Cell Bio Study Guide

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Quizzes Created: 2 | Total Attempts: 1,025

Questions: 49 | Attempts: 186 | Updated: Mar 17, 2023

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Cell Bio #3 - Is radiation really safe? Hmmmm

Questions and Answers

1.

Which of the following is the major function of the process of meiosis?
- A.
  
  Synthesize physical characteristics
- B.
  
  Reduce then number of chromosomes by half
- C.
  
  Increase the number of germ cells
- D.
  
  Synthesize proteins
Correct Answer
B. Reduce then number of chromosomes by half

Explanation
The major function of the process of meiosis is to reduce the number of chromosomes by half. Meiosis is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells, such as eggs and sperm. It involves two rounds of division, resulting in four daughter cells that each have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This reduction in chromosome number is important for sexual reproduction, as it allows for the combination of genetic material from two parents to create offspring with unique genetic characteristics.

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2.

The DNA macromolecule, the sequence of ________ determines the characteristics of every living thing.
- A.
  
  Sugars
- B.
  
  Phosphates
- C.
  
  Nitrogenous organic bases
- D.
  
  Hydrogen bonds
Correct Answer
C. Nitrogenous organic bases

Explanation
The DNA macromolecule is composed of four nitrogenous organic bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases form the genetic code and determine the characteristics of every living thing. The specific sequence of these bases in DNA is responsible for encoding the instructions for protein synthesis, which ultimately determines an organism's traits and characteristics.

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3.

In the human cell, protein sunthesis occurs in which of the following locations?
- A.
  
  Nucleus
- B.
  
  Mitochondria
- C.
  
  Ribosomes
- D.
  
  Endoplasmic Reticulum
Correct Answer
C. Ribosomes

Explanation
Protein synthesis occurs in ribosomes. Ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic information stored in the DNA into proteins. They are found in both the cytoplasm and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes receive instructions from the DNA in the nucleus and use these instructions to assemble amino acids into proteins. Therefore, ribosomes are the correct location for protein synthesis in the human cell.

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4.

Which of the following is a process of reduction cell division
- A.
  
  Mitosis
- B.
  
  Meiosis
- C.
  
  Molecular synthesis
- D.
  
  Amnicentesis
Correct Answer
B. Meiosis

Explanation
Meiosis is the correct answer because it is a type of reduction cell division that occurs in sexually reproducing organisms. During meiosis, a single cell divides twice to produce four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for the production of gametes (sperm and eggs) and ensures genetic diversity in offspring. Mitosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Molecular synthesis and amniocentesis are unrelated processes to cell division.

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5.

Which of the following produces antibodies
- A.
  
  Erythrocytes
- B.
  
  Lymphocytes
- C.
  
  Thrombocytes
- D.
  
  Platelets
Correct Answer
B. LympHocytes

Explanation
Lymphocytes produce antibodies. These are a type of white blood cells that play a crucial role in the immune system. When the body is exposed to foreign substances such as bacteria or viruses, lymphocytes help to identify and neutralize them by producing specific proteins called antibodies. These antibodies bind to the foreign substances, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Therefore, lymphocytes are responsible for the production of antibodies, which are essential for defending the body against infections and diseases.

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6.

Which of the following cellular organelles function as cellular garbage disposals
- A.
  
  Endoplasmic reticulum
- B.
  
  Mitochondria
- C.
  
  Lysosomes
- D.
  
  Ribosomes
Correct Answer
C. Lysosomes

Explanation
Lysosomes function as cellular garbage disposals. They contain enzymes that break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. These enzymes can digest various molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis by recycling and eliminating unwanted materials, as well as in the process of autophagy, where they degrade damaged organelles and recycle their components. The endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and ribosomes have other important functions in the cell but are not primarily responsible for waste disposal.

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7.

The nucleolus contains which of the following
- A.
  
  Centrosomes
- B.
  
  Ribonucleic acid
- C.
  
  Ribosomes
- D.
  
  Lysosomes
Correct Answer
B. Ribonucleic acid

Explanation
The nucleolus is a small, dense structure found within the nucleus of a cell. It is responsible for the production and assembly of ribosomes, which are involved in protein synthesis. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a key component of ribosomes, as it carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes, where it is used to produce proteins. Therefore, it is correct to say that the nucleolus contains ribonucleic acid.

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8.

Radiation induced chromosomes damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes
- A.
  
  Prophase
- B.
  
  Metaphase
- C.
  
  Anaphase
- D.
  
  Telophase
Correct Answer
B. MetapHase

Explanation
During metaphase, the chromosomes align along the equatorial plane of the cell. This is the stage where the chromosomes are most condensed and visible under a microscope. Any radiation-induced damage to the chromosomes, such as breaks or rearrangements, can be easily observed and evaluated during metaphase. In prophase, the chromosomes are still condensing and not fully visible. Anaphase is the stage where the chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell, making it difficult to evaluate any damage. Telophase is the final stage of mitosis where the chromosomes decondense and two new nuclei form, making it less suitable for evaluating radiation-induced damage.

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9.

THe cytoplasm makes up the bulk of the cell and containes a number of intracellular structures, which include:1. Endoplasmic reticulum 2. mitochondria3. ribosomes4. lysosomes
- A.
  
  1 and 2
- B.
  
  2 and 3
- C.
  
  3 and 4
- D.
  
  2, 3, and 4
- E.
  
  1, 2, 3, and 4
Correct Answer
E. 1, 2, 3, and 4

Explanation
The cytoplasm is a gel-like substance that fills the cell and contains various intracellular structures. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is responsible for protein synthesis and lipid metabolism. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy in the form of ATP. Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis. Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. Therefore, the correct answer is 1, 2, 3, and 4, as all of these structures are found in the cytoplasm.

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10.

The process of reduction division of the Germ cells that reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23 is termed:
- A.
  
  Organogensis
- B.
  
  Meiosis
- C.
  
  Mitosis
- D.
  
  Regeneration
Correct Answer
B. Meiosis

Explanation
Meiosis is the correct answer because it is the process of reduction division in germ cells, where the number of chromosomes is halved from 46 to 23. This is an essential step in sexual reproduction, allowing for the formation of gametes with half the genetic material of the parent cells. Organogenesis refers to the formation of organs, mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, and regeneration is the ability of an organism to regrow lost or damaged body parts.

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11.

The nucleic acid that serves as the command or control molecule for cell function is the:
- A.
  
  DNA
- B.
  
  RNA
- C.
  
  TRNA
- D.
  
  MRNA
Correct Answer
A. DNA

Explanation
DNA serves as the command or control molecule for cell function because it contains the genetic information that determines the structure and function of cells. DNA is responsible for transmitting hereditary information from one generation to the next, and it carries the instructions for protein synthesis. It acts as a template for the production of RNA molecules, including mRNA and tRNA, which are involved in protein synthesis. However, DNA itself is the primary molecule that controls and regulates cellular processes, making it the correct answer.

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12.

_________are also called fat, serves as a thermal insulator, and as fuel for the body by providing energy stores.
- A.
  
  Water molecules
- B.
  
  Proteins
- C.
  
  Lipids
- D.
  
  Carbohydrates
Correct Answer
C. Lipids

Explanation
Lipids are also called fat because they serve as a thermal insulator, helping to regulate body temperature. They also serve as fuel for the body by providing energy stores. Lipids are an essential component of a balanced diet and play a crucial role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

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13.

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do which of the following?
- A.
  
  Continues to funtion
- B.
  
  Functions abnormally or dies
- C.
  
  Repair themselves immediately because of enzymatic proteins they contain
- D.
  
  Reproduce themselves in pairs
Correct Answer
B. Functions abnormally or dies

Explanation
Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause severe damage to the components involved in molecular synthesis. When these components are damaged beyond repair, cells are unable to function properly. As a result, they may either function abnormally or die. This is because the damage to the components hinders their ability to carry out essential cellular processes. Repairing themselves immediately is not possible because the damage is irreversible. Reproducing themselves in pairs is also not a viable option as the damaged components would be passed on to the new cells.

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14.

Somatic cells divid through the process of
- A.
  
  Meiosis
- B.
  
  Mitosis
- C.
  
  Mapping
- D.
  
  Metabolism
Correct Answer
B. Mitosis

Explanation
Mitosis is the correct answer because somatic cells, which are the cells that make up most of our body tissues, divide through the process of mitosis. Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of two identical daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body. Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in reproductive cells and results in the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes. Mapping and metabolism are not processes of cell division.

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15.

Chemical secretions that are manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the blood stream to influence the activities or other parts of the body are termed.
- A.
  
  Amino acids
- B.
  
  Antibodies
- C.
  
  Hormones
- D.
  
  Disacchrides
Correct Answer
C. Hormones

Explanation
Hormones are chemical secretions that are produced by endocrine glands and transported through the bloodstream to affect the activities of different parts of the body. They play a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions and processes, such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Unlike amino acids, antibodies, and disaccharides, hormones specifically function as signaling molecules to communicate between different organs and tissues in the body.

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16.

DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by reproducing itself in the form of ________to carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.
- A.
  
  Messenger DNA
- B.
  
  Messenger RNA
- C.
  
  Messenger REM
- D.
  
  Transfer RNA
Correct Answer
B. Messenger RNA

Explanation
DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by reproducing itself in the form of messenger RNA (mRNA) to carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes located in the cytoplasm. mRNA acts as a template for protein synthesis, carrying the genetic code from DNA to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized. This process is known as transcription, where DNA is transcribed into mRNA. Therefore, messenger RNA is the correct answer as it plays a crucial role in transmitting genetic information and regulating cellular activity.

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17.

A radiation exposure to which of the following systems will most likely result in damage to the blood forming organs?
- A.
  
  Central nervous system
- B.
  
  Urinary system
- C.
  
  Biliary system
- D.
  
  Skeletal system
Correct Answer
D. Skeletal system

Explanation
Exposure to radiation can cause damage to the blood forming organs, including the bone marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. The skeletal system includes the bones, which house the bone marrow. Therefore, radiation exposure to the skeletal system is most likely to result in damage to the blood forming organs.

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18.

Genetic effects from the exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?1. sperm of an adult male2. ova of an adult female3. somatic cells of male and female adults
- A.
  
  1 only
- B.
  
  2 only
- C.
  
  3 only
- D.
  
  1 and 2
- E.
  
  1,2, and 3
Correct Answer
D. 1 and 2

Explanation
Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause genetic effects by damaging the DNA molecule. Sperm of an adult male and ova of an adult female are both involved in the process of reproduction and contain genetic material. Therefore, if these cells are exposed to ionizing radiation and their DNA is damaged, it can result in genetic effects. Somatic cells of male and female adults, on the other hand, do not contribute to reproduction and their DNA damage would not have genetic consequences. Hence, the correct answer is 1 and 2.

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19.

If the human injury is not observable for many months or years, after radiation exposure, the radiation response (damage) is termed:
- A.
  
  Early effect of radiation
- B.
  
  Late effect of radiation
- C.
  
  Radiographic effect of radiation
- D.
  
  Unknown effect of radiation
Correct Answer
B. Late effect of radiation

Explanation
The term "Late effect of radiation" refers to the damage caused by radiation exposure that becomes observable in humans after a significant amount of time, often many months or years later. This damage may manifest as various health issues, such as cancer, genetic mutations, or organ dysfunction. It is called a "late" effect because it takes time for the symptoms to develop and become apparent. Unlike the early effects of radiation, which occur immediately or shortly after exposure, the late effects can have long-term consequences on the individual's health.

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20.

Intestinal Crypt cells fall in the high radiosensitive category. Which of the following cell types also fall in the high radiosensitive category?
- A.
  
  Spermatogonia
- B.
  
  Lymphocytes
- C.
  
  Oogonia
- D.
  
  B and c only
- E.
  
  A, b, and c
Correct Answer
E. A, b, and c

Explanation
Spermatogonia, lymphocytes, and oogonia all fall in the high radiosensitive category. This means that they are highly sensitive to radiation and are more likely to be damaged or killed by exposure to radiation.

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21.

Ionizing radiation can adversly affect the cell. Damage to the cell's nucleus reveals itself in which of the following ways?
- A.
  
  Instant death
- B.
  
  Reproductive death
- C.
  
  Chromosome breakage
- D.
  
  B and c
- E.
  
  A, b, and c
Correct Answer
E. A, b, and c

Explanation
Ionizing radiation can adversely affect the cell by causing damage to the cell's nucleus. This damage can manifest in several ways, including instant death of the cell, reproductive death (where the cell is unable to divide and reproduce), and chromosome breakage. Therefore, all options a, b, and c are correct as they represent different ways in which the cell can be affected by ionizing radiation.

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22.

Radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means?
- A.
  
  Interacting with somatic cells of only one parent
- B.
  
  Interacting with somatic cells of both parents
- C.
  
  Altering the essential base cosing sequence of DNA
- D.
  
  None of the above
Correct Answer
C. Altering the essential base cosing sequence of DNA

Explanation
Radiation can induce genetic damage by altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA. When exposed to radiation, the high-energy particles or waves can cause breaks in the DNA strands, leading to mutations or changes in the genetic code. These mutations can disrupt the normal functioning of genes, potentially leading to genetic disorders or diseases. Therefore, altering the essential base coding sequence of DNA is a valid explanation for how radiation can induce genetic damage.

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23.

Radiation damage is observed on which of the following three levels
- A.
  
  Molecular, cellular, and inorganic
- B.
  
  Molecular, cellular, and organic
- C.
  
  Microscopic, molecular, and organic
- D.
  
  Organic, inorganic, and cellular
Correct Answer
B. Molecular, cellular, and organic

Explanation
Radiation damage can occur at different levels, including molecular, cellular, and organic. At the molecular level, radiation can cause changes in the structure and function of molecules, such as DNA damage. At the cellular level, radiation can lead to the death or malfunction of cells, affecting their ability to perform vital functions. At the organic level, radiation damage can manifest as tissue and organ damage, leading to various health issues. Therefore, the correct answer is molecular, cellular, and organic.

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24.

The average energy deposited per unit length of track through a medium is called:
- A.
  
  Relative biologic effectiveness
- B.
  
  Oxygen enhancement ratio
- C.
  
  Linear energy transfer
- D.
  
  Radiation energy effectiveness
Correct Answer
C. Linear energy transfer

Explanation
Linear energy transfer (LET) refers to the average energy deposited per unit length of track through a medium by ionizing radiation. It is a measure of the ability of radiation to deposit energy in a material as it passes through it. LET is an important concept in radiation biology and is used to assess the biological effects of different types of radiation. It is not to be confused with relative biologic effectiveness or oxygen enhancement ratio, which are different measures of radiation effectiveness. Radiation energy effectiveness is not a recognized term in the field of radiation biology.

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25.

The combined processes of ____and ____contribute to recovery from sublethal radiation damage.
- A.
  
  Repair and repopulation
- B.
  
  Repair and degeneration
- C.
  
  Repair and renovation
- D.
  
  Repair and Restoration
Correct Answer
A. Repair and repopulation

Explanation
The combined processes of repair and repopulation contribute to recovery from sublethal radiation damage. Repair involves the restoration of damaged cells and tissues, while repopulation refers to the replenishment of cells through cell division and growth. Together, these processes help to restore the normal functioning of the body after radiation damage.

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26.

The "direct git" (Target) theory of cell irradiation can be described by which of the following statements?
- A.
  
  The DNA molecule is struck
- B.
  
  The cell nucleus is struck
- C.
  
  The cytoplasm is struck
- D.
  
  The cell is ionized
Correct Answer
A. The DNA molecule is struck

Explanation
In the "direct git" theory of cell irradiation, the correct statement is that the DNA molecule is struck. This theory suggests that when cells are irradiated, the radiation directly interacts with the DNA molecule, causing damage to its structure and function. This can lead to various cellular effects, including mutations, cell death, or the development of cancer. The other statements, such as the cell nucleus or cytoplasm being struck or the cell being ionized, do not accurately describe the "direct git" theory of cell irradiation.

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27.

The hydroxyl radical may bond with another hydroxyl radical and form ___ _____, a substance (bleach) that is poisonous to the cell.
- A.
  
  Hydrogen peroxide
- B.
  
  Sodium chloride
- C.
  
  Carbon tetrachloride
- D.
  
  Sodium bicarbonate
Correct Answer
A. Hydrogen peroxide

Explanation
The hydroxyl radical can combine with another hydroxyl radical to form hydrogen peroxide, which is a substance that is poisonous to the cell.

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28.

The interaction of radiation with water is termed
- A.
  
  Hemodyalysis of water
- B.
  
  Radiolysis of water
- C.
  
  Nuclear magnetic resonance of water
- D.
  
  Thermodynamics of water
Correct Answer
B. Radiolysis of water

Explanation
Radiolysis of water refers to the process of breaking down water molecules into smaller components by the interaction with radiation. This can occur with various types of radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, or high-energy particles. During radiolysis, the water molecules can be ionized and produce highly reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (OH·) and hydrogen radicals (H·). These reactive species can then go on to participate in various chemical reactions, including the oxidation or reduction of other molecules. Radiolysis of water is an important process in radiation chemistry and has various applications in fields such as radiation therapy and nuclear power.

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29.

Lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as
- A.
  
  LD 50/30
- B.
  
  LD 50/60
- C.
  
  LD 50/90
- D.
  
  LD 50/120
Correct Answer
B. LD 50/60

Explanation
LD 50/60 refers to the lethal dose of ionizing radiation that would result in the death of 50% of the exposed population within 60 days. This measure is commonly used to assess the potential harm of radiation exposure on humans. It indicates that if a group of individuals were exposed to this specific dose of radiation, half of them would die within a two-month period.

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30.

The loss of hair after exposure to large amounts of radiation is termed:
- A.
  
  Epitaxis
- B.
  
  Epilation
- C.
  
  Bromidrosis
- D.
  
  Erythema
Correct Answer
B. Epilation

Explanation
Epilation refers to the loss of hair after exposure to large amounts of radiation. This can occur due to the damaging effects of radiation on hair follicles, leading to hair loss. Epitaxis refers to nosebleeds, bromidrosis refers to foul-smelling sweat, and erythema refers to redness of the skin.

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31.

Unquestionably the most sensitive period to radiation exposure occurs:
- A.
  
  During adolescence
- B.
  
  Before puberty
- C.
  
  After birth
- D.
  
  Before birth
Correct Answer
D. Before birth

Explanation
The correct answer is before birth. This is because during the early stages of pregnancy, when the fetus is developing, it is extremely vulnerable to the harmful effects of radiation exposure. The rapidly dividing cells and developing organs are more susceptible to damage, which can lead to birth defects or other health issues. Therefore, it is crucial to minimize radiation exposure during pregnancy to ensure the healthy development of the fetus.

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32.

What do the letters "RBE" stand for?
- A.
  
  Relative biologic effectiveness
- B.
  
  Radiosensitive biologic effect
- C.
  
  Radioactive biologic energy
- D.
  
  Radiation bypass effect
Correct Answer
A. Relative biologic effectiveness

Explanation
The letters "RBE" stand for Relative biologic effectiveness. This term refers to the measurement of the effectiveness of a particular type of radiation in causing biological damage compared to a standard type of radiation. It is used in radiation therapy to determine the appropriate dosage of radiation needed to treat a specific condition or tumor.

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33.

Which of the following is considered to be low-LET radiation 1. x-rays2. alpha3. gamma
- A.
  
  1 only
- B.
  
  2 only
- C.
  
  1 and 3
- D.
  
  2 and 3
- E.
  
  1,2, and 3
Correct Answer
C. 1 and 3

Explanation
X-rays and gamma rays are considered to be low-LET (Linear Energy Transfer) radiation. Low-LET radiation refers to radiation with low ionizing power and is less damaging to living tissues compared to high-LET radiation. Alpha particles, on the other hand, are high-LET radiation and have a higher ionizing power, making them more damaging to tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is 1 and 3, as x-rays and gamma rays are low-LET radiation.

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34.

Whcich of the following are classified as High -LET radiation1. Alpha2. Gamma3. X-rays
- A.
  
  1 only
- B.
  
  2 only
- C.
  
  3 only
- D.
  
  1, 2, and 3
Correct Answer
A. 1 only

Explanation
High-LET radiation refers to radiation that has a high linear energy transfer, meaning it transfers a large amount of energy to the surrounding tissue as it passes through. Alpha particles, which are made up of two protons and two neutrons, have a high LET due to their large mass and charge. On the other hand, gamma rays and X-rays have a low LET because they are electromagnetic radiation and do not have mass or charge. Therefore, only alpha particles (option 1) are classified as high-LET radiation.

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35.

Whcich of the following are classifed as early (acute) somatic effects of ionizing radiation?
- A.
  
  Erythema, cataractogenesis, life span shortening
- B.
  
  Nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders
- C.
  
  Male and female sterility, embryologic effects, carcinogensis
- D.
  
  Blood disorders, fever, nonspecific life span shortening
Correct Answer
B. Nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders

Explanation
The correct answer is "Nausea, epilation, intestinal disorders." These are classified as early (acute) somatic effects of ionizing radiation. Nausea refers to the feeling of sickness or vomiting, epilation is the loss of hair, and intestinal disorders refer to any abnormalities or issues in the digestive system. These effects occur shortly after exposure to ionizing radiation and are considered acute because they occur within a short period of time.

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36.

Which of the following are the common symptoms associated with a large radiation whole-body absorbed dose to the hematopoietic system 1. Reduced number of circulating blood cells2. Increased susceptibility to infection 3. Longer coagulation time
- A.
  
  1 only
- B.
  
  1 and 2
- C.
  
  2 and 3
- D.
  
  3 only
- E.
  
  1, 2, and 3
Correct Answer
E. 1, 2, and 3

Explanation
A large radiation whole-body absorbed dose to the hematopoietic system can lead to reduced number of circulating blood cells, increased susceptibility to infection, and longer coagulation time. This is because radiation can damage the bone marrow, where blood cells are produced, leading to a decrease in the number of circulating blood cells. Additionally, radiation can weaken the immune system, making individuals more prone to infections. Lastly, radiation can also affect the clotting process, resulting in longer coagulation time. Therefore, all three symptoms are commonly associated with a large radiation whole-body absorbed dose to the hematopoietic system.

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37.

Which of the following defines the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation (Conventionally 250 kVp x-rays) to the dose that is needed to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment?
- A.
  
  LET
- B.
  
  RBE
- C.
  
  Radiation weighting factor
- D.
  
  Low-level radiation effectiveness
Correct Answer
B. RBE

Explanation
RBE stands for Relative Biological Effectiveness. It is a measure of the effectiveness of a specific type of radiation in causing biological damage compared to a reference radiation (Conventionally 250 kVp x-rays). RBE is the ratio of the dose of the reference radiation to the dose of the specific radiation needed to produce the same biological reaction in a given experiment. In other words, RBE quantifies the relative potency of different types of radiation in causing biological effects.

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38.

Which of the following dose-response relationships indicates that there is no safe level of radiation, and the response to the radiation (interms of biologic effects) is directly proportional to the dose received?
- A.
  
  Nonlinear, nonthreshold dose-response
- B.
  
  Linear, nonthreshold dose-respose
- C.
  
  Linear, threshold dose response
- D.
  
  Nonlinear, threshold dose -response
Correct Answer
B. Linear, nonthreshold dose-respose

Explanation
Linear, nonthreshold dose-response indicates that there is no safe level of radiation, and the response to the radiation (in terms of biologic effects) is directly proportional to the dose received. This means that even small doses of radiation can cause some level of harm, and the severity of the harm increases as the dose increases. There is no threshold below which the radiation is considered safe.

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39.

Which of the following groups of cells are most radiosensitive
- A.
  
  Lymphocytes
- B.
  
  Adult nerve cells
- C.
  
  Erythrocytes
- D.
  
  Muscle cells
Correct Answer
A. LympHocytes

Explanation
Lymphocytes are the most radiosensitive cells because they are actively dividing and have a high metabolic rate. They are part of the immune system and play a crucial role in fighting infections. Radiation can cause damage to the DNA of dividing cells, leading to cell death or genetic mutations. Since lymphocytes are constantly dividing to produce new cells, they are more susceptible to the harmful effects of radiation compared to adult nerve cells, erythrocytes (red blood cells), and muscle cells, which have lower rates of division and metabolic activity.

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40.

Which of the following groups of cells are the least radiosensitive
- A.
  
  Adult nerve cells
- B.
  
  Nerve cells in the embryo-fetus
- C.
  
  Lymphocytes
- D.
  
  Immature spermtogonia
Correct Answer
A. Adult nerve cells

Explanation
Adult nerve cells are the least radiosensitive because they have already reached their mature state and are no longer actively dividing or undergoing rapid growth and development. Radiosensitivity refers to the susceptibility of cells to damage caused by radiation, and cells that are actively dividing or undergoing growth and development are more sensitive to radiation. Therefore, adult nerve cells, which are in a stable and mature state, are less likely to be affected by radiation compared to nerve cells in the embryo-fetus, lymphocytes, or immature spermatogonia.

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41.

Which of the following is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation?
- A.
  
  Hypoxic cell measurement curve
- B.
  
  Radiolysis of water
- C.
  
  Radiation dose-response curve
- D.
  
  Cell survival curve
Correct Answer
D. Cell survival curve

Explanation
The cell survival curve is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation. It shows the relationship between the radiation dose and the proportion of cells that survive after exposure. By plotting the cell survival rate against the radiation dose, the curve can provide information about the cell's response to radiation, including its sensitivity and potential for survival. This curve is commonly used in radiation biology and radiation therapy to understand the effects of radiation on different types of cells.

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42.

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?
- A.
  
  Carcinogenic syndrome
- B.
  
  Hematpoietic syndrome
- C.
  
  Gastrointestinal syndrome
- D.
  
  Cerebrovascular system syndrome
Correct Answer
A. Carcinogenic syndrome

Explanation
Carcinogenic syndrome is not a form of acute radiation syndrome because it refers to the development of cancer due to exposure to radiation, rather than the immediate effects of radiation exposure. Acute radiation syndrome, on the other hand, includes hematopoietic syndrome, gastrointestinal syndrome, and cerebrovascular system syndrome, which are all characterized by specific symptoms and effects on the body shortly after exposure to high levels of radiation.

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43.

Which of the following is true concerning oxygen pressure and how it relates to tissue sensitivity and radiation exposure?
- A.
  
  The lower the oxygen pressure, the greater the sensitivity
- B.
  
  The higher the oxygen pressure, the lower the sensitivity
- C.
  
  The higher the oxygen pressure, the greater the sensitivity
- D.
  
  Oxygen pressure and tissue sensitivity depend on the body temperature
Correct Answer
C. The higher the oxygen pressure, the greater the sensitivity

Explanation
The higher the oxygen pressure, the greater the sensitivity. This means that when there is a higher level of oxygen pressure, tissues are more sensitive to radiation exposure. This is because oxygen molecules can interact with radiation and create reactive oxygen species, which can cause damage to cells and tissues. Therefore, higher oxygen pressure increases the likelihood of radiation-induced damage.

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44.

Which of the following may be used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation?
- A.
  
  Covalent cross-linking
- B.
  
  Bergonie -Tribondeau Law
- C.
  
  Programed cell death
- D.
  
  Target Theory
Correct Answer
D. Target Theory

Explanation
The Target Theory may be used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation. According to this theory, radiation causes damage to specific target molecules within cells, such as DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. When these target molecules are damaged, it can lead to cell death or various abnormalities. This theory helps to explain the specific effects of radiation on cells and provides a framework for understanding the mechanisms behind radiation-induced damage.

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45.

Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings?
- A.
  
  Cerebrovascular
- B.
  
  Gastrointestinal
- C.
  
  Hematopoietic
- D.
  
  Skeletal
Correct Answer
C. Hematopoietic

Explanation
The hematopoietic system is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings. This system is responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Radiation can damage the DNA within these cells, leading to a decrease in their production and function. This can result in a weakened immune system, anemia, and an increased risk of infection and bleeding. Therefore, the hematopoietic system is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of radiation.

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46.

Which of the following describes tha ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived enviroment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions?
- A.
  
  OER (oxygen enhancement ratio)
- B.
  
  OBER (oxygen biologic effectiveness ratio)
- C.
  
  ODRR (oxygen dose-response relationship)
- D.
  
  OTR (oxygen threshold ratio)
Correct Answer
A. OER (oxygen enhancement ratio)

Explanation
The correct answer is OER (oxygen enhancement ratio). OER describes the ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biological response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived environment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions. This ratio helps to quantify the effect of oxygen on the biological response to radiation.

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47.

Which of the following blood cells is the most radiosensitive in the body?
- A.
  
  Erythrocytes
- B.
  
  Granulocytes
- C.
  
  Lymphocytes
- D.
  
  Thrombocytes
Correct Answer
C. LympHocytes

Explanation
Lymphocytes are the most radiosensitive blood cells in the body. This is because they have a high rate of cell division and a shorter lifespan compared to other blood cells. Radiation can damage the DNA of rapidly dividing cells, leading to cell death or genetic mutations. Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the immune system, so their sensitivity to radiation can have significant implications for overall health.

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48.

With respect to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which of the following would best complete this statement? The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the ______.
- A.
  
  Least reproductive activity, shortest miototic phases, and most maturity
- B.
  
  Greatest reproductive activity, shortest mitotic phases, and most maturity
- C.
  
  Greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity
- D.
  
  Least reproductive activity, shortest mitotic phases, and least maturity
Correct Answer
C. Greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic pHases, and least maturity

Explanation
According to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, the most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells that have the greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity. This means that cells that are actively dividing and have a longer duration of cell division are more susceptible to radiation damage. Additionally, cells that are less differentiated or less mature are also more sensitive to radiation. Therefore, the combination of greatest reproductive activity, longest mitotic phases, and least maturity makes the cells more vulnerable to radiation effects.

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49.

Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects?
- A.
  
  Nausea nad vomiting
- B.
  
  Epilation and fatigue
- C.
  
  Diarrhea and leukopenia
- D.
  
  Cancer and genetic defects
Correct Answer
D. Cancer and genetic defects

Explanation
Stochastic effects refer to random and unpredictable outcomes that occur as a result of exposure to certain factors. In this case, cancer and genetic defects are examples of stochastic effects because they can occur randomly and are not directly linked to a specific cause. Nausea and vomiting, epilation and fatigue, and diarrhea and leukopenia are not examples of stochastic effects as they are more likely to have a direct cause and are not random or unpredictable in nature.

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Jul 19, 2009

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Cell Bio Study Guide

Which of the following is the major function of the process of meiosis?

The DNA macromolecule, the sequence of ________ determines the characteristics of every living thing.

In the human cell, protein sunthesis occurs in which of the following locations?

Which of the following is a process of reduction cell division

Which of the following produces antibodies

Which of the following cellular organelles function as cellular garbage disposals

The nucleolus contains which of the following

Radiation induced chromosomes damage may be evaluated during which of the following processes

THe cytoplasm makes up the bulk of the cell and containes a number of intracellular structures, which include:1. Endoplasmic reticulum 2. mitochondria3. ribosomes4. lysosomes

The process of reduction division of the Germ cells that reduces the number of chromosomes from 46 to 23 is termed:

The nucleic acid that serves as the command or control molecule for cell function is the:

_________are also called fat, serves as a thermal insulator, and as fuel for the body by providing energy stores.

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, cells do which of the following?

Somatic cells divid through the process of

Chemical secretions that are manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the blood stream to influence the activities or other parts of the body are termed.

DNA regulates cellular activity indirectly by reproducing itself in the form of ________to carry genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes located in the cytoplasm.

A radiation exposure to which of the following systems will most likely result in damage to the blood forming organs?

Genetic effects from the exposure to ionizing radiation occur as a result of radiation-induced damage to the DNA molecule in which of the following?1. sperm of an adult male2. ova of an adult female3. somatic cells of male and female adults

If the human injury is not observable for many months or years, after radiation exposure, the radiation response (damage) is termed:

Intestinal Crypt cells fall in the high radiosensitive category. Which of the following cell types also fall in the high radiosensitive category?

Ionizing radiation can adversly affect the cell. Damage to the cell's nucleus reveals itself in which of the following ways?

Radiation can induce genetic damage by which of the following means?

Radiation damage is observed on which of the following three levels

The average energy deposited per unit length of track through a medium is called:

The combined processes of ____and ____contribute to recovery from sublethal radiation damage.

The "direct git" (Target) theory of cell irradiation can be described by which of the following statements?

The hydroxyl radical may bond with another hydroxyl radical and form ___ _____, a substance (bleach) that is poisonous to the cell.

The interaction of radiation with water is termed

Lethal dose of ionizing radiation for humans is usually given as

The loss of hair after exposure to large amounts of radiation is termed:

Unquestionably the most sensitive period to radiation exposure occurs:

What do the letters "RBE" stand for?

Which of the following is considered to be low-LET radiation 1. x-rays2. alpha3. gamma

Whcich of the following are classified as High -LET radiation1. Alpha2. Gamma3. X-rays

Whcich of the following are classifed as early (acute) somatic effects of ionizing radiation?

Which of the following are the common symptoms associated with a large radiation whole-body absorbed dose to the hematopoietic system 1. Reduced number of circulating blood cells2. Increased susceptibility to infection 3. Longer coagulation time

Which of the following defines the ratio of the dose of a reference radiation (Conventionally 250 kVp x-rays) to the dose that is needed to produce the same biologic reaction in a given experiment?

Which of the following dose-response relationships indicates that there is no safe level of radiation, and the response to the radiation (interms of biologic effects) is directly proportional to the dose received?

Which of the following groups of cells are most radiosensitive

Which of the following groups of cells are the least radiosensitive

Which of the following is a method of displaying the sensitivity of a particular type of cell to radiation?

Which of the following is not a form of acute radiation syndrome?

Which of the following is true concerning oxygen pressure and how it relates to tissue sensitivity and radiation exposure?

Which of the following may be used to explain cell death and nonfatal cell abnormalities caused by exposure to radiation?

Which of the following systems is the most radiosensitive vital organ system in human beings?

Which of the following describes tha ratio of the radiation dose required to cause a particular biologic response of cells or organisms in an oxygen-deprived enviroment to the radiation dose required to cause an identical response under normal oxygenated conditions?

Which of the following blood cells is the most radiosensitive in the body?

With respect to the Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau, which of the following would best complete this statement? The most pronounced radiation effects occur in cells having the ______.

Which of the following are examples of stochastic effects?

The combined processes of and contribute to recovery from sublethal radiation damage.

The hydroxyl radical may bond with another hydroxyl radical and form _ ___, a substance (bleach) that is poisonous to the cell.