Cri1104 Psychology Of Criminal Behaviour Exam Prep

The three options listed - availability of drugs within a community, media influences, and parental management issues - are all risk factors for juvenile delinquency. The availability of drugs can lead to substance abuse and involvement in criminal activities. Media influences, such as exposure to violence or negative role models, can shape a young person's behavior and attitudes. Parental management issues, such as lack of supervision or inconsistent discipline, can contribute to delinquent behavior. Therefore, all of these factors increase the likelihood of juvenile delinquency.

Denial, regression, and projection are all examples of ego defense mechanisms. Denial involves refusing to acknowledge or accept reality, often to protect oneself from a painful truth. Regression refers to reverting back to childlike behaviors or ways of thinking in order to cope with stress or anxiety. Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable thoughts or feelings onto others. All of these defense mechanisms serve to protect the ego from experiencing discomfort or facing difficult emotions.

Psychological abuse refers to the emotional or mental mistreatment of an individual, causing them to experience fear, humiliation, or intimidation. Humiliation and intimidation are specific examples of psychological abuse that can be inflicted upon an elderly person. This type of abuse can have severe consequences on the mental well-being and overall quality of life of the elderly individual. It is important to identify and address psychological abuse in order to protect the rights and dignity of elderly individuals.

The correct answer is Social Learning theory. This theory suggests that human behavior is learned through observation and imitation of others in the social environment. It explains criminal behavior by examining various cognitive processes such as perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, and values. It emphasizes the role of social interactions and the influence of role models in shaping behavior. This theory is different from classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and the psychodynamic perspective, which focus on different aspects of human behavior and do not specifically address the role of social learning.

The definition of arson includes intentional or willful acts of setting fire, malicious intent, and the illegal nature of the act. However, accidental fire setting is not included in the definition of arson. Arson specifically refers to deliberate acts of setting fire with malicious intent, rather than accidental fires that may occur due to negligence or other non-intentional causes.

The motive of financial gain aligns with the typology of instrumental object. This means that individuals who are motivated by financial gain view objects as a means to achieve their financial goals. They see objects as tools or resources that can be used to generate income or wealth. In contrast, expressive individuals are more focused on self-expression and may not prioritize financial gain as a primary motive.

Positive reinforcement refers to the process of receiving something desirable or rewarding as a result of a specific behavior. It involves providing a stimulus, such as praise, rewards, or incentives, to increase the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. In this context, gaining something we desire as a consequence of certain behavior aligns with the concept of positive reinforcement. It encourages the individual to continue engaging in the behavior that led to the desired outcome.

The question asks for a biological explanation for behavior, and moral reasoning is not considered a biological explanation. Biological explanations for behavior typically involve physiological factors, evolutionary factors, and ontogenetic factors. Moral reasoning, on the other hand, is a cognitive and ethical process that involves cultural and social factors, rather than biological factors. Therefore, moral reasoning is not a biological explanation for behavior.

A pyromaniac's motive includes seeking pleasure, gratification, or relief. This means that they derive enjoyment, satisfaction, or a sense of comfort from setting fires. This motive is different from other possible explanations such as responding to delusions or hallucinations, expressing anger or vengeance, or substance intoxication.

The correct order of stages for child arsons is fire interest, fire play, and fire setting. This means that children first develop an interest in fire, then engage in playful behavior involving fire, and eventually progress to intentionally setting fires.

The correct answer is "Instrumental person." In behavioral typology, the overriding intent of retaliation is associated with instrumental person. This means that when someone engages in retaliatory behavior, their main goal is to achieve a specific outcome or goal, rather than expressing their emotions or using an object as a means of retaliation.

Physiological explanations refer to the study of how the body's systems and processes, such as brain wave patterns (EEG), abnormalities in the functioning of the Central Nervous System, and immature brain development, contribute to certain phenomena or behaviors. In this context, physiological explanations would involve understanding how these factors play a role in explaining various aspects of brain function and development.

Eurotomania refers to a type of stalking where the targets are public figures or celebrities. It is characterized by an excessive and delusional admiration or obsession with someone who is famous. The stalkers may believe that they have a special connection or relationship with the public figure, often leading to intrusive and unwanted behaviors. This term specifically relates to the stalking of public figures or celebrities, making it the correct answer in this context.

Freud's psychoanalytical theory suggests that crime is a manifestation of feelings of oppression and people's inability to develop the proper psychological defense and rationales to keep these feelings under control. This theory focuses on the role of the unconscious mind and the influence of early childhood experiences on behavior. According to Freud, unresolved conflicts and repressed desires can lead to criminal behavior as individuals struggle to cope with their unconscious desires and impulses. Crime, in this perspective, is seen as a result of psychological factors rather than solely influenced by external social structures or personality traits.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) is the correct answer because it is the only option that accurately describes the given characteristics of "a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the right of others, that begins in childhood or early adulthood and continues into adulthood." APD is a mental disorder characterized by a lack of empathy or remorse, manipulative behavior, impulsivity, and a disregard for societal norms and rules. This disorder typically manifests in childhood or adolescence and persists into adulthood, causing significant impairment in personal and social functioning.

The personal characteristics of a paedophile are described as passive, dependent, isolated, and introverted. This means that they tend to be submissive, rely on others for support, prefer to be alone, and are shy or reserved in social situations. These traits are often associated with individuals who engage in predatory behavior towards children.

In Erikson's theory of lifespan development, the 'industry vs. inferiority' stage occurs between the ages of 6 and 11. During this stage, children are focused on developing a sense of competence and mastery in their abilities. They strive to accomplish tasks and receive recognition for their achievements. Success in this stage leads to feelings of competence and confidence, while failure can result in feelings of inferiority.

The study of juvenile delinquency is focused on the part of lifespan development that includes the stages of industry versus inferiority and identity versus role confusion. This means that researchers and experts in the field are interested in understanding how these developmental stages impact the likelihood of individuals engaging in delinquent behavior during their adolescence. By studying the challenges and conflicts that arise during these stages, they can gain insights into the factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency and develop strategies for prevention and intervention.

The motive that includes an arsonist seeking power and control to boost self-esteem is attention seeking. Arsonists who set fires to gain attention and assert power over others often have low self-esteem and use this destructive behavior as a means to feel important and validated.

Eysenck's Theory of Personality and Crime suggests that criminal behavior is influenced by a combination of certain environmental conditions and features of the nervous system. This theory proposes that individuals with certain personality traits, such as high levels of extraversion and neuroticism, are more likely to engage in criminal activities when exposed to specific environmental factors. Eysenck's theory emphasizes the interaction between biological factors and social/environmental influences in shaping criminal behavior.

Lombroso's Trait theory suggests that criminals are atavists, meaning they are throwbacks to a more primitive stage of human evolution. According to this theory, criminals are born with physical and psychological traits that make them more prone to criminal behavior. Lombroso believed that these traits were the result of an "unexplained evolutionary glitch." This theory views criminal behavior as innate and predetermined, rather than being influenced by social or environmental factors.

Simple obsession is the most common form of stalking. This type of stalking is characterized by an individual's obsession and fixation on a particular person, often someone they have a personal connection with or a romantic interest in. The stalker may engage in various intrusive behaviors such as following the person, monitoring their activities, making unwanted contact, and even threatening or harassing them. Simple obsession stalking can be fueled by feelings of jealousy, possessiveness, or a desire for control over the victim. It is important to recognize the signs of stalking and take appropriate measures to ensure personal safety.

Operant conditioning is a learning process that involves the consequences that follow a behavior. It suggests that behaviors are influenced by the rewards or punishments that result from them. This process helps individuals learn and modify their behaviors based on the outcomes they experience. Unlike classical conditioning, which focuses on the association between stimuli, operant conditioning emphasizes the relationship between behavior and its consequences.

The most common behavior typology for an arsonist is an expressive person. Arson is often driven by emotional or psychological motivations, such as anger, frustration, or a desire for attention. Expressive arsonists use fire-setting as a means to express their emotions or send a message, rather than for instrumental purposes like financial gain or revenge. This behavior typology is characterized by impulsive and spontaneous acts of arson, often without careful planning or consideration of consequences.

The 'Ego' principle, according to the given answer, is identified as the Reality Principle. This suggests that the Ego operates based on the reality of the situation, taking into account external factors and consequences rather than being driven solely by pleasure or internalized teachings. It implies that the Ego is responsible for mediating between the demands of the id (pleasure principle) and the constraints of the superego (internalized teachings of family culture, morals, and values), ultimately making decisions based on what is realistic and socially acceptable.

Trait Theory was not created by Cesare Lombroso. Cesare Lombroso was an Italian criminologist and physician who is known for his work on criminal anthropology and the concept of the "born criminal." However, Trait Theory, which focuses on identifying and measuring personality traits, was not developed by Lombroso. Trait Theory was actually developed by Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, who proposed that personality can be understood by examining individual traits that are relatively stable across different situations.

During the age range of 1-3 years, individuals go through the stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt according to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This is when children start to develop a sense of independence and begin to assert their will and make choices. They explore their environment, gain control over their bodies, and start to develop a sense of self. If they are encouraged and supported in their autonomy, they will develop a sense of confidence and independence. However, if they are overly controlled or criticized, they may develop feelings of shame and doubt in their abilities.

The most common typology for a person who sets multiple fires is an instrumental person. This means that the individual has a specific goal or purpose in mind when setting the fires, such as seeking revenge, gaining attention, or asserting power. The term "expressive object" does not accurately describe the typology for a person who sets multiple fires.

A secondary psychopath is someone who commits antisocial or violent acts due to severe emotional problems or inner conflicts. This individual may have difficulty controlling their impulses and may engage in destructive behavior as a way to cope with their emotional turmoil. Unlike primary psychopaths who lack empathy and remorse, secondary psychopaths may still possess some degree of empathy but struggle to regulate their emotions effectively. This can lead to impulsive and aggressive actions as a means of expressing their inner turmoil.