Chapter 5 Macromolecules Part 2

1.

The two strands making up DNA
- A.
  
  Can't be separated
- B.
  
  Contain ribose and deoxyribose in opposite strands
- C.
  
  Are held together by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces
- D.
  
  Are attached through a phosphate that holds the strands together
- E.
  
  Contain "U" but not "T"
Correct Answer
C. Are held together by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces

Explanation
The correct answer is that the two strands making up DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces. These forces are responsible for the stability and structure of the DNA molecule. Hydrogen bonds form between complementary base pairs (adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine), while Van der Waals forces help to stabilize the overall structure of the double helix. These forces are relatively weak individually, but when combined, they provide the necessary strength to hold the two strands of DNA together.

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2.

Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are similar in that they
- A.
  
  Are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis
- B.
  
  Are synthesized from monomers by the process of dehydration reactions
- C.
  
  Are synthesized by peptide bonding between monomers
- D.
  
  Are decomposed into their subunits by the process of dehydration reactions
- E.
  
  All contain nitrogen in their monomers
Correct Answer
B. Are synthesized from monomers by the process of dehydration reactions

Explanation
Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are all macromolecules that are synthesized from smaller subunits called monomers. The process by which these macromolecules are formed is called dehydration reactions, where a water molecule is removed to link the monomers together. This process of dehydration reactions is common for the synthesis of all three types of macromolecules. Therefore, the correct answer is that polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are synthesized from monomers by the process of dehydration reactions.

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3.

All of the following molecules are proteins except
- A.
  
  Hemoglobin
- B.
  
  Antibodies
- C.
  
  Collagen
- D.
  
  Lysozomes
- E.
  
  Cellulose
Correct Answer
E. Cellulose

Explanation
Cellulose is not a protein because it is a complex carbohydrate made up of glucose molecules linked together. Hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, and lysozomes are all proteins. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to help fight off infections. Collagen is a protein that provides structure and support to tissues such as skin, tendons, and bones. Lysozomes are organelles within cells that contain enzymes for breaking down waste materials.

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4.

Nucleotides are to _________________, as _________________ are to proteins.
- A.
  
  Nucleic acids/amino acids
- B.
  
  Amino acids/polypeptides
- C.
  
  Genes/enzymes
- D.
  
  Polymers/polypeptides
- E.
  
  Glycosidic linkages/polypeptide linkages
Correct Answer
A. Nucleic acids/amino acids

Explanation
Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA. Similarly, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Both nucleic acids and proteins are essential biomolecules involved in various biological processes.

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5.

To turn a "nucleoside" into a "nucleotide" it would be necessary to
- A.
  
  Combine two nucleosides in dehydration synthesis
- B.
  
  Remove the pentose from the nucleoside
- C.
  
  Replace purine with pyrimidine
- D.
  
  Add phosphate to the nucleoside
- E.
  
  Replace ribose with deoxyribose
Correct Answer
D. Add pHospHate to the nucleoside

Explanation
To turn a "nucleoside" into a "nucleotide", it would be necessary to add a phosphate group to the nucleoside. This is because a nucleotide is composed of a nucleoside (which consists of a nitrogenous base and a sugar) and one or more phosphate groups. The addition of the phosphate group forms the phosphodiester bond, which links the nucleoside to the phosphate group and converts it into a nucleotide.

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6.

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence ATTGCA, the complementary strand is
- A.
  
  TAACGT
- B.
  
  UAACGU
- C.
  
  TUUCGU
- D.
  
  TAAGCT
- E.
  
  TUUGCT
Correct Answer
A. TAACGT

Explanation
The complementary strand of DNA is formed by pairing nucleotides with their complementary bases. In DNA, adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). Therefore, to find the complementary strand, we need to replace each base with its complementary base. In the given sequence ATTGCA, A pairs with T, T pairs with A, G pairs with C, and C pairs with G. So, the complementary strand is TAACGT.

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7.

The structural feature that allows DNA to replicate itself is
- A.
  
  Sugar phosphate backbone
- B.
  
  Complementary base pairing
- C.
  
  Phosphodiester bonding between each side of the helix
- D.
  
  Twisting of the molecule to form an alpha helix
- E.
  
  Three part structure of nucleotides
Correct Answer
B. Complementary base pairing

Explanation
Complementary base pairing is the structural feature that allows DNA to replicate itself. This refers to the specific pairing of nucleotide bases, where adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). This base pairing allows for the accurate replication of DNA during cell division, as each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This ensures that the genetic information is faithfully passed on to the next generation.

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8.

Dehydration reactions are used in the forming of
- A.
  
  Triglycerides
- B.
  
  Polysaccharides
- C.
  
  Proteins
- D.
  
  Triglycerides and proteins only
- E.
  
  All three are correct
Correct Answer
E. All three are correct

Explanation
Dehydration reactions are used in the forming of triglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins. These reactions involve the removal of water molecules to create chemical bonds between monomers, resulting in the formation of larger molecules. Triglycerides are formed through the dehydration synthesis of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule. Polysaccharides, such as starch and cellulose, are formed through the dehydration synthesis of multiple sugar molecules. Proteins are formed through the dehydration synthesis of amino acid molecules. Therefore, all three options are correct as dehydration reactions play a role in the formation of triglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins.

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9.

Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?
- A.
  
  Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide and release water
- B.
  
  Two amino acids form a dipeptide using water
- C.
  
  Fat forming glycerol and fatty acids releasing water
- D.
  
  Fat forming glycerol and fatty acids using water
- E.
  
  Making a nucleotide using water
Correct Answer
D. Fat forming glycerol and fatty acids using water

Explanation
The correct answer is "fat forming glycerol and fatty acids using water". Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down into its components by the addition of water. In this case, the fat molecule is broken down into its components, glycerol and fatty acids, with the help of water.

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10.

All of the following are carbohydrates except
- A.
  
  Lactose
- B.
  
  Cellulose
- C.
  
  Hemoglobin
- D.
  
  Glycogen
- E.
  
  Starch
Correct Answer
C. Hemoglobin

Explanation
Hemoglobin is not a carbohydrate because it is a protein. Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, while proteins are made up of amino acids. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Therefore, it does not fit the definition of a carbohydrate.

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Chapter 5 Macromolecules Part 2

The two strands making up DNA

Polysaccharides, lipids and proteins are similar in that they

All of the following molecules are proteins except

Nucleotides are to _________________, as _________________ are to proteins.

To turn a "nucleoside" into a "nucleotide" it would be necessary to

If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence ATTGCA, the complementary strand is

The structural feature that allows DNA to replicate itself is

Dehydration reactions are used in the forming of

Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?

All of the following are carbohydrates except

Nucleotides are to _, as _ are to proteins.