1.
These theories argue that the mechanical functions of the body wear out with age. Some sub-theories say that the body's constant manufacture of energy to fuel its activities creates by-products, which eventually reach such high levels that they impair the body's normal functioning.
Correct Answer
D. Wear-and-Tear Theories of Aging
Explanation
The wear-and-tear theories of aging suggest that the mechanical functions of the body deteriorate over time. According to some sub-theories, the body's continuous production of energy generates by-products that accumulate to harmful levels, ultimately impairing the normal functioning of the body.
2.
This theory maintains that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, becomes less efficient as we age.
Correct Answer
B. Generalized Slowing Hypothesis
Explanation
The theory of Generalized Slowing Hypothesis suggests that as we age, processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, becomes less efficient. This means that the speed at which information is processed and transmitted throughout the nervous system slows down. This theory proposes that the decline in cognitive and physical functions commonly associated with aging is due to this generalized slowing of neural processes.
3.
These theories suggest that our body's DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells. This may be due to fact that genetic material has a "death gene" that is programmed to direct the body to deteriorate and die, or it may be that genetic instructions for running the body can be read only a certain number of times before they become illegible.
Correct Answer
C. Genetic Preprogramming Theories of Aging
Explanation
Genetic Preprogramming Theories of Aging suggest that our body's DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells. This theory proposes that there may be a "death gene" programmed in our genetic material that directs the body to deteriorate and die. Alternatively, it suggests that genetic instructions for running the body can only be read a certain number of times before they become illegible. These theories imply that aging is predetermined by our genes and that there is a genetic program that controls the aging process.
4.
This theory suggests that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which encompasses the nerves that branch out from the spinal cord and brain and reach the extremities of the body.
Correct Answer
A. PeripHeral Slowing Hypothesis
Explanation
The correct answer is Peripheral Slowing Hypothesis. This theory suggests that as individuals age, the overall processing speed in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) declines. The PNS includes the nerves that extend from the spinal cord and brain to the extremities of the body. This hypothesis proposes that the decline in processing speed in the PNS contributes to age-related changes in cognitive and motor functions.
5.
The number of people over age 85 is projected to increase from ____________ by 2050. By the year 2020, there will be over 200,000. Projections into the year 2050 estimate that almost ____ of the population will be over 65.
Correct Answer
C. 4 to 18 million; 25%
Explanation
The correct answer is 4 to 18 million; 25%. The given information states that by the year 2020, there will be over 200,000 people over the age of 85. It then goes on to mention projections for the year 2050, estimating that almost 25% of the population will be over 65. Therefore, the number of people over age 85 is projected to increase from 4 to 18 million by 2050.
6.
The fastest-growing segment of the population is what is termed the __________, people who are 85 or older.
Correct Answer
A. Oldest-old
Explanation
The correct answer is "oldest-old". This term refers to individuals who are 85 years old or older. This segment of the population is considered the fastest-growing because people are living longer due to advancements in healthcare and improved quality of life. The term "oldest-old" specifically distinguishes this age group from those who are simply "old" or "oldest", highlighting the unique characteristics and challenges associated with this advanced age.
7.
A broad category covering several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning, which is the most common mental disorder of the elderly.
Correct Answer
B. Dementia
Explanation
Dementia is the correct answer because it is a broad category that includes several diseases, all of which involve serious memory loss and declines in other mental functioning. It is also stated that dementia is the most common mental disorder among the elderly. This explanation aligns with the given information and the options provided.
8.
Prejudice and discrimination are directed at older people, which is manifested in several ways.
Correct Answer
C. Ageism
Explanation
Ageism refers to prejudice and discrimination against individuals based on their age, particularly towards older people. It is a form of social bias that can manifest in various ways, such as exclusion from job opportunities, stereotyping, or marginalization. This term encompasses the negative attitudes and beliefs that society holds towards older individuals, leading to unequal treatment and unfair practices. Ageism can have detrimental effects on the well-being and quality of life of older people, limiting their opportunities and perpetuating stereotypes about aging.
9.
Ageism is found in widespread ________ attitudes toward older people, suggesting that they are in less than full command of their faculties.
Correct Answer
D. Negative
Explanation
The correct answer is negative because the question states that ageism is found in widespread attitudes toward older people, suggesting that they are in less than full command of their faculties. This implies a negative perception and treatment of older individuals based on their age.
10.
Erikson labeled the last stage of personality development ________________________, which is characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it.
Correct Answer
A. Ego-Integrity-Versus-Despair Stage
Explanation
Erikson labeled the last stage of personality development as the Ego-Integrity-Versus-Despair Stage. This stage is characterized by a process of looking back over one's life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it. In this stage, individuals reflect on their accomplishments and failures, and strive to achieve a sense of integrity and fulfillment. They may also experience feelings of despair and regret if they feel that they have not lived a meaningful life. This stage is crucial for achieving a sense of wisdom and acceptance of one's life journey.
11.
The most common form of dementia is _______________, which is a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion.
Correct Answer
B. Alzheimer's Disease
Explanation
Alzheimer's Disease is the correct answer because it is the most common form of dementia. It is a progressive brain disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. People with Alzheimer's experience memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with problem-solving and communication. This disease is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in the brain, leading to the death of brain cells and the deterioration of cognitive function over time.
12.
The major developmental task states that those in old age must redefine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-roles or occupations.
Correct Answer
A. REDEFINITION OF SELF VERSUS PREOCCUPATION WITH WORK-ROLE
Explanation
The answer "REDEFINITION OF SELF VERSUS PREOCCUPATION WITH WORK-ROLE" aligns with the statement in the question that in old age, individuals need to redefine themselves in ways that are not related to their work-roles or occupations. This suggests that the major developmental task for those in old age is to find new ways to define themselves outside of their work, indicating a shift in focus and identity. The other options, body transcendence versus body preoccupation and ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation, do not directly address the idea of redefining oneself in relation to work-roles or occupations.
13.
The major developmental task states that older adults must come to grips with their coming death. It is important at this stage to realize that although death is inevitable and not too far off, they have made important contributions to society.
Correct Answer
C. EGO TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS EGO PREOCCUPATION
Explanation
The correct answer is EGO TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS EGO PREOCCUPATION. This answer aligns with the idea that older adults must come to terms with their impending death and recognize the contributions they have made to society. Ego transcendence refers to the ability to move beyond self-centered concerns and focus on the broader meaning and purpose of life. In contrast, ego preoccupation refers to being overly focused on oneself and unable to let go of past roles and achievements. Therefore, the concept of ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation fits well with the developmental task of older adults in relation to their coming death.
14.
The major developmental task states that people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging.
Correct Answer
B. BODY TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS BODY PREOCCUPATION
Explanation
The correct answer is BODY TRANSCENDENCE VERSUS BODY PREOCCUPATION. This answer aligns with the statement that people must learn to cope with and move beyond changes in physical capabilities as a result of aging. Body transcendence refers to accepting and adapting to these changes, while body preoccupation refers to being overly concerned and focused on one's physical appearance and capabilities.
15.
According to Levinson, people struggle with being ________ and often must face illness and the death of their friends and loved ones. People must also struggle with the _____ of power, respect, and authority which can be particularly difficult for those who were accustomed to having control in their lives. However, there are also many positive things that occur in late adulthood. People can serve as ________ for younger people and be in a position to give advice. Old age also brings freedom to do things for fun and entertainment.
Correct Answer
D. Old; loss; resources
Explanation
In late adulthood, according to Levinson, people often struggle with the loss of physical and mental abilities, as well as the death of their friends and loved ones. Additionally, they may struggle with the loss of power, respect, and authority, especially if they were used to being in control. However, there are also positive aspects of old age. Older individuals can serve as mentors for younger people and provide them with advice based on their life experiences. Furthermore, old age brings the freedom to engage in activities for fun and entertainment.
16.
According to Costa and McCrae, basic personality traits remain _________: agreeableness, satisfaction, intellect, extroversion, and energy.
Correct Answer
A. Stable
Explanation
Costa and McCrae's research suggests that basic personality traits remain stable over time. This means that traits such as agreeableness, satisfaction, intellect, extroversion, and energy tend to remain consistent and relatively unchanged throughout a person's life.
17.
Memory is related to general knowledge and facts (examples are how much is 2+2 or the names of the capitals of U.S. states).
Correct Answer
B. Semantic Memory
Explanation
Semantic memory is the correct answer because it refers to the storage and retrieval of general knowledge and facts. It includes information about concepts, meanings, and categories, such as knowing that 2+2 equals 4 or the names of the capitals of U.S. states. This type of memory is not tied to a specific event or personal experience, but rather focuses on the understanding of the world and the accumulation of knowledge.
18.
A memory that relates to specific life experiences (for example, what year you last visited New York).
Correct Answer
A. Episodic Memory
Explanation
Episodic memory refers to the ability to recall specific events or experiences from one's personal past. It involves remembering details such as time, place, emotions, and people associated with the event. In this case, the memory of visiting New York is a specific life experience that falls under the category of episodic memory. This type of memory is different from semantic memory, which involves general knowledge and facts, and implicit memory, which is unconscious memory for skills and habits. Episodic memory is a form of long-term memory, which stores information for an extended period of time.
19.
Memory involves memories that people are not consciously aware of (i.e., how to ride a bike).
Correct Answer
C. Implicit Memory
Explanation
Implicit memory refers to the unconscious or automatic retrieval of information or skills that have been previously learned. This type of memory involves memories that people are not consciously aware of, such as how to ride a bike or how to tie shoelaces. Implicit memory is different from explicit or declarative memory, which involves conscious recall of facts and events. Implicit memory is a component of long-term memory, where information is stored and can be retrieved without conscious effort.
20.
Expert knowledge in the practical aspects of life.
Correct Answer
C. Wisdom
Explanation
Wisdom refers to having expert knowledge in the practical aspects of life. It goes beyond mere intelligence or knowledge, as it involves the ability to apply knowledge and make sound judgments and decisions. Wisdom is gained through experience and understanding, allowing individuals to navigate complex situations and solve problems effectively. It encompasses a deep understanding of human nature and the ability to discern what is right or wrong. Unlike intellectual capabilities, which can be purely based on cognitive abilities, wisdom involves a holistic understanding of life and its complexities.
21.
According to this theory, successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age.
Correct Answer
D. Activity Theory
Explanation
The given theory suggests that successful aging is achieved when individuals continue to engage in the interests, activities, and social interactions they were involved in during middle age. This means that staying active and maintaining a sense of purpose and involvement in various activities can contribute to a fulfilling and satisfying aging process. This theory emphasizes the importance of remaining mentally, physically, and socially active in order to promote successful aging.
22.
A theory where people look backward and examine and evaluate their lives.
Correct Answer
A. Life Review
Explanation
Life Review is a theory where individuals reflect on and assess their lives, often in old age. It involves looking backward and examining experiences, accomplishments, and regrets. This process allows individuals to gain insight, find meaning, and achieve a sense of closure. Life Review helps individuals make sense of their past and can contribute to personal growth and psychological well-being. It is often used in therapeutic settings to promote self-reflection and facilitate a sense of fulfillment and acceptance.
23.
Moving in with children can lead to _________ and potential loss of _____________________. Older adults may feel uncomfortable with the way their children are raising their grandchildren. Older adults also move into facilities such as continuing-care communities, adult day-care facilities, and nursing facilities.
Correct Answer
D. Conflict; independence and privacy
Explanation
Moving in with children can lead to conflict and potential loss of independence and privacy. Older adults may feel uncomfortable with the way their children are raising their grandchildren, which can result in arguments and disagreements. Additionally, when older adults move into facilities such as continuing-care communities or nursing facilities, they may have to give up some of their independence and privacy as they adjust to a new living arrangement.
24.
Assistance and comfort supplied by another person or a network of caring, interested people.
Correct Answer
B. Social Support
Explanation
Social support refers to the assistance and comfort provided by another person or a network of caring, interested people. It can be in the form of emotional support, such as listening and offering empathy, or practical support, such as providing resources or helping with daily tasks. Social support plays a crucial role in promoting well-being, reducing stress, and enhancing resilience. It can come from various sources, including family, friends, colleagues, or support groups. The concept of social support is widely recognized in psychology and healthcare as a vital component of maintaining mental and physical health.
25.
According to this theory, it's the period of late adulthood that marks a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels.
Correct Answer
C. Disengagement Theory
Explanation
The Disengagement Theory suggests that late adulthood is a period where individuals gradually withdraw from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels. This theory proposes that as people age, they naturally disengage from societal roles and responsibilities, leading to a decrease in their involvement and interaction with others. It implies that this withdrawal is a normal and expected part of the aging process.
26.
The letters "DNR" (do not resuscitate) mean that medical personnel _________ go to extraordinary or extreme efforts to save the terminally ill patient.
Correct Answer
B. Should not
Explanation
The letters "DNR" stand for "do not resuscitate," indicating that medical personnel should not go to extraordinary or extreme efforts to save a terminally ill patient. This means that they should not attempt to revive the patient if their heart stops or if they stop breathing. The decision to have a DNR order is typically made in consultation with the patient or their family, and it is meant to respect the patient's wishes and provide a more comfortable end-of-life experience.
27.
Legal documents designating what medical treatments people want or do not want if they cannot express their wishes.
Correct Answer
D. Living Wills
Explanation
Living wills are legal documents that allow individuals to express their medical treatment preferences in the event that they are unable to communicate their wishes. These documents outline specific medical interventions that the person wants or does not want, such as resuscitation, life support, or tube feeding. Living wills are important for ensuring that an individual's healthcare decisions are respected and followed, even if they are unable to advocate for themselves. They provide clarity and guidance to healthcare providers and loved ones during times of medical decision-making.
28.
The US has a _____ infant mortality rate. Parents dealing with infant death have a tough time, and depression is a common reaction. ____________ is also difficult, especially since others do not attribute much meaning to this type of death, so parents feel isolated.
Correct Answer
A. High; Miscarriage
Explanation
The correct answer is "high; Miscarriage". This is because the statement mentions that the US has a high infant mortality rate, which implies that there are a significant number of infant deaths. The second part of the statement states that parents dealing with infant death feel isolated, which suggests that the death being referred to is not a common or widely recognized cause of death. Miscarriage fits this description, as it is a type of death that is often not discussed openly and can leave parents feeling isolated in their grief.
29.
The leading cause of death in early adulthood continues to be __________, followed by suicide, homicide, AIDS, and cancer. By the end of this period, _________ becomes the leading cause of death.
Correct Answer
A. Accidents; illness
Explanation
In early adulthood, the leading cause of death is accidents, which includes car accidents, falls, and other unintentional injuries. This is followed by suicide, homicide, AIDS, and cancer. However, as individuals reach the end of this period, illness becomes the leading cause of death. This could include various diseases and health conditions that become more prevalent as people age.
30.
___________ is the most common cause of death in middle-aged adults.
Correct Answer
B. Life-Threatening Disease
Explanation
Life-threatening diseases, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke, are the leading causes of death in middle-aged adults. These diseases are often chronic and progressive, and if left untreated or unmanaged, can lead to fatal outcomes. Accidents, AIDS, and murder are also causes of death, but they are less common compared to life-threatening diseases in this age group.
31.
________ are the most frequent cause of death in childhood but there are a substantial number of ____________ as well.
Correct Answer
A. Accidents; homicide
Explanation
Accidents are the most frequent cause of death in childhood, meaning that they are the leading cause of death among children. However, there is also a substantial number of deaths due to homicide, which refers to the intentional killing of one person by another. This suggests that while accidents may be the most common cause of death in childhood, there is still a significant number of deaths caused by intentional acts of violence.
32.
The most frequent cause of adolescent death is _____________ (usually motor vehicle).
Correct Answer
A. Accidents
Explanation
The most frequent cause of adolescent death is accidents, usually motor vehicle accidents. This is because adolescents are often inexperienced drivers and may engage in risky behaviors such as speeding or distracted driving. Additionally, they may be more prone to taking risks and not fully understanding the consequences of their actions. These factors contribute to a higher likelihood of accidents among adolescents, making it the leading cause of death in this age group.
33.
After they move beyond this previous stage, people may be likely to express ________. They may say things like "Why me/her?" "Why not you?" In this stage, people may be very difficult to be around.
Correct Answer
B. Anger
Explanation
In this stage, people may be likely to express anger. This is indicated by the statement "They may say things like 'Why me/her?' 'Why not you?'" This suggests that they are questioning why they are facing a difficult situation while others are not. Additionally, it is mentioned that in this stage, people may be very difficult to be around, which further supports the idea that anger is the likely emotion being expressed.
34.
The individual at this stage is overwhelmed by a deep sense of loss.
Correct Answer
D. Depression
Explanation
At this stage, the individual is overwhelmed by a deep sense of loss. They may feel hopeless, sad, and have a lack of motivation or interest in activities they once enjoyed. This aligns with the symptoms of depression, which is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, and a loss of pleasure in daily activities. Depression is often associated with grief and loss, and it is a normal part of the grieving process to experience this stage.
35.
Resisting the whole idea of death ("No, I'm not or she's not"). _______ is a form of defense mechanism to allow one to absorb difficult information at one's own pace.
Correct Answer
A. Denial
Explanation
Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that allows individuals to reject or refuse to accept a painful or distressing reality. In the context of the given statement, resisting the idea of death and saying "No, I'm not or she's not" demonstrates denial as a way to cope with the difficult concept of death. By denying the reality of death, individuals can protect themselves from the overwhelming emotions and gradually come to terms with the information at their own pace.
36.
People are fully aware that death is impending. In this stage individuals near death make peace with death and may want to be left alone.
Correct Answer
E. Acceptance
Explanation
In the stage of acceptance, individuals near death have come to terms with the reality of their impending death. They have fully acknowledged and understood that death is inevitable. This stage is characterized by a sense of peace and tranquility, as individuals may no longer resist or fight against the idea of death. They may also express a desire to be left alone, as they may prefer to spend their remaining time in solitude or with close loved ones.
37.
At this stage, individuals are trying to negotiate their way out of death. Typically, people try to "make deals" with God.
Correct Answer
C. Bargaining
Explanation
During the stage of bargaining, individuals are attempting to negotiate or make deals with a higher power, often God, in order to avoid or delay death. This stage is characterized by a sense of desperation and a desire to find a way out of the inevitable. It is a common coping mechanism for individuals facing the reality of their mortality, as they seek to regain a sense of control and hope in the face of death.