Block 7 Repro Genetics MCQ's Prt 1

The correct designation of hormones that account for proliferation, secretory function, and desquamation of ectopic endometrial tissue is estrogen for cellular proliferation, progesterone for increased secretory function, and decreased progesterone for desquamation. This is indicated by the hormone combination in option D, which includes estrogen for proliferation, progesterone for secretory function, and decreased progesterone for desquamation.

The given description best fits the concept of "Additive effects". This concept suggests that the combined effect of multiple alleles from different genes can have a cumulative impact on a trait or condition. In this case, the presence of desirable alleles in both the cholesteryl ester transfer protein and multidrug resistance transporter genes increases the effectiveness of the statin Fluvostatin in lowering cholesterol levels. On the other hand, the presence of only undesirable alleles in both genes suggests that Fluvostatin may not be as effective. The outcome is determined by the number of desirable and undesirable alleles, highlighting the additive effects of these alleles on the response to the medication.

Dr. Wolman claims that Dr. Singh overestimated the heritability because he did not account for shared environment. This suggests that Dr. Wolman believes that the environmental factors that both monozygotic twins and adopted siblings share have a significant impact on study behavior. By not accounting for these shared environmental factors, Dr. Singh's estimate of heritability may have been inflated.

The correct type of feedback regulation of LH secretion that exists at the boxes labeled "1" and "2" is negative feedback. This is because when estradiol levels rise during the ovarian cycle, it inhibits the release of LH, preventing further increase in estradiol levels. This negative feedback helps maintain a balance in hormone levels and regulate the ovarian cycle.

The proliferative phase of the endometrium is characterized by the growth and development of the functional layer of the uterus, known as the stratum functionale. This growth is stimulated by estrogen, which is produced by the developing ovarian follicles. During this phase, the uterine glands become highly coiled and their lumens are filled with secretions. Ischemia and necrosis of the stratum functionale occur during the menstrual phase, not the proliferative phase. The proliferative phase begins after menstruation and before ovulation. The endocervix is not sloughed off during the proliferative phase.

According to the given information, alcoholism is considered a multifactorial trait that is more common in males. Therefore, the son of an alcoholic mother is at the greatest risk of alcoholism. This suggests that genetic and environmental factors play a role in the development of alcoholism, and having an alcoholic mother increases the risk for the son.

The presence of a point mutation in the gene encoding for protein kinase A in theca and granulosa cells suggests that there is a dysregulation of the signaling pathway mediated by this enzyme. Protein kinase A is involved in the regulation of hormone production and function in the ovary. Over-expression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) can occur as a result of this dysregulation, leading to amenorrhea.

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The best explanation for the woman's amenorrhea is the absence of a surge in luteinizing hormone. This hormone is responsible for triggering ovulation and the release of an egg from the ovary. Without the surge in luteinizing hormone, ovulation does not occur, leading to the absence of menstrual cycles. The intense training and weight loss may have disrupted the hormonal balance in her body, causing the absence of the surge in luteinizing hormone.

The zona pellucida found in the secondary follicle is composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins.

The given correct answer suggests that the recurrence risk after the birth of an affected child is close to 3%. This means that if a child is born with a cleft lip, there is a high likelihood that the condition may recur in future pregnancies, with a 3% chance. This indicates that cleft lip is influenced by multiple factors, both genetic and environmental, which contribute to its occurrence. The answer implies that the risk of recurrence is not significantly increased above the population incidence, suggesting that the condition is not solely determined by genetic factors.

The correct answer is shared environment. This means that the environment in which a child is raised, including factors such as family socioeconomic status, plays a significant role in determining their intelligence. It suggests that differences in intelligence among individuals are largely influenced by the common experiences and influences they share within their family and household.

Incest should not be recommended to the general public because the children of incestuous unions have an increased risk of multifactorial and autosomal recessive diseases. However, they do not have an increased risk of autosomal dominant diseases and chromosome aberrations. This means that the risk of developing certain genetic disorders is higher in children born from incestuous relationships, but not all types of genetic disorders are affected.

The correct answer is "Activin stimulates proliferation of the follicular layer to form the granulosa layer in the multilaminar primary follicle." Activin is a hormone that plays a role in follicular development in the ovary. It stimulates the proliferation of the follicular layer, which eventually forms the granulosa layer in the multilaminar primary follicle. This is an important step in the development of the follicle and the maturation of the oocyte within it.

The observation that identical twins are similar in personality traits regardless of whether they were raised together or apart suggests that non-additive gene effects play an important role. This means that the combination of genes from both parents interact in a way that contributes to the personality traits observed in the twins. This is different from additive gene effects, where the contribution of each gene is independent and additive. The observation also suggests that shared environment (such as being raised together) and assortative mating (choosing partners with similar traits) do not have as significant of an influence on personality traits as non-additive gene effects.

If a patient is homozygote for familial hypercholesterolemia, it means that both copies of their LDL receptor gene are mutated or non-functional. This would result in a complete absence of the LDL receptor, as mentioned in the answer. The LDL receptor is responsible for removing LDL (low-density lipoprotein) from the bloodstream, so without functioning receptors, the patient would not be able to effectively clear LDL from their plasma. This would lead to excessively high plasma levels of LDL, which is a characteristic feature of familial hypercholesterolemia.