CDC 4c051 Volume 2 Pre-test

Sigmund Freud is considered the father of modern psychology because of his significant contributions to the field. He developed psychoanalysis, a theory of the unconscious mind and the role of childhood experiences in shaping adult behavior. Freud's ideas revolutionized the understanding of human psychology and had a profound impact on fields such as psychiatry and psychotherapy. His theories on the structure of the mind, defense mechanisms, and the interpretation of dreams continue to be influential in psychology today.

Dual disorders is a term used to describe the presence of both a mental disorder and substance abuse. This means that an individual is dealing with both a mental health condition and a substance use problem simultaneously. Substance abuse refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs or alcohol. When someone has a dual disorder, it can complicate their treatment and recovery process, as both the mental health condition and substance abuse need to be addressed simultaneously for effective treatment outcomes.

Methamphetamine is the most abused amphetamine because it is a highly addictive stimulant drug that affects the central nervous system. It produces intense feelings of euphoria and increased energy, leading to its abuse as a recreational drug. Methamphetamine abuse can have severe consequences on physical and mental health, including addiction, cardiovascular problems, psychosis, and cognitive impairment. Due to its potent effects and high potential for abuse, methamphetamine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.

In the grandiose subtype of delusional disorder, the patient firmly believes that they possess exceptional talents or insights that are not recognized or understood by others. This delusion of grandeur can lead to inflated self-esteem and a sense of superiority. The individual may believe they have special powers, abilities, or knowledge that sets them apart from others. This delusion is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a belief in their exceptional abilities, despite evidence to the contrary.

Trichotillomania is a disorder characterized by the repetitive urge to pull out one's own hair, resulting in hair loss and distress. It is an impulse-control disorder that involves a difficulty in resisting the urge to pull out hair, which can occur from any part of the body. Intermittent explosive disorder is a different condition characterized by recurrent episodes of explosive anger. Kleptomania is a disorder characterized by the inability to resist the urge to steal items that are not needed. Therefore, the correct answer is trichotillomania.

According to Freud's theory of personality development, the id is the psychological force that is the source of instinctual drives that are sexual and aggressive. The id operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate gratification of its desires without considering the consequences or societal norms. It is the most primitive part of the personality and is present from birth. The id is driven by basic needs and desires, such as hunger, thirst, and sexual urges. It operates unconsciously and seeks to fulfill these desires through the pleasure principle.

The correct answer is Maslow because Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, developed the Hierarchy of Needs pyramid. This theory suggests that individuals have different needs that must be met in a specific order, starting from basic physiological needs to higher-level needs such as self-actualization. Maslow's theory has had a significant impact on the field of psychology and is widely studied and applied in various disciplines.

Sibling relational problems are used as a V code when the focus of attention or treatment is on rivalry between brothers and sisters to such a degree that it disrupts normal family functioning. This code is specifically used to address and treat issues related to the relationship and interactions between siblings that negatively impact the overall functioning of the family.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed drug in western society because it is found in various beverages and foods such as coffee, tea, energy drinks, and chocolate. It is a stimulant that affects the central nervous system, providing a temporary increase in alertness and energy. Caffeine is socially accepted and commonly used to combat fatigue and increase productivity. Unlike nicotine, alcohol, and opioids, which have more restrictions and potential for addiction, caffeine is widely accessible and consumed by a large portion of the population on a daily basis.

The onset of schizophrenia usually surfaces in a person's 20s. This is the time when individuals are transitioning into adulthood and experiencing significant changes in their lives. Research has shown that the symptoms of schizophrenia typically emerge during this period, although it is possible for the disorder to develop earlier or later. Early detection and intervention are crucial for managing the condition effectively and improving long-term outcomes for individuals with schizophrenia.

The proper treatment term for identifying the individual who may have committed an act of family violence is "alleged offender." This term is used to refer to someone who is accused of committing an offense but has not yet been proven guilty. It is important to use this term to maintain the presumption of innocence until guilt is established through a fair and just legal process.

Teratogens are substances or factors that can cause harm or abnormalities to a developing fetus during pregnancy. They can include drugs, alcohol, certain infections, radiation, and environmental pollutants. These substances can interfere with the normal development of the fetus, leading to physical or cognitive impairments. Therefore, teratogens are considered a prenatal influence that can cause damage to a fetus.

During stage II of early childhood, children develop autonomy and a sense of independence. If this stage is not successfully completed, it can lead to feelings of shame and doubt, which may result in compulsive self-restraint or compliance, defiance, and willfulness. This can manifest as a constant need for approval and validation from others or a tendency to rebel against authority figures. It is during this stage that children begin to assert their own will and test boundaries, so a lack of successful completion can have long-term effects on their behavior and self-confidence.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a somatoform disorder that is characterized by a preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance. Individuals with this disorder are excessively concerned about their appearance and believe that they have a flaw or defect that makes them unattractive. This preoccupation can cause significant distress and impairment in daily functioning. Unlike other somatoform disorders, such as conversion and somatization, body dysmorphic disorder specifically focuses on perceived flaws in physical appearance rather than physical symptoms or pain. Hypochondriasis, on the other hand, involves excessive worry and fear about having a serious medical condition, rather than concerns about physical appearance.

Deprivation of necessities refers to a type of child neglect where the caregiver fails to provide appropriate nourishment, shelter, and clothing to the child. This means that the child is not receiving the basic essentials required for their well-being and development. It is a form of neglect that can have severe consequences on the child's physical and emotional health.

Anxiety is defined as a feeling of strong apprehension or uneasiness. It is characterized by a sense of worry or fear, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, and trembling. The source of anxiety may be large, unknown, or unrecognized by the individual, which can contribute to the intensity of the feeling. Mania, depression, and abnormal behavior do not specifically encompass the definition of anxiety, making anxiety the correct answer.

Menopause typically occurs in women around the age of 50. During menopause, a woman's reproductive system gradually stops producing eggs, leading to the end of menstruation. This stage marks the end of a woman's fertility and is accompanied by various symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, and changes in menstrual patterns. While the exact age of menopause can vary from person to person, the average age is around 50.

A diagnosis of substance dependence can be applied to every class of substances except caffeine because caffeine is not considered a highly addictive substance. While excessive consumption of caffeine can lead to physical and psychological dependence, it is not typically associated with the severe withdrawal symptoms and compulsive drug-seeking behavior that are characteristic of substance dependence.

Intermittent explosive disorder is the correct answer because it is characterized by individuals experiencing sudden episodes of loss of control over aggressive impulses. These episodes result in serious acts of assault or destruction of property that are disproportionate to the stressors that triggered them. This disorder is marked by recurrent outbursts of anger and violence, causing significant distress and impairment in the individual's life.

The person experiencing symptoms of nervousness, worry, and jitteriness is likely to have an adjustment disorder with anxiety. Adjustment disorders are characterized by an emotional or behavioral response to a stressful event or change in one's life. In this case, the symptoms of nervousness, worry, and jitteriness align with anxiety, which is a common manifestation of adjustment disorders. Therefore, the correct answer is anxiety.

The Oedipus conflict and Electra complex occur during Freud's phallic psychosexual stage. This stage typically occurs between the ages of 3 and 6, where children experience sexual feelings towards their opposite-sex parent and may feel rivalry or jealousy towards the same-sex parent. The Oedipus conflict refers specifically to a boy's feelings towards his mother and rivalry with his father, while the Electra complex refers to a girl's feelings towards her father and rivalry with her mother. This stage is crucial for the development of a child's gender identity and the resolution of these conflicts is important for healthy psychosexual development.

Parents are considered extremely important models for children as they are often imitated. Children tend to look up to their parents and observe their behavior, actions, and attitudes. Parents play a crucial role in shaping a child's values, beliefs, and behaviors through their own actions and interactions. Children often imitate their parents' behaviors and try to emulate them in various aspects of their lives. Parents serve as role models for children and have a significant influence on their development and socialization process.

Exploitation is the correct answer because it refers to a form of child sexual maltreatment where the victim is forced to participate in the sexual gratification of another person without direct physical contact. This can include activities such as pornography, prostitution, or online grooming. Unlike molestation or rape, which involve direct physical contact, exploitation focuses on the victim being used for the sexual pleasure of another person without physical contact between them.

Maturation refers to the natural process of growth and development that occurs over time. It is not a factor that determines one's personality because personality is primarily influenced by hereditary traits and environmental factors. While maturation can affect certain aspects of behavior and cognition, it does not directly determine one's personality traits and characteristics.

Pica is a disorder characterized by the persistent ingestion of non-nutritional substances after the age of 18 months. This can include eating items such as dirt, paper, hair, or paint chips. It is commonly seen in individuals with developmental disabilities or mental health disorders. Pica can be dangerous as it can lead to health complications such as intestinal blockages or poisoning. Treatment for pica typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, including behavioral interventions and addressing any underlying medical or psychiatric conditions.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is considered the most potent psychoactive drug known. It is a hallucinogenic drug that alters a person's perception, thoughts, and feelings. Even in small doses, LSD can produce intense visual and auditory hallucinations, as well as profound changes in mood and perception. Its potency is attributed to its ability to bind to serotonin receptors in the brain, leading to its powerful effects on consciousness.

Adulthood is considered a very productive time for work and family because individuals in this stage of life typically have more stability, maturity, and experience. They have completed their education, established their careers, and have the financial means to support a family. Additionally, they have gained valuable life skills and are better equipped to handle the responsibilities and challenges that come with balancing work and family life.

The DSM-IV-TR multiaxial classification system consists of five axes. Each axis represents a different aspect of an individual's mental health and provides a comprehensive assessment. Axis I includes clinical disorders, Axis II includes personality disorders and mental retardation, Axis III includes general medical conditions, Axis IV includes psychosocial and environmental problems, and Axis V includes the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale.

In the DSM-IV-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision), Axis I refers to clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. Axis II, on the other hand, includes personality disorders and mental retardation. The question is asking about the axis that needs to be identified as the principal diagnosis in order for Axis I to not be assumed as the principal diagnosis. Therefore, the correct answer is II.

One-on-one interaction is essential in determining the extent of a patient's substance usage because it allows for a personal and confidential conversation between the patient and the healthcare provider. This direct interaction provides an opportunity for the patient to openly discuss their substance usage, habits, and any related concerns or issues. It also allows the healthcare provider to ask specific questions, gather detailed information, and assess the patient's overall condition, which can aid in determining the extent of their substance usage.

Persecutory delusional disorder subtype is characterized by the belief that one is being treated maliciously or targeted by others. Individuals with this subtype often experience paranoid thoughts and may believe they are being spied on, followed, or conspired against. They may interpret innocent actions or events as evidence of a malicious plot against them. This subtype is distinct from other delusional disorders, such as erotomanic (belief that someone is in love with them), grandiose (belief in one's exceptional abilities or importance), and jealous (belief that one's partner is unfaithful).

By the time a child reaches 5 years of age, their vocabulary consists of approximately 2500 words. This is because children's language skills develop rapidly during their early years, and by the age of 5, they have been exposed to a wide range of words and have acquired a significant vocabulary. This milestone in vocabulary development is important for their communication and cognitive development.

According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the correct answer is concrete operations. In this stage, which typically occurs between the ages of 7 and 11, children gain the ability to think logically and solve problems in a more organized and systematic way. They can understand concrete concepts and perform mental operations on objects, but they still struggle with abstract and hypothetical reasoning. Therefore, although they can reason like adults in many ways, their limitations in abstract thinking differentiate them from fully reasoning like adults.

Ivan Pavlov is credited as being the first to work using the behavioristic approach. He conducted experiments on dogs, observing their behavior and studying the process of conditioning. Pavlov's famous experiment involved ringing a bell before presenting food to the dogs, eventually leading to the dogs salivating at the sound of the bell alone. This experiment demonstrated the concept of classical conditioning and laid the foundation for behaviorism as a psychological approach.

Mental retardation is a condition that is characterized by an intelligence quotient (IQ) below a certain threshold. In this case, the correct answer is 70. An IQ score below 70 is generally considered as an indication of mental retardation.

The correct answer is borderline. Borderline personality disorder is characterized by instability in various areas, such as interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Individuals with this disorder often have difficulty maintaining stable relationships, experience intense mood swings, and struggle with a distorted sense of self. They may engage in impulsive behaviors and have a fear of abandonment. These symptoms can significantly impact their daily functioning and relationships with others.

Histrionic personality disorder is characterized by overly dramatic, reactive, and intensely expressed behavior. Individuals with this disorder often seek attention and approval from others, and may display exaggerated emotions and behaviors to achieve this. They also tend to have disturbances in interpersonal relationships, as their attention-seeking behavior can be seen as shallow or insincere by others. This disorder is different from borderline personality disorder, which involves instability in mood, self-image, and relationships, and narcissistic personality disorder, which involves a grandiose sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy for others.

The Palmer Grasp Reflex is a primitive reflex that occurs in infants. It is characterized by the baby's automatic response to grasp objects placed in their hand. This reflex is typically present from birth and starts to diminish around 3-4 months of age. By around 6 months, the reflex is usually fully integrated. Therefore, the correct answer is 12, as by this age, the Palmer Grasp Reflex is expected to be lost.

According to Johari's window, there are four panes of self: open, blind, hidden, and unknown. The open pane represents the aspects of ourselves that are known to us and others. The blind pane represents the aspects that are known to others but unknown to us. The hidden pane represents the aspects that are known to us but unknown to others. Lastly, the unknown pane represents the aspects that are unknown to both ourselves and others. The correct answer, "one-half," suggests that we are aware of only half of ourselves, as the other half consists of the blind, hidden, and unknown aspects that we are not aware of.

Displacement is a defense mechanism that is used when emotions are aroused in a situation where it would be dangerous to express them. This defense mechanism involves redirecting one's emotions or impulses towards a substitute target that is less threatening or safer to express them towards. For example, if someone is angry at their boss but cannot express their anger directly, they may instead take out their frustration on a coworker or a family member. Displacement allows individuals to release their emotions in a safer way, avoiding potential harm or conflict.

B.F. Skinner is the correct answer because he was a behaviorist who believed that the environment played a crucial role in determining behavior. He emphasized the concept of operant conditioning, which suggests that behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it. According to Skinner, positive reinforcement and punishment can influence behavior, and individuals learn through reinforcement and punishment in their environment. Skinner's ideas were influential in the field of psychology and continue to be relevant in understanding human behavior.

Foreplay is not one of the phases of a normal sexual cycle. The phases of a normal sexual cycle typically include excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Foreplay refers to the sexual activities that occur before intercourse and is not considered a distinct phase in the sexual cycle. It is a period of sexual stimulation that often precedes the excitement phase and helps to build arousal and anticipation.

By the end of the second year, a child's vocabulary consists of 50 words. This is because by this age, children have been exposed to a variety of words and have started to develop their language skills. They have learned basic words related to their daily routine, objects, and people around them. While the number of words may vary from child to child, 50 is a reasonable estimate for the average vocabulary size at this stage of development.

Jean Piaget was the first modern theorist to emphasize that infants are actively exploring and trying to master their surroundings from their first breath of life. Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposed that infants actively engage with their environment, using their senses and motor skills to learn and adapt. He believed that infants go through different stages of development, each characterized by specific cognitive abilities and ways of understanding the world. Piaget's emphasis on the active role of infants in their own development revolutionized the field of child psychology and greatly influenced our understanding of early childhood development.

The correct answer is physical symptoms. An indication of emotional discomfort can manifest in physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, muscle tension, and fatigue. These physical symptoms are often a result of the body's response to stress and emotional distress. They can be a way for the body to communicate that something is wrong and may require attention and intervention.

Intoxication refers to a substance-related disorder where an individual experiences a temporary and reversible syndrome as a result of recent ingestion or exposure to a substance. This syndrome is specific to the substance taken and can cause various physical and psychological symptoms. Intoxication is different from substance abuse, which refers to a pattern of harmful use of a substance, dependence, which is a more severe form of substance use disorder, and withdrawal, which involves the symptoms experienced when substance use is abruptly reduced or stopped.

Frotteurism involves the sexual fantasy or arousal by touching or rubbing against an unsuspecting or non-consenting victim. This paraphilia typically occurs in crowded places where the individual can discreetly engage in this behavior without the victim's knowledge or consent. It is important to note that frotteurism is considered a criminal act and a violation of personal boundaries and consent.

Nightmare disorder was previously referred to as dream anxiety disorder. This sleep disorder is characterized by recurrent nightmares that cause distress or impairment in daily functioning. Individuals with nightmare disorder often experience intense fear, anxiety, or terror during their dreams, leading to difficulty falling back asleep or fear of going to sleep altogether. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life and may require treatment to alleviate symptoms and improve sleep patterns.

Boys typically experience a growth spurt around the age of 13-14. During this time, they undergo a rapid increase in height and weight as their bodies go through puberty. This growth spurt is caused by hormonal changes, particularly an increase in testosterone levels. It is common for boys to grow several inches taller during this period.

During young adulthood, individuals experience significant physical and cognitive development. This stage is characterized by the peak of physical strength, endurance, and overall health. Cognitive abilities, such as problem-solving, decision-making, and abstract thinking, also reach their highest levels during this period. Therefore, it can be concluded that the majority of physical and cognitive development is completed by young adulthood.