Congestive Heart Failure And Angina Pectoris! Quiz

In response to congestive heart failure (CHF), the body activates compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac output. One of these mechanisms is an increase in sympathetic tone, which leads to increased heart rate and contractility to compensate for the weakened heart. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is also activated, resulting in increased vasoconstriction and fluid retention, which helps to maintain blood pressure and increase blood volume. Additionally, there is an increase in body fluid volume as a result of fluid retention. Therefore, the correct answer is increased sympathetic tone; RAAS activation; increased body fluid volume.

The drug therapy targets for angina treatment are to improve myocardial perfusion and reduce metabolic demand. Angina is caused by an imbalance between the supply of oxygen to the heart and its demand. By improving myocardial perfusion, more oxygen can reach the heart muscle, alleviating symptoms. Reducing metabolic demand helps to decrease the workload on the heart, further reducing the risk of angina episodes.

The correct answer is disease of the myocardium and circulatory factors. CHF, or congestive heart failure, occurs when the heart is unable to pump blood efficiently. Disease of the myocardium refers to conditions that affect the heart muscle, such as cardiomyopathy. Circulatory factors include issues like high blood pressure, valve diseases, and coronary artery disease. These factors can lead to the weakening of the heart muscle and impair its ability to pump blood effectively, resulting in CHF. Atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction are also potential causes of CHF, but they are not included in the correct answer for this question.

Cardiac glycosides bind to the K binding site on the Na/K exchanger, which leads to a decrease in the exchange of Na and K. This results in an increase in intracellular Ca levels, which in turn leads to increased contractility of the heart muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is that cardiac glycosides bind to the K binding site on the Na/K exchanger, causing decreased C/Na exchange, increased Ca levels, and decreased contractility.

Organic nitrates have the effect of vasodilation, which means they widen the blood vessels. Specifically, they cause dilation of large veins. This leads to a decrease in pre-load, which refers to the amount of blood returning to the heart. As a result, there is a decrease in cardiac output, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute.

The correct answer is "Decrease O2 consumption; redistribution of coronary flow to ischemic areas; relief of coronary spasm; improve perfusion." Organic nitrates have anti-anginal actions that involve reducing oxygen consumption by the heart muscle, redirecting blood flow to areas with reduced blood supply (ischemic areas), relieving spasms in the coronary arteries, and improving overall blood flow to the heart and other organs.

Unstable angina is caused by atherosclerosis, which refers to the buildup of plaque in the arteries. When the plaque ruptures, a blood clot or thrombus can form on top, causing partial or complete blockage of the artery. This can lead to unstable angina, as the reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart muscle can cause chest pain or discomfort. While the thrombus may not always lead to complete occlusion, it often does, which is why it is mentioned as the most common outcome in the explanation.

Organic nitrates exert their effects by increasing the levels of PKG (protein kinase G) in the body. PKG is an enzyme that plays a role in the relaxation of smooth muscle. When PKG levels are increased, it leads to the relaxation of smooth muscle, which can have various effects such as vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) and reduced muscle tone. This can be beneficial in conditions like angina, where vasodilation helps to increase blood flow to the heart and relieve symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increased PKG which causes relaxation of smooth muscle."