Applied Genetics Practice Exam

Having more or less than the average number of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders. This is because the number and structure of chromosomes play a crucial role in the normal functioning of genes and the overall genetic makeup of an individual. Any deviation from the normal number of chromosomes can disrupt the balance of genetic material, leading to various abnormalities and health conditions.

A change in a gene is referred to as a mutation. Mutations can occur naturally or can be induced through various factors such as exposure to radiation or chemicals. These changes can alter the DNA sequence of a gene, leading to changes in the protein it codes for. Mutations can have different effects, ranging from no impact to causing genetic disorders or diseases. Therefore, "a mutation" is the correct answer as it accurately describes the phenomenon of a change in a gene.

A chart that traces an inherited trait through several generations is called a pedigree. This type of chart is commonly used in genetics to analyze the inheritance patterns of specific traits or diseases within a family. It helps to visualize the relationships between family members and track the presence or absence of a trait over time. By studying pedigrees, scientists can better understand how traits are passed down from one generation to the next and identify patterns of inheritance.

A half shaded individual in a pedigree represents a carrier. A carrier is an individual who carries a recessive trait but does not express it themselves. They can pass on the trait to their offspring, who may or may not express the trait depending on whether they inherit another copy of the recessive allele.

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have several benefits, including increasing the food supply by improving crop yield and resistance to pests and diseases. They also aid in scientific research by producing valuable proteins. Additionally, GMOs can be engineered to contain their own herbicides and pesticides, reducing the need for external chemical applications. However, one potential drawback of GMOs is that they may increase the risk of allergies in children.

A mutation in a gene can cause the appearance of a genetic disorder even if it does not run in the family. Mutations can occur spontaneously during DNA replication or as a result of environmental factors such as radiation or exposure to certain chemicals. These mutations can alter the normal function of a gene, leading to the development of a genetic disorder. Therefore, it is possible for someone to have a genetic disorder without it being inherited from their family.

Based on the information provided in the chart, it can be inferred that the disorder being traced is a recessive disorder. This can be determined because recessive disorders require both copies of the gene to be affected in order for the disorder to be expressed. If it were a dominant disorder, only one copy of the gene would need to be affected. The chart likely shows a pattern of inheritance consistent with a recessive disorder, such as the disorder skipping generations or appearing in unaffected parents who are carriers of the gene.

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The farmer may face the possibility of cross-pollination destroying both crops.

The image shows a picture of gel electrophoresis, a technique used in molecular biology to separate DNA, RNA, or proteins based on their size and charge. In gel electrophoresis, a sample is loaded onto a gel matrix and an electric current is applied, causing the molecules to migrate through the gel. The smaller molecules move faster and travel further, resulting in distinct bands or patterns that can be visualized and analyzed. This technique is commonly used in genetic research, forensics, and medical diagnostics.

Male pattern baldness is a sex-linked trait because it is primarily passed down from fathers to their sons. This is because the gene responsible for male pattern baldness is located on the X chromosome. Since males inherit one X chromosome from their mother and one Y chromosome from their father, they only need to receive the baldness gene from their father to exhibit the trait. However, females can also be carriers of the gene and pass it on to their sons.

The passage states that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have the potential to provide solutions to challenges in the 21st century, such as meeting food security needs, reducing poverty, and conserving the environment. It also mentions various examples of GM products that are currently being developed or tested, such as crops with increased nutrients, plants that can survive extreme weather, and animals with desirable traits. Therefore, it can be concluded that genetically modified food can provide scientific and agricultural advancements that would benefit countries.

Creating genetically modified animals allows scientists to have control over the inheritance of desirable traits and eliminate undesirable traits. This can lead to the development of animals with improved characteristics, such as increased resistance to diseases, higher productivity, or better nutritional value. By selectively manipulating the genes, scientists can enhance the overall quality and health of the animals. This can have significant benefits in fields like agriculture and medicine, where genetically modified animals can contribute to increased food production and the development of new treatments.

When a heterozygous dominant chinchilla (Gg) is crossed with a homozygous dominant chinchilla (GG), the possible genotypes of the offspring are Gg and GG. Both of these genotypes have at least one dominant allele (G), which determines grey fur. Therefore, all the offspring will have grey fur. Hence, the percentage of offspring with grey fur is 100%.

The given pedigree is for albinism, a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele. The second sibling (daughter) in the second row is unaffected by albinism, which means she does not have the condition. This suggests that she has at least one dominant allele, making her genotype Aa.

Albinism is an autosomal and recessive trait because it is not linked to the sex chromosomes (X and Y) and requires two copies of the recessive allele to be expressed. This means that individuals can be carriers of the trait without showing any symptoms, and two carrier parents have a 25% chance of having an albino child.

Mitosis is the correct answer because it is a process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. During mitosis, the genetic material is replicated and distributed equally between the two daughter cells, resulting in genetically identical cells. This is similar to cloning where the offspring is genetically identical to the parent cell. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that produces cells with half the number of chromosomes, leading to genetic variation. Identical twins occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two, resulting in two genetically identical individuals. Fraternal twins, on the other hand, occur when two separate eggs are fertilized by two different sperm cells, resulting in genetically unique individuals.

Hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome. The disorder is caused by a mutation in one of the genes responsible for blood clotting. Since males have only one X chromosome, if they inherit the mutated gene, they will develop hemophilia. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes. In order for them to develop hemophilia, they would need to inherit the mutated gene on both X chromosomes. Therefore, hemophilia is recessive in both males and females.

The statement that genetically modified organisms will create mutated genetic traits in the human population is least likely to cause concern about genetically modified organisms because there is no evidence or scientific consensus to support this claim. While there may be concerns about the potential risks and impacts of genetically modified organisms, such as allergies, antibiotic resistance, and harmful substances, the idea that they will directly cause mutated genetic traits in humans is not supported by current research.