Chapter 3 Physiological Psychology Mid-term Study Quiz

Cerebrospinal fluid is not a meninges. The meninges are three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, namely the dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid, on the other hand, is a clear, colorless fluid that circulates within the meninges, providing cushioning and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord. It is not a membrane itself, but rather a fluid contained within the meninges.

The subarachnoid space is a space located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, two of the three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a clear and colorless fluid that acts as a cushion to protect the brain and spinal cord from injury. CSF also helps to remove waste products from the brain and provides nutrients and hormones to the nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrospinal fluid.

White matter in the brain is that color because of the myelinated axons. Myelin is a fatty substance that surrounds and insulates the axons, which are the long projections of nerve cells. This myelin sheath gives the axons a white appearance. The myelin helps to increase the speed and efficiency of nerve signal transmission, allowing for faster communication between different areas of the brain. Therefore, the presence of myelinated axons is responsible for the white color of the brain's white matter.

The forebrain is the anterior part of the brain and is responsible for many higher-order functions such as cognition, memory, and emotion. It consists of two main regions: the telencephalon and the diencephalon. The telencephalon is the largest part of the forebrain and includes structures such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system. The diencephalon is located beneath the telencephalon and contains structures such as the thalamus and hypothalamus. Together, the telencephalon and diencephalon play crucial roles in processing sensory information, regulating behavior, and maintaining homeostasis.

The primary motor cortex is found in the frontal lobe of the brain. This region is responsible for planning, executing, and controlling voluntary movements of the body. It receives information from other parts of the brain and sends signals to the muscles to initiate movement. Damage to the primary motor cortex can lead to motor deficits, such as weakness or paralysis on the opposite side of the body.

The hindbrain is one of the three major divisions of the brain, located at the posterior end. It consists of the metencephalon and myelencephalon. The metencephalon is responsible for functions such as motor control, balance, and coordination. It contains structures like the pons and cerebellum. The myelencephalon, also known as the medulla oblongata, is responsible for vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure regulation. Together, the metencephalon and myelencephalon play crucial roles in maintaining basic bodily functions and coordinating movement.

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for activities associated with the expenditure of energy. This division prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, such as increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and releasing adrenaline. These actions help to mobilize energy and resources in response to stress or danger.

The correct answer is "top of your head" because the term "dorsal" refers to the back side of the body. In humans, the top of the head is located on the back side, while the face, left foot, and stomach are located on the ventral or front side of the body.

Nerves are large bundles of axons that connect one location in the central nervous system (CNS) to another location in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They transmit signals between the brain and spinal cord (CNS) and the rest of the body (PNS), allowing for communication and coordination of bodily functions.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for respiration. It is a part of the brainstem that controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. It contains neurons that regulate the muscles involved in breathing and also monitors the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood. Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in respiratory problems and can be life-threatening.

The correct answer is "the central cell organelle that stores DNA/RNA." The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the cell's genetic material, which is stored in the form of DNA or RNA. The nucleus plays a crucial role in controlling the cell's activities and is responsible for the transmission of genetic information to the next generation of cells.

The midbrain is the part of the brainstem that connects the forebrain and hindbrain. It is responsible for relaying sensory and motor information between the brain and the spinal cord. The correct answer, mesencephalon, refers specifically to the midbrain and is the only option that accurately describes this region of the brain. The other options, metencephalon, diencephalon, and myelencephalon, refer to different parts of the brain and are not synonymous with the midbrain.

Damage to the cerebellum, a part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement and balance, can lead to difficulty standing upright. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and balance by receiving sensory information from the body and integrating it with motor commands. When the cerebellum is damaged, it can disrupt the coordination of muscles and impair the body's ability to maintain an upright position. This can result in difficulties with balance, coordination, and standing without support.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for taking sensory information from the sensory organs and controlling movements of the skeletal muscles. This system allows us to perceive and respond to our environment by transmitting signals from our senses to the brain and coordinating voluntary movements. Unlike the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, the somatic nervous system is under conscious control. The olfactory bulb is responsible for processing smell, and the vagus nerve is part of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, the correct answer is the somatic nervous system.

The left hemisphere of the brain is responsible for language processing and is involved in reading, writing, and speaking. On the other hand, the right hemisphere of the brain is more involved in visual-spatial tasks such as perceiving wholes and drawing 3D objects.

The left foot is located in the caudal/posterior part of the human body. The term "caudal" refers to the direction towards the tail or lower part of the body, while "posterior" refers to the back or rear. The left foot is situated towards the lower part and back of the body, making it the correct answer.

The thalamus is responsible for transmitting sensory information to the cortex. It acts as a relay station, receiving sensory input from various parts of the body and then sending it to the appropriate areas of the cortex for further processing. This allows us to perceive and interpret sensory stimuli such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound. Without the thalamus, our ability to sense and make sense of the world around us would be severely impaired.

The hindbrain forms the fourth ventricle. The hindbrain is the posterior part of the brain that includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. The fourth ventricle is a fluid-filled cavity located in the hindbrain, between the pons and the cerebellum. It is responsible for producing and circulating cerebrospinal fluid, which helps protect and nourish the brain and spinal cord.

The hippocampus is a member of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in memory formation and consolidation, as well as spatial navigation. It is located in the medial temporal lobe and is closely connected with other limbic system structures, such as the amygdala and hypothalamus. The thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia are also important brain structures, but they are not part of the limbic system.

The term "ipsilateral" refers to the same side of the body. In this case, it means that the left foot and left hand are on the same side of the body.

The stomach is located in the ventral part of the human body. The ventral part refers to the front or anterior side of the body. The stomach is a muscular organ located in the upper abdomen, below the diaphragm and between the esophagus and the small intestine. It plays a crucial role in the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.

The vagus nerve is responsible for regulating the activities of the thoracic and abdominal cavity organs. It plays a crucial role in controlling various functions such as heart rate, digestion, breathing, and sweating. This nerve helps in maintaining homeostasis by transmitting signals between the brain and the organs, ensuring their proper functioning.

The primary somatosensory cortex is found in the parietal lobe. This area of the brain is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information related to touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of body position and movement). It receives input from sensory receptors throughout the body and allows us to perceive and respond to physical sensations.

The face is located in the anterior/rostral part of the human body. It is the front part of the head, including the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, and chin. The face is the main area where facial features and expressions are located, and it plays a crucial role in communication and sensory perception.

During symmetrical division, a progenitor cell undergoes cell division and gives rise to two identical progenitor cells. This process ensures the expansion and maintenance of the progenitor cell population.

The cerebral cortex is a part of the telencephalon. The telencephalon is the largest division of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as perception, memory, and language. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the telencephalon and plays a crucial role in these cognitive functions. It is involved in processing sensory information, initiating voluntary movements, and integrating information from different brain regions. Therefore, the cerebral cortex being a part of the telencephalon makes it the correct answer.

By the 21st day, the ectoderm tissue has formed into a hollow tube known as the neural tube.

The basal ganglia is responsible for the control of smooth movements. It is a group of structures in the brain that play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating motor movements. Dysfunction in the basal ganglia can lead to movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, where individuals experience tremors, rigidity, and difficulty with initiating and coordinating movements. Therefore, the basal ganglia's primary function is to ensure the smooth execution of motor actions.

The choroid plexus is where cerebrospinal fluid is created. It is a network of blood vessels located in the ventricles of the brain. The choroid plexus produces cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood plasma and secreting it into the ventricles. This fluid then circulates around the brain and spinal cord, providing cushioning and nourishment to the nervous system.

The occipital lobe is located at the back of the brain, towards the posterior or caudal region. This means that it is positioned behind the parietal and temporal lobes, making the answer "caudal/posterior" the correct choice.

The tectum's superior colliculi are a part of the visual system. The superior colliculi are responsible for processing visual information and coordinating eye movements. They receive input from the retina and other visual areas of the brain, and play a crucial role in directing attention towards visual stimuli and guiding eye movements to focus on relevant objects in the environment. Therefore, the correct answer is the visual system.

Afferent nerves carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system, while efferent nerves transmit motor signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and organs. Similarly, receiving is the action of taking in information, just like afferent nerves, while sending is the action of transmitting information, similar to efferent nerves. Therefore, the analogy "receiving is to sending" accurately represents the relationship between afferent and efferent nerves.

Sulci are small grooves in the cerebral cortex. They are the shallow depressions that separate the gyri, which are the raised folds on the surface of the brain. Sulci play an important role in increasing the surface area of the cerebral cortex, allowing for more neurons and connections to be packed into a smaller space. They also help to divide the brain into different functional regions and assist in the localization of specific brain functions. Fissures, on the other hand, are deeper grooves that divide the brain into larger regions, while the tectum is a part of the midbrain involved in sensory processing.

The diencephalon is a part of the brain that is located between the cerebral hemispheres and the midbrain. It includes structures such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The hypothalamus, which is the correct answer, is a small but vital structure that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including body temperature, hunger and thirst, sleep-wake cycles, and hormone production. It also helps to maintain homeostasis and is involved in controlling the autonomic nervous system.

The mesencephalon, also known as the midbrain, is a part of the brainstem. It is responsible for various functions such as visual and auditory processing, eye movement control, and motor coordination. The tegmentum is a major component of the mesencephalon and is located in the ventral part of the midbrain. It contains several important structures, including the red nucleus, substantia nigra, and the reticular formation. These structures are involved in motor control, sensory processing, and arousal. Therefore, the tegmentum can be found in the mesencephalon.

Having the brain immersed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) does not help establish the outer layers of the skull during brain development. CSF primarily serves as a protective cushion for the brain, reducing shock to the central nervous system from sudden movements. It also helps in maintaining a lower net weight of the brain and diminishes pressure on the base of the brain. However, the development of the outer layers of the skull is not directly influenced by the presence of CSF.

The midbrain forms the cerebral aqueduct. The cerebral aqueduct is a narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles of the brain. It allows for the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between these two ventricles. The midbrain is located between the forebrain and the hindbrain and plays a crucial role in various sensory and motor functions. Therefore, it is responsible for forming the cerebral aqueduct.

Ganglia refers to a large group of cells and terminal endings in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It is not the central cell organelle that stores DNA/RNA, nor is it large bundles of axons that connect one location in the Central Nervous System (CNS) to another in the PNS.

The reticular formation, periaqueductal gray matter, red nucleus, and substantia nigra are all parts of the tegmentum. The tegmentum is a region in the brainstem that lies beneath the tectum and above the ventral tegmental area. It is involved in various functions such as motor control, sensory processing, and regulation of arousal and consciousness. The reticular formation plays a role in sleep-wake cycle and attention, the periaqueductal gray matter is involved in pain modulation, the red nucleus is important for motor coordination, and the substantia nigra is involved in reward and movement.

The relationship between the spinal dorsal root and the spinal ventral root is that the dorsal root carries sensory information from the body to the spinal cord, while the ventral root carries motor information from the spinal cord to the muscles. Similarly, sensory neurons carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system, while motor neurons carry motor information from the central nervous system to the muscles. Therefore, the analogy "sensory neurons are to motor neurons" accurately represents the relationship between the spinal dorsal root and the spinal ventral root.

Sagittal sectioning involves slicing the brain from one lateral end to the other lateral end. This means that the slices are made in a vertical plane, dividing the brain into left and right halves. It allows for a detailed examination of the structures within the brain and is commonly used in neuroanatomy studies. Coronal sectioning involves slicing the brain from front to back, while horizontal sectioning involves slicing the brain from top to bottom. Inverse sectioning is not a recognized term in brain sectioning techniques.

The forebrain forms the lateral and third ventricle. This is because the forebrain, which includes the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus, is responsible for the development of the ventricles in the brain. The lateral ventricles are located in the cerebral hemispheres, while the third ventricle is located in the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus and hypothalamus. Therefore, the forebrain is directly involved in the formation of these ventricles.

Fissures are large grooves in the cerebral cortex. These deep grooves divide the brain into different lobes and help to separate different regions of the brain. They are important for the organization and function of the cerebral cortex, allowing for efficient processing and communication between different areas. Sulci, on the other hand, are smaller grooves, and gyri are the raised folds of the cerebral cortex. Tectum refers to a different part of the brain, specifically the dorsal region of the midbrain.

The dorsal root is part of the central nervous system, not the peripheral nervous system. It is responsible for carrying sensory information from the body to the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system, on the other hand, consists of the cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system, and parasympathetic division, which are all involved in transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

When the progenitor cells receive a signal to begin apoptosis, it means that they undergo programmed cell death. This process is a crucial mechanism in development and tissue homeostasis, eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells. Apoptosis involves a series of cellular events, such as DNA fragmentation, membrane blebbing, and cell shrinkage, ultimately leading to the death and removal of the cells.

The central sulcus divides the brain into the rostral and caudal regions. The rostral region is generally related to movement-related activities, while the caudal region is related to perceiving and learning.

The metencephalon is a region of the brainstem that is composed of the pons and the cerebellum. The pons is located in the metencephalon and serves as a bridge connecting different parts of the brain. It is involved in functions such as sleep, respiration, and communication between different areas of the brain. Therefore, the pons can be found in the metencephalon.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that it is more efficient to produce an excess of neurons and allow them to compete for survival and functionality. This process, known as neuronal pruning, ensures that only the strongest and most efficient neurons survive and establish connections. By producing more neurons than necessary, the brain can adapt and optimize its neural circuitry based on experience and environmental factors. This mechanism allows for greater flexibility and adaptability in the development of the brain.

Coronal (transverse) sectioning involves slicing the brain from the rostral/anterior part to the dorsal part. This means that the brain is cut horizontally, dividing it into top and bottom sections. This type of sectioning allows for a comprehensive view of the brain's structures and is commonly used in neuroscience research to study the organization and function of different brain regions.

Radial glia are necessary because they guide neurons toward the layer of C-R cells.