Rate this question:
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- 13.
Which bones has a pair in the cranium?
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Frontal
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Sphenoid
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Ethmoid
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Occipital
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Temporal
Correct Answer
A. TemporalExplanation
The temporal bones have a pair in the cranium. The cranium is the part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. It is made up of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital, and temporal bones. The temporal bones are located on the sides and base of the skull, and they house important structures such as the middle and inner ear, as well as the temporomandibular joint. Having a pair of temporal bones ensures symmetry and stability in the cranium.Rate this question:
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- 14.
The cervical curvature is
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Concave posteriorly
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Convex posteriorly
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Neither concave nor convex
Correct Answer
A. Concave posteriorlyExplanation
The cervical curvature refers to the natural curve in the neck region of the spine. It is concave posteriorly, which means that it curves inward towards the back of the body. This curvature helps to maintain balance and support the weight of the head.Rate this question:
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- 15.
In the intervertebral discs, the _____ encloses the gelatinous ______.
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Annulus pulposis, nucleus fibrosis
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Nucleus fibrosis, annulus pulposis
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Nucleus pulposis, annulus fibrosis
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Annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposis
Correct Answer
A. Annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposisExplanation
The correct answer is annulus fibrosis, nucleus pulposis. The annulus fibrosis is the outer ring of fibrocartilage that surrounds the intervertebral disc, providing support and stability. The nucleus pulposis is the inner gel-like substance within the disc, which acts as a shock absorber and helps distribute pressure evenly throughout the disc.Rate this question:
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- 16.
The vertebral foramina of the vertebrae..
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Form moveable joints between vertebrae.
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Connect vertebrae via interspinous ligaments
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Contain the spinal cord and protects it
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Sit between disks and bears the body weight above.
Correct Answer
A. Contain the spinal cord and protects itExplanation
The vertebral foramina of the vertebrae contain the spinal cord and protect it. This is because the vertebral foramina are the openings in the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. The spinal cord is a vital part of the central nervous system and is responsible for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The vertebral foramina act as a protective barrier, surrounding and shielding the delicate spinal cord from potential damage or injury.Rate this question:
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- 17.
The rhytmic movements of breathing
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Provide anatomical surface landmarks for the heart and lungs
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Alternately lift and depress the thorax
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Involve only the true ribs
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Cause certain ribs to "float"
Correct Answer
A. Alternately lift and depress the thoraxExplanation
The rhythmic movements of breathing refer to the expansion and contraction of the thorax, which is the chest cavity. As we inhale, the muscles involved in breathing contract, causing the thorax to expand and lift. This allows the lungs to expand and fill with air. On the other hand, as we exhale, the muscles relax, causing the thorax to depress and return to its original position. This movement of lifting and depressing the thorax is essential for the process of breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.Rate this question:
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- 18.
The tibia is in contact with which tarsus
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Cuboid
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Calcaneus
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Talus
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Navicular
Correct Answer
A. TalusExplanation
The tibia is in contact with the talus. The talus is a bone in the foot that sits between the tibia and the calcaneus (heel bone). It forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, allowing for movement and stability in the foot and ankle.Rate this question:
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- 19.
Which spinal curvatures are present at birth?
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Thoracic and sacral
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Lumbar and sacral
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Thoracic and cervical
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Cervical and lumbar
Correct Answer
A. Thoracic and sacralExplanation
At birth, the spinal curvatures that are present are the thoracic and sacral curvatures. The thoracic curvature is located in the upper back region and the sacral curvature is located in the lower back region. These curvatures develop during fetal development and help to provide stability and support to the spine as the baby grows and begins to sit and stand. The lumbar and cervical curvatures develop later as the baby starts to lift its head and eventually walk.Rate this question:
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- 20.
Synarthrotic joints
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Have large joint cavities
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Are cartilaginous joints.
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Are found at the junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis of growing bone
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Permit essentially no movement.
Correct Answer
A. Permit essentially no movement.Explanation
Synarthrotic joints are a type of joint that allows very little or no movement. These joints are highly stable and provide strong connections between bones. They are found in areas where stability and support are crucial, such as the skull or pelvis. Unlike other types of joints, synarthrotic joints do not have a large joint cavity and are not cartilaginous. Instead, they are held together by dense connective tissue or fibrous ligaments, which restrict movement and promote stability.Rate this question:
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- 21.
An immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a
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Cartilaginous joint
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Suture
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Condyle
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Synovial joint
Correct Answer
A. SutureExplanation
A suture is an immovable joint found only between skull bones. It is formed by fibrous connective tissue that holds the skull bones together. Sutures are important for maintaining the shape and stability of the skull, as well as protecting the brain. They allow for some growth and flexibility in the skull during infancy and childhood, but become more rigid and fused as a person matures. Sutures are different from other types of joints, such as synovial joints, which allow for movement.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Menisci Refer to
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Cartilage pads that subdivide synovial cavities
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Tendon sheaths
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Small sacs containing synovial fluid
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Cavities lined with cartilage
Correct Answer
A. Cartilage pads that subdivide synovial cavitiesExplanation
Menisci are cartilage pads that subdivide synovial cavities. These pads are found in certain joints, such as the knee joint, and help to distribute the forces placed on the joint during movement. They also provide cushioning and stability to the joint, reducing the risk of injury. Menisci are made of fibrocartilage, which is a tough and flexible type of cartilage.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Turning a joint of its long axis is
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Lateral flexion
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Rotation
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Supination
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Abduction
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Pronation
Correct Answer
A. RotationExplanation
Rotation refers to the movement of a joint around its long axis. This movement allows the joint to twist or turn in a circular motion. In the context of the given question, turning a joint of its long axis is specifically referring to rotation. This means that the joint is being rotated or twisted around its central axis, rather than being flexed, extended, or moved in any other direction.Rate this question:
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- 24.
A joint that involves a cylinder in a trough, providing extension or flexion in a single plane is a
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Condyloid joint
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Plane joint
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Hinge joint
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Saddle joint
Correct Answer
A. Hinge jointExplanation
A hinge joint allows for movement in only one plane, similar to the movement of a door hinge. In this case, the joint involves a cylinder in a trough, suggesting a cylindrical bone fitting into a concave surface. This type of joint allows for extension and flexion in a single plane, making it the most suitable explanation for the given scenario.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are
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Common due to the weight-bearing the hip endures
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Rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint
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Common in all people who are overweight
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Rare because of the strong ligament reinforcement
Correct Answer
A. Rare because of the strong ligament reinforcementExplanation
The correct answer is "rare because of the strong ligament reinforcement." The hip joint is supported by strong ligaments that help stabilize it and prevent excessive displacement. In contrast, the shoulder joint is more prone to displacements due to its greater range of motion and less ligamentous support.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Which is not true about changes in joints occurring as we age?
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Osteoarthritis is more likely to develop after age 70
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Ligaments and tendons shorten and weaken
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Intervertebral discs become more likely to herniate
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Prudent exercise causes development of joint problems
Correct Answer
A. Prudent exercise causes development of joint problemsExplanation
Prudent exercise does not cause the development of joint problems as we age. In fact, regular exercise is beneficial for joint health as it helps to maintain strength, flexibility, and mobility. Exercise can also help to reduce the risk of developing conditions such as osteoarthritis. Therefore, the statement that prudent exercise causes development of joint problems is not true.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres and only a few gap junctions between cells?
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Visceral smooth muscle
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Cardiac muscle
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Multiunit smooth muscle
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Skeletal muscle
Correct Answer
A. Multiunit smooth muscleExplanation
Multiunit smooth muscle is the correct answer because it is characterized by having only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and only a few gap junctions between cells. Unlike other muscle types, such as skeletal muscle which has multiple nuclei and sarcomeres, multiunit smooth muscle consists of individual muscle fibers that contract independently. This type of muscle is typically found in structures like the iris of the eye and the walls of blood vessels, where precise control of muscle contraction is required.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Which is not a function of muscles (any type)?
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Thermogenesis
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Regulation of volumes
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Blood cell production
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Move bones
Correct Answer
A. Blood cell productionExplanation
Muscles are not responsible for the production of blood cells. Blood cell production occurs in the bone marrow, specifically in the spongy bone tissue. Muscles have various functions, including thermogenesis (generating heat), regulation of volumes (such as controlling blood flow and pressure), and movement of bones (by contracting and relaxing). However, they do not play a direct role in the production of blood cells.Rate this question:
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- 29.
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by
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Myofilaments
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Epimysium
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A capillary bed
Correct Answer
A. A capillary bedExplanation
Each myofiber in skeletal muscle is surrounded by a capillary bed. This capillary bed is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the myofiber and removing waste products such as carbon dioxide. The close proximity of the capillary bed to the myofiber ensures efficient exchange of these substances, allowing for optimal muscle function during physical activity.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Which of the following wraps an entire cell?
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Endomysium
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Epimysium
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Fascicle
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Perimysium
Correct Answer
A. EpimysiumExplanation
The epimysium wraps an entire cell. It is the outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and separates it from surrounding tissues and organs. It provides support and protection to the muscle fibers within and helps to maintain the shape and integrity of the muscle.Rate this question:
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- 31.
Which consists of only thick filaments in a sarcomere?
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H zone
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M line
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Z disc
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A band
Correct Answer
A. H zoneExplanation
The H zone consists of only thick filaments in a sarcomere. This region appears lighter because it lacks thin filaments. The thick filaments in the H zone are composed of myosin protein and are responsible for muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 32.
Which is an alternative name for myofiber?
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Myofilament
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Muscle cell
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Sarcomere
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Myofibril
Correct Answer
A. Muscle cellExplanation
The alternative name for myofiber is "muscle cell" because myofiber refers to a single muscle cell. A muscle cell, or myofiber, is a specialized cell that is responsible for generating force and movement in the body. It contains myofilaments, which are protein structures that contract and relax to produce muscle contractions. Therefore, muscle cell is the correct alternative name for myofiber.Rate this question:
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- 33.
At the nerumuscular junction, which part of the muscle cell receives the acetylcholine neurotransmitter signal to stimulate the muscle fiber to contract?
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Sarcolemma
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Myosin
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T Tubules
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Correct Answer
A. SarcolemmaExplanation
The sarcolemma is the correct answer because it is the part of the muscle cell that receives the acetylcholine neurotransmitter signal. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber, and it contains receptors for acetylcholine. When acetylcholine binds to these receptors, it triggers a series of events that lead to muscle contraction.Rate this question:
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- 34.
Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and a
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The muscle fibers innervated by it
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The associated Schwaan cells
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Its postsynaptic motor neurons
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Its presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles
Correct Answer
A. The muscle fibers innervated by itExplanation
Motor units consist of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron sends signals to the muscle fibers, causing them to contract. This coordinated contraction allows for smooth and efficient movement. The associated Schwann cells are not directly involved in the contraction of muscle cells. The postsynaptic motor neurons and presynaptic neurotransmitter vesicles are also not directly related to the muscle fibers themselves.Rate this question:
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- 35.
The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as
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Action potential
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Refractory summation
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Muscle tone
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Twitch
Correct Answer
A. Muscle toneExplanation
Muscle tone refers to the number of muscle fibers that are in a contracted state even when the muscle is otherwise relaxed. It is the continuous and partial contraction of muscles that helps maintain posture and stability. This muscle tone is regulated by the central nervous system and is important for maintaining muscle strength and readiness for movement.Rate this question:
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- 36.
A myofibr with much myoglobin, many mitochondria, a slow contraction velocity, and a high resistance to fatigue is
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Fast red (oxidative-glycolic)
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Fast white (glycolic)
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Slow white(glycolic)
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Intermediate red (oxidative)
Correct Answer
A. Intermediate red (oxidative)Explanation
A myofibril with much myoglobin, many mitochondria, a slow contraction velocity, and a high resistance to fatigue indicates that it is an intermediate red (oxidative) type. This type of myofibril has a high capacity for aerobic metabolism due to the presence of myoglobin and mitochondria, allowing it to generate energy efficiently through oxidative phosphorylation. The slow contraction velocity suggests a slower twitch speed, and the high resistance to fatigue indicates that it can sustain contractions for longer periods without tiring easily.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Which is not an expected result of doing endurance exercise
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Lower resistance to fatigue
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More myoglobin in myofibers
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More capillaries around muscle fibers
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More mitochondria in muscle cells
Correct Answer
A. Lower resistance to fatigueExplanation
Doing endurance exercise typically leads to an increase in resistance to fatigue, not a decrease. This is because endurance exercise improves cardiovascular fitness, increases muscle strength and stamina, and enhances the efficiency of oxygen utilization by the muscles. These adaptations result in the ability to sustain physical activity for longer periods without experiencing excessive fatigue. Therefore, a lower resistance to fatigue would be an unexpected result of doing endurance exercise.Rate this question:
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- 38.
When cardiac muscle cells die the result is
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Fibrosis
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Contraction
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Hyperplasia
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Their replacement by adipose tissue
Correct Answer
A. FibrosisExplanation
When cardiac muscle cells die, the result is fibrosis. Fibrosis refers to the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in the heart, which replaces the dead muscle cells. This can lead to the stiffening and scarring of the heart tissue, impairing its ability to contract effectively and compromising its overall function.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Which type of muscle is noted for having diffuse junctions for autonomic nervous system fibers for apply the stimulus to the muscle to contract?
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Smooth
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Skeletal
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Cardiac
Correct Answer
A. SmoothExplanation
Smooth muscle is noted for having diffuse junctions for autonomic nervous system fibers to apply the stimulus to the muscle to contract. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscles, which have specific neuromuscular junctions, smooth muscles have diffuse junctions where the autonomic nervous system fibers release neurotransmitters over a wider area. This allows for coordinated contractions of smooth muscles in various organs, such as the digestive system and blood vessels.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Which is not a characteristic of cardiac muscle tissue?
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Involuntary
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Spindle shaped cells
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Branched
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Striated
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Uninucleate
Correct Answer
A. Spindle shaped cellsExplanation
Cardiac muscle tissue is characterized by being involuntary, branched, striated, and uninucleate. However, it is not characterized by having spindle-shaped cells.Rate this question:
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- 41.
Muscle is derived from the
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Endoderm
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Mesoderm
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Ectoderm
Correct Answer
A. MesodermExplanation
Muscle is derived from the mesoderm. The mesoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the early embryo, responsible for giving rise to various tissues and organs in the body. It specifically gives rise to the mesenchyme, which is a type of embryonic connective tissue that eventually differentiates into muscle cells. Therefore, muscle tissue originates from the mesoderm layer during embryonic development.Rate this question:
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- 42.
The muscle in a group of muscles that aids the muscle producing the desired effect is known as the
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Synergist
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Prime mover
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Antagonist
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Agonist
Correct Answer
A. SynergistExplanation
A synergist muscle is a muscle that assists the prime mover muscle in producing a desired effect. It helps to stabilize the joint and provide additional support to the prime mover muscle, allowing it to work more efficiently. The synergist muscle does not necessarily produce the same movement or have the same function as the prime mover, but it works in coordination with it to achieve the desired action.Rate this question:
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- 43.
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage it means
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Effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
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Load is near the fulcrum and the effort is at the distal end
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Load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
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Lever system is useless.
Correct Answer
A. Load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrumExplanation
When a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum. This means that a smaller amount of effort is required to move a larger load, but the load will move a shorter distance than the effort. This results in a mechanical disadvantage because the effort exerted is greater than the force exerted by the load.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Socbob broke his right ulna while playing soccer; his arm was in a cast for 6 weeks as it healed. Scobob is right handed. When the doctor removed the cast his right forearm was thinner than his left, the opposite of how they had compared previously. Explain what happened
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The cast impeded blood flow to the muscles causing the muscle cells to deflate; they will reinflate within a week.
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Muscle atrophy occured while the cast immobilized socbob's arm. muscles used less lose muscle tone because the myofibers have become smaller and weaker
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As bones heal after a fracture, they take nutrients from the surrounding muscles, causing those muscle to become smaller.
Correct Answer
A. Muscle atrophy occured while the cast immobilized socbob's arm. muscles used less lose muscle tone because the myofibers have become smaller and weakerExplanation
When Socbob's arm was in a cast for 6 weeks, the muscles in his right forearm were immobilized and not being used. This lack of use caused muscle atrophy, where the muscles became smaller and weaker. As a result, when the cast was removed, his right forearm appeared thinner compared to his left forearm. The muscles in his right forearm lost muscle tone and became smaller and weaker due to the immobilization caused by the cast.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Which type of muscle is autorhythmic
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Smooth
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Cardiac
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Skeletal
Correct Answer
A. CardiacExplanation
Cardiac muscle is autorhythmic because it has the ability to generate its own electrical impulses without any external stimulation. These electrical impulses are responsible for initiating and coordinating the contraction of the cardiac muscle, allowing the heart to beat in a coordinated and rhythmic manner. Unlike skeletal and smooth muscles, which require external stimulation from nerves to contract, cardiac muscle cells are interconnected through specialized gap junctions, allowing the electrical impulses to spread rapidly throughout the heart and ensure its regular and synchronized contractions.Rate this question:
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