Bio Test 2 Chapter 43
Chapter 43
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Increases activity of phagocytes in an infective area
Explanation
When a pathogen enters the body, it can be recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This recognition triggers a series of internal defenses, including an increase in the activity of phagocytes in the infected area. Phagocytes are immune cells that engulf and destroy pathogens. By increasing their activity, the body can effectively eliminate the pathogen and prevent the infection from spreading. Therefore, the statement "recognition by TLR triggers series of internal defenses" explains how TLR activation leads to an increased activity of phagocytes in an infective area.Rate this question:
- 2.
Lysozome
Explanation
Lysozome is an enzyme that is capable of breaking down the cell walls of certain types of microorganisms. It does this by hydrolyzing the bonds between the sugar molecules in the cell wall, leading to the lysis or destruction of the microbial cell. This process is an important defense mechanism in the innate immune system, as it helps to prevent the growth and spread of harmful bacteria.Rate this question:
- 3.
Process by which induces high levels of specific antibodies
Explanation
Clonal selection is the process by which the immune system selectively activates and expands specific B cells that produce antibodies against a particular antigen. When an antigen enters the body, it binds to specific B cell receptors, triggering their activation and proliferation. This process leads to the production of a large number of identical B cells (clones) that produce antibodies targeting the antigen. The selected B cells then differentiate into plasma cells, which release large amounts of antibodies into the bloodstream. Therefore, clonal selection is the process that induces high levels of specific antibodies to fight against an invading pathogen.Rate this question:
- 4.
Type of immune response when there are no more memory cells
Explanation
When there are no more memory cells, the type of immune response that occurs is the innate response. The innate immune response is the first line of defense against pathogens and does not require prior exposure or memory cells. It is a non-specific response that includes physical barriers like the skin, as well as cellular and chemical components such as phagocytes and inflammatory mediators. In the absence of memory cells, the innate immune response plays a crucial role in recognizing and eliminating pathogens to prevent infection.Rate this question:
- 5.
When antibodies are produced during primary and secondary immune system
Explanation
The humoral immune response refers to the production of antibodies by B cells during both the primary and secondary immune responses. During the primary immune response, when the body encounters a pathogen for the first time, B cells are activated and differentiate into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies to target the pathogen. These antibodies help in neutralizing the pathogen and marking it for destruction. During the secondary immune response, if the same pathogen is encountered again, memory B cells quickly produce a larger amount of antibodies, leading to a faster and more effective immune response. Therefore, the humoral immune response is responsible for the production of antibodies during both primary and secondary immune responses.Rate this question:
- 6.
Lymphocytes that directly attack pathogens
Explanation
Cytotoxic cells, also known as killer cells, are a type of lymphocyte that directly attack pathogens. They are a crucial part of the immune system and play a key role in defending the body against infections. These cells are able to recognize and destroy infected cells or cells that have been invaded by pathogens. By releasing toxic substances, such as perforin and granzymes, cytotoxic cells cause the death of the targeted cells, eliminating the threat posed by the pathogens. Therefore, cytotoxic cells are responsible for directly attacking and eliminating pathogens in the body.Rate this question:
- 7.
T cells use this cell surface molecule to detect self
Explanation
T cells use MHC molecules to detect self because MHC molecules are responsible for presenting antigens to T cells. These molecules bind to peptide fragments derived from pathogens or self-proteins and display them on the cell surface. T cells have receptors that recognize these peptide-MHC complexes, allowing them to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. This recognition is crucial for the immune system to mount an appropriate response against foreign pathogens while avoiding attacking healthy cells.Rate this question:
- 8.
Someone who recovered from the plague was able to care for others with the disease due to
Explanation
Immunological memory refers to the ability of the immune system to remember and recognize specific pathogens it has encountered before. When someone recovers from the plague, their immune system develops a memory of the pathogen responsible for the disease. This memory allows the immune system to respond more effectively and rapidly if the person is exposed to the plague again. As a result, individuals with immunological memory are better equipped to care for others with the disease, as their immune system can mount a stronger defense and potentially prevent reinfection or severe illness.Rate this question:
- 9.
Virus infects cell class I MHC-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
Explanation
Antigen presentation is the process by which cells display antigens on their surface using the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This allows the immune system to recognize and respond to foreign substances such as viruses. In this case, the correct answer suggests that viruses can infect cells and interfere with the normal antigen presentation process, potentially evading immune detection and leading to immune evasion.Rate this question:
- 10.
Natural killer cell targets
- A.
And eliminates damaged cells that have stopped expressing the class II MHC molecule following a viral infection or conversion to a cancerous state
- B.
And eliminates damaged cells that have stopped expressing the class I MHC molecule following a viral infection or conversion to a cancerous state
Correct Answer
B. And eliminates damaged cells that have stopped expressing the class I MHC molecule following a viral infection or conversion to a cancerous stateExplanation
Natural killer cells are part of the immune system and are responsible for targeting and eliminating cells that are damaged or infected. In this case, the correct answer is "and eliminates damaged cells that have stopped expressing the class I MHC molecule following a viral infection or conversion to a cancerous state." This is because class I MHC molecules are responsible for presenting antigens on the surface of cells, allowing the immune system to recognize them as "self" or "foreign." When cells become damaged or infected, they may stop expressing class I MHC molecules, making them a target for natural killer cells.Rate this question:
-
- 11.
Antigenic determinants bind specific receptors secretion of antibodies
Correct Answer
by plasma cells from B cellsExplanation
Plasma cells, which are derived from B cells, are responsible for the secretion of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are produced in response to the presence of antigens, which are foreign substances that can trigger an immune response. Antigenic determinants, also known as epitopes, are specific regions on antigens that bind to receptors on B cells. When B cells encounter antigens, they undergo a process called clonal selection, where they are activated and differentiate into plasma cells. These plasma cells then secrete antibodies that can specifically bind to the antigenic determinants on the antigens, helping to neutralize or eliminate the foreign substances.Rate this question:
- 12.
Helper T cells interact with both of these pathways
Correct Answer
B cells and cytotoxic T cellsExplanation
Helper T cells interact with both B cells and cytotoxic T cells because they play a crucial role in the immune response by coordinating and regulating the activities of these cells. Helper T cells recognize antigens presented by B cells and cytotoxic T cells, and they release chemical signals called cytokines that help activate and enhance the immune response. This interaction is essential for the effective elimination of pathogens and the production of antibodies by B cells, as well as the killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells.Rate this question:
- 13.
Differ in their heavy chain structure
Correct Answer
T cell receptorExplanation
T cell receptors (TCRs) are proteins found on the surface of T cells, which are a type of immune cell. TCRs are responsible for recognizing and binding to antigens, which are foreign substances that can trigger an immune response. The given answer suggests that T cell receptors differ in their heavy chain structure. This means that different T cell receptors have variations in the structure of the heavy chain component, which can affect their ability to recognize and bind to specific antigens. This diversity in heavy chain structure allows T cells to recognize a wide range of antigens, enhancing the immune response.Rate this question:
- 14.
Differ in their heavy chain structure
- A.
Each B cell receptor consists of two different polypeptide chains. alpha chain and beta chain
- B.
Each B cell receptor consists of two different types of beta chains
- C.
Each T cell receptor consists of two different types of polypeptide chains. alpha chain and beta chain
- D.
Each T cell receptor consists of two different types of beta chains
Correct Answer
C. Each T cell receptor consists of two different types of polypeptide chains. alpHa chain and beta chainExplanation
The correct answer is that each T cell receptor consists of two different types of polypeptide chains, specifically an alpha chain and a beta chain. This is different from B cell receptors, which consist of an alpha chain and a beta chain. The heavy chain structure of T cell receptors is distinct from that of B cell receptors.Rate this question:
-
- 15.
Autoimmune disease is when lymphocytes produce receptors for epitopes in the liver
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
autoimmune disease is when lymphocytes produce receptors for epitopes in the body's own moleculesRate this question:
-
- 16.
Influenza virus expresses alternative envelope proteins. none of the memory cells in the human population completely recognize the strain
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The given statement is true because the influenza virus has the ability to express alternative envelope proteins, which helps it evade the immune system and infect individuals who may have developed immunity to previous strains. Additionally, none of the memory cells in the human population completely recognize the strain, meaning that even if someone has been previously infected or vaccinated, they may still be susceptible to the virus.Rate this question:
-
- 17.
Associates with variable region of heavy chain & light chain combined
Correct Answer
assembly of different antigen receptorsExplanation
The given correct answer suggests that the process described is the assembly of different antigen receptors. This process involves the association of the variable region of the heavy chain and the light chain combined. It is through this assembly that different antigen receptors are formed, allowing the immune system to recognize and respond to a wide range of antigens. This explanation highlights the key concept of antigen receptor assembly and its role in diversifying the immune response.Rate this question:
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Mar 02, 2011Quiz Created by
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