1.
(....) is the term for an animal that lay their eggs in water. Include all animals except Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Correct Answer
D. AnamniotesÂ
Explanation
Anamniotes is the term for animals that lay their eggs in water, excluding reptiles, birds, and mammals. This group includes amphibians and fish, which rely on water to reproduce and develop their eggs. Amniotes, on the other hand, are a group of animals that have an amniotic egg, which allows them to reproduce on land without the need for water. Therefore, the correct answer is Anamniotes.
2.
Which of the following are true homeothermic animals (Endothermic)
Correct Answer
A. Mammals, Birds
Explanation
Mammals and birds are true homeothermic animals because they are endothermic, meaning they generate their own body heat to maintain a constant internal temperature. This is in contrast to ectothermic animals like reptiles, amphibians, and fish, which rely on external sources of heat to regulate their body temperature.
3.
Who formed the four legs of animal behavior?
Correct Answer
B. TinbergenÂ
Explanation
Tinbergen is the correct answer because he was one of the pioneers in the field of animal behavior and made significant contributions to our understanding of it. He is known for his four questions approach, which includes studying the causation, development, function, and evolution of behavior. Tinbergen's work laid the foundation for modern ethology and his research on animal behavior has had a lasting impact on the field.
4.
Which of the following is a species found in Southern Quebec and other areas of Northern America, and has the unique ability of flying?
Correct Answer
C. Southern Flying Squirrels
Explanation
The Southern Flying Squirrels is the correct answer because they are a species found in Southern Quebec and other areas of Northern America, and they have the unique ability of flying.
5.
Skinners Project Orcon involved using what species to pilot missiles?
Correct Answer
D. Pigeons
Explanation
During the Skinner's Project Orcon, pigeons were used to pilot missiles. This project was a behavioral experiment conducted by psychologist B.F. Skinner in the 1940s. The idea was to train pigeons to peck at a target image on a screen, which would then guide the missile towards the target. The pigeons were conditioned to associate the target image with a reward, and their natural ability to fly and navigate was utilized in this project. While unconventional, using pigeons as missile pilots was an attempt to explore alternative methods of guidance during that time.
6.
Which of the following methods of studying animal behavior is closely correlated to behaviorism?
Correct Answer
A. Comparative PsychologyÂ
Explanation
Comparative Psychology is closely correlated to behaviorism because it focuses on the study of animal behavior through observation and experimentation, using the principles and methods of behaviorism. Behaviorism emphasizes the objective study of observable behavior and the influence of environmental factors on behavior. Comparative Psychology aims to understand behavior by comparing different species and analyzing their similarities and differences, which aligns with the behaviorist approach of studying behavior in a systematic and scientific manner.
7.
Which of the following is historically inductive and studies the systematic and direct observation of "Overt" behavior and animal in their natural environment? Main criticism: No experimental control. Also, follows an idiographic approach in that it is small n or n-of-1 research
Correct Answer
B. Ethology
Explanation
Ethology is the correct answer because it is historically inductive and studies the systematic and direct observation of "Overt" behavior in animals in their natural environment. It follows an idiographic approach, which means it focuses on small sample sizes or individual case studies. However, one main criticism of ethology is that it lacks experimental control, meaning it cannot manipulate variables or establish cause-and-effect relationships.
8.
Who wrote the book: "animal behavior: A synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology"?
Correct Answer
D. Hinde
9.
Who started Sociobiology with their book: "Sociobiology: The new Synthesis"?
Correct Answer
A. E.O. Wilson
Explanation
E.O. Wilson started Sociobiology with his book "Sociobiology: The new Synthesis".
10.
FAP's stands for: (.....) and can be synonymous with Instinctive movements, erbkoordination and inborn skills
Correct Answer
D. Fixed Action Pattern
Explanation
FAP's stands for Fixed Action Pattern and can be synonymous with instinctive movements, erbkoordination, and inborn skills. A fixed action pattern refers to a sequence of behaviors that is triggered by a specific stimulus and is performed in a rigid and stereotyped manner. These behaviors are innate and do not require learning or experience. FAP's are commonly observed in animals and are important for survival and reproduction.
11.
IRM Stands for?
Correct Answer
B. Innate Releasing Mechanism
Explanation
IRM stands for Innate Releasing Mechanism. This is a term used in ethology, which is the study of animal behavior. The innate releasing mechanism refers to a neural or hormonal mechanism that triggers a specific behavior in response to a specific stimulus. It is an automatic and instinctive response that is genetically programmed in animals.
12.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of FAP's?
Correct Answer
F. Speed of the process
Explanation
FAPs, or Fixed Action Patterns, are genetically encoded behaviors that are specific to a stimulus. They are spontaneous, meaning they are not consciously controlled. FAPs are not influenced by individual differences or learning, and they do not depend on sensory feedback. They are also independent of immediate control. Additionally, FAPs are predictable, as they follow a sequence of actions. However, the speed of the process is not a characteristic of FAPs.
13.
Which of the following species goes through the process of burying a nut in a wire cage even with no earth available?
Correct Answer
A. European Red Squirrels
Explanation
European Red Squirrels are known to bury nuts in various locations as a way of storing food for the winter. This behavior is called "caching." Even when there is no earth available, they have been observed burying nuts in wire cages or other unconventional places. This shows their adaptability and resourcefulness in finding alternative methods to store their food. Western Chipmunks, Eastern Chipmunks, and Western Red Squirrels may also engage in caching behavior, but the given information suggests that European Red Squirrels are the species that specifically bury nuts in a wire cage even with no earth available.
14.
Which of the following demonstrated the tamping and scooping technique of food chaching?
Correct Answer
A. Red Foxes
Explanation
Red Foxes demonstrate the tamping and scooping technique of food caching. This technique involves using their front paws to tamp or press down on the ground to create a shallow hole, and then using their snouts to scoop and bury their prey, such as small mammals or birds, in the hole. This behavior helps them hide and store food for later consumption, especially during times of scarcity or when they have excess food.
15.
A Supernormal Stimuli is the ability of a stimulus to evoke a stronger response than normal
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
A supernormal stimulus refers to a stimulus that elicits a stronger response compared to a normal stimulus. This means that when exposed to a supernormal stimulus, an organism will exhibit a heightened or exaggerated response. This can occur in various contexts, such as in the animal kingdom where certain exaggerated features or behaviors can elicit stronger responses from potential mates or predators. Additionally, supernormal stimuli can also be observed in human behavior, such as when individuals are exposed to highly stimulating or addictive activities that surpass the normal level of response. Therefore, the statement "A Supernormal Stimuli is the ability of a stimulus to evoke a stronger response than normal" is true.
16.
An ethogram is an inventory of all the behavioural patterns of a species
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
An ethogram is indeed an inventory or catalogue that documents and describes all the behavioral patterns exhibited by a particular species. It is a comprehensive and systematic record that includes various behaviors such as feeding, mating, communication, and social interactions. By creating an ethogram, researchers can gain a better understanding of the species' behavior and use this information for various purposes, such as studying their ecology, evolution, and conservation.
17.
Which of the following is not a NS species of salamander (Urodela)
Correct Answer
A. Eastern Red-Backed
Explanation
The Eastern Red-Backed salamander is not a NS (North American) species of salamander.
18.
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of salamanders?
Correct Answer
E. Tamping and Scattering
Explanation
Tamping and scattering is not characteristic of salamanders. Salamanders do not typically engage in this behavior. The other options listed are all characteristics that are commonly associated with salamanders. Salamanders may exhibit a nose-tapping response, have a nasolabial groove, scent mark with pheromones, and undergo brooding or direct development.
19.
Social learning is (..) Cultural Transmission
Correct Answer
D. =/=
Explanation
The answer "=/=" suggests that social learning and cultural transmission are not the same. This means that while social learning may involve acquiring knowledge and skills from others in a social context, cultural transmission refers specifically to the transfer of cultural information, beliefs, and practices from one generation to another. Social learning can be a part of cultural transmission, but it is not synonymous with it.
20.
Which of the following is NOT evidence for evolution
Correct Answer
D. Diversity
Explanation
Diversity is not evidence for evolution because it is a result of evolution. Evolution is the process by which species change and diversify over time, so the presence of diversity in the natural world is actually a consequence of evolution. The other options listed (Molecular Genetics, Embryology, Anatomy and Morphology, Biogeography, Palentology) are all fields of study that provide evidence for evolution by examining genetic, developmental, anatomical, geographical, and fossil evidence respectively.
21.
Natural selection is the MOST important force of change in the evolution of behaviour
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Natural selection is considered the most important force of change in the evolution of behavior because it is the process by which certain traits or behaviors that increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction become more common in a population over time. Traits or behaviors that are advantageous in a particular environment are more likely to be passed on to future generations, leading to the evolution of behavior. Other forces of change, such as genetic drift or mutation, may also play a role, but natural selection is generally considered the driving force behind adaptive behavior.
22.
Gene flow is the LEAST important force of change in the evolution of behaviour
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Mutations
23.
Traits can be described as: the result of the sum of features that differ from one animal to another, that increase or decrease the likelihood of its survival and reproduction
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Fitness
24.
Which of the following is NOT a prerequisite for natural selection to occur
Correct Answer
C. Existence of enough species
Explanation
Natural selection is a process that occurs within a single species, where individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those traits to future generations. The existence of enough species is not a prerequisite for natural selection because it operates within a single species, not between different species. The other options, such as variation, fitness consequences, mode of inheritance, and limited resources, are all necessary factors for natural selection to occur within a species.
25.
Strategy and tactics are NOT the same
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Strategy and tactics are not the same because strategy refers to the overall plan or approach to achieve a specific goal, while tactics are the specific actions or maneuvers used to implement the strategy. Strategy focuses on long-term planning and decision-making, while tactics are more short-term and focused on the execution of the plan. Understanding the difference between strategy and tactics is important in order to effectively plan and implement actions to achieve desired outcomes.
26.
Epistasis: Alleles that are on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Epistasis refers to the interaction between different genes, where the expression of one gene is influenced by the presence of another gene. It is not related to the inheritance of alleles on the same chromosome. The inheritance of alleles on the same chromosome is governed by the principles of genetic linkage and recombination. Therefore, the statement that alleles on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together is false.
27.
Progressivism Fallacy: The belief that traits are adaptive and are necessarily heading towards improvements or perfection
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the progressivism fallacy refers to the mistaken belief that traits are always adaptive and will inevitably lead to improvements or perfection. This belief ignores the fact that traits can also be maladaptive or have negative consequences. It is important to recognize that not all traits are advantageous or lead to progress, and that evolution does not always result in perfection.
28.
Which of the following is not a facilitating factor for domestication?
Correct Answer
C. Maternal care
Explanation
Maternal care is not a facilitating factor for domestication because it is a common behavior observed in both wild and domesticated animals. Domestication refers to the process of taming and adapting wild animals for human use, and factors such as gregariousness, imprinting, precociality, and an omnivorous diet are more closely associated with the domestication process. Maternal care, while important for the survival and well-being of offspring, does not directly contribute to the domestication process itself.
29.
Lorenz said that we observe all BUT which of the following when judging neoteny
Correct Answer
D. Ears
Explanation
Lorenz stated that when judging neoteny, we take into account the head, eyes, chin, but not the ears.
30.
Which of the following is released more when we see an animal with neoteny features
Correct Answer
C. Oxytocin
Explanation
When we see an animal with neoteny features, such as large eyes or a baby-like appearance, it triggers a nurturing response in humans. This nurturing response is associated with the release of oxytocin, a hormone that promotes bonding and social connection. Oxytocin is often referred to as the "love hormone" because it is released during positive social interactions, including those with animals. Therefore, when we see an animal with neoteny features, oxytocin is released more in our bodies.
31.
Dogs are Peramorphic compared to wolves
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Paedomorphic
32.
Compared to a control group, domesticated foxes are found to have more
Correct Answer
D. Serotonin
Explanation
Domesticated foxes are found to have more serotonin compared to a control group. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and overall well-being. It is often referred to as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter as it helps to promote feelings of happiness and contentment. The increased levels of serotonin in domesticated foxes suggest that their domestication process has influenced their brain chemistry, potentially leading to more positive emotional states compared to their non-domesticated counterparts.
33.
Which of the following is not a reason for choosy females?
Correct Answer
C. Higher number of females
Explanation
The reason "Higher number of females" is not a reason for choosy females because the concept of choosiness in females typically arises when there is competition among males for mating opportunities. In such cases, females have the luxury of being selective and choosing the most desirable mate. However, the number of females present does not directly influence their level of choosiness.
34.
Competition can precede or follow mating
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Competition can occur both before and after mating. Before mating, individuals may compete for access to mates, such as engaging in territorial disputes or displaying elaborate courtship behaviors. After mating, there can be competition among individuals to ensure their genes are successfully passed on. This can involve competition for resources, such as food or nesting sites, or competition to protect offspring from other potential mates. Therefore, it is true that competition can precede or follow mating.
35.
Bruce effect: Pheromonal abortion of female mice by arrival of strange males
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Bruce effect refers to the phenomenon where female mice can undergo pheromonal abortion upon the arrival of unfamiliar males. This means that if a female mouse detects the scent of a new male in her environment, she may terminate her current pregnancy to prevent the male from potentially harming or killing her offspring. This behavior is believed to be an adaptive strategy to increase the chances of reproductive success by ensuring that the offspring are fathered by a male that is familiar and potentially more likely to provide care and protection.
36.
Kleptogamy = Sperm competition
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Surreptitious mating, cuckoldry, sneak-mating
37.
Epigametic sexual characteristics: Males have important secondary sexual characteristics to influence female choice. These are used to show off and impress the female. ex: Horns/antlers
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Males in many species have developed epigametic sexual characteristics, such as horns or antlers, to attract and impress females. These characteristics serve as a display of strength, health, and genetic quality, influencing female choice in selecting a mate. By showcasing these secondary sexual characteristics, males increase their chances of successful reproduction. Therefore, the statement "Epigametic sexual characteristics: Males have important secondary sexual characteristics to influence female choice" is true.
38.
Sexual dimorphism occurs when the males and females do not look alike. This effect is stronger in NON-MONOGAMOUS species.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Sexual dimorphism refers to the physical differences between males and females of a species. In non-monogamous species, where individuals have multiple mating partners, sexual dimorphism tends to be more pronounced. This is because males often compete for mates, leading to the evolution of exaggerated traits such as larger body size, brighter colors, or elaborate ornaments. In contrast, in monogamous species, where individuals have only one mate, sexual dimorphism is often less pronounced as there is less competition for mates. Therefore, the statement that sexual dimorphism is stronger in non-monogamous species is true.
39.
Monomorphism in primates can be seen in all EXCEPT:
Correct Answer
C. Mandrills
Explanation
Mandrills are an exception to the concept of monomorphism in primates. Monomorphism refers to the lack of noticeable differences in physical characteristics between males and females of a species. In the case of mandrills, there are distinct differences in size, coloration, and facial features between males and females. This sexual dimorphism sets mandrills apart from the other primate groups listed, such as prosimians, gibbons, and callitrichids, where males and females exhibit similar physical traits.
40.
Survival and/or reproductive value of the mate is important. Females are looking for resources that males can contribute. Male "selling points" are crucial.
Correct Answer
A. Direct benefits theory
Explanation
The direct benefits theory suggests that females choose mates based on the immediate benefits they can provide. In this context, the survival and reproductive value of the mate is important because females are looking for resources that males can contribute. This theory emphasizes the practical advantages that a male can offer, such as food, protection, or territory. Therefore, the male's "selling points" become crucial in attracting a female mate.
41.
Good genes are hopefully translated into good phenotypes. Assumption that females need to be able to identify good genes, and cheaters.
Correct Answer
A. Good Genes theory
Explanation
The explanation for the correct answer, Good Genes theory, is that it suggests that females have the ability to identify males with good genes, which will be translated into good phenotypes in their offspring. This theory assumes that females have evolved to select mates based on their genetic quality, as well as their ability to avoid cheating behaviors.
42.
Which of the following does NOT fall under good genes theory
Correct Answer
B. Runaway selection theory
Explanation
The runaway selection theory is not related to the good genes theory. The good genes theory suggests that certain traits in individuals indicate their genetic quality and attractiveness as potential mates. This theory focuses on traits like the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), which is involved in immune system functioning. Endoparasites in males can also be seen as an indicator of good genes, as males with a stronger immune system are less likely to be affected by parasites. The handicap hypothesis suggests that certain costly traits in individuals indicate their genetic quality, while the runaway selection theory explains the evolution of exaggerated traits through sexual selection.
43.
Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis: Females choose the least parasited males based on traits associated with parasites (Skinny, less hair, dull colour)
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis suggests that females choose males with fewer parasites based on certain traits associated with parasites, such as being skinny, having less hair, and having dull coloration. This hypothesis is supported by research showing that females in various species prefer males with these characteristics. Therefore, the correct answer is true.
44.
Male ornaments influence the choice convention of females, those females are likely to have sons with the same features
Correct Answer
A. Runaway selection theory
Explanation
The runaway selection theory suggests that male ornaments play a role in influencing the choice of females. According to this theory, females are likely to choose males with certain attractive features, and these features are then passed on to their sons. This creates a cycle where males with these features become more and more exaggerated over time, as females continue to prefer them. Therefore, the correct answer is the runaway selection theory.
45.
Choice in females driven by the intensity of the sensory stimulation, based on sensory predisposition
Correct Answer
A. Sensory Bias
Explanation
Sensory bias refers to the preference for certain traits in a mate based on the intensity of sensory stimulation. In this context, it suggests that females are driven to choose mates based on the sensory experience they provide. This explanation implies that females are more likely to select mates who stimulate their senses in a desirable way, indicating that sensory predisposition plays a role in mate choice.
46.
Pied Flycatcher: Females choose males based on the QUALITY OF THE TERRITORY
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Female pied flycatchers choose males based on the quality of the territory. This means that females are more likely to select males who have established territories with abundant resources and suitable nesting sites. By choosing males with high-quality territories, females increase their chances of successful reproduction and the survival of their offspring. This behavior is commonly observed in many bird species, where females assess the quality of potential mates based on their ability to provide resources and protect the nest.
47.
Genus Neovision consists of the American river mink and European Sea Mink
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement is true because the genus Neovision indeed includes both the American river mink and the European Sea Mink. This means that these two species belong to the same genus, indicating a close evolutionary relationship between them.
48.
Only one species of mustelids have been domesticated - done by the romans, this species is the
Correct Answer
B. Domestic Ferret
Explanation
The correct answer is Domestic Ferret. Domestication refers to the process of taming and breeding animals for human companionship and use. Among the options provided, only the Domestic Ferret has been successfully domesticated. The Romans were known to have domesticated this species, which is a member of the mustelid family. Mustelids are a diverse group of carnivorous mammals that include skunks, rats, and weasels, but only the ferret has been domesticated.
49.
Which of the following does NOT turn white during the winter
Correct Answer
E. Eastern Weasel
Explanation
The Eastern Weasel does not turn white during the winter. This is because the Eastern Weasel does not have the ability to change its fur color to blend in with the snowy environment like other animals on the list. Instead, the Eastern Weasel retains its brown color throughout the year.
50.
The mechanism behind turning white in winter (seasonal albinism) is related to temperature. Spring causes suppression of MELATONIN which increases MSH and gonadotropins from the Pineal and Pituitary gland.
Correct Answer
B. False
Explanation
Hormonal, related to the length of days and nights