Developmental Psychology (Psyc110) Exam #3 Ch 9-12

Obese children are more likely to have high blood pressure. This is because excess weight puts strain on the heart and blood vessels, leading to increased blood pressure. High blood pressure in children can have serious health consequences, such as an increased risk of heart disease and stroke later in life. Therefore, it is important to address obesity in children to prevent these health complications.

The given description of David suggests that he exhibits traits such as excitability, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and difficulty concentrating. These symptoms align with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can significantly impact daily functioning. Therefore, based on the provided information, ADHD is the most likely explanation for David's behavior.

Piaget's theory of learning focused on the child's own discovery processes, meaning that children actively construct their knowledge through interactions with the environment. On the other hand, Vygotsky's theory emphasized the importance of instruction, suggesting that learning is a social process and that children acquire knowledge through interactions with more knowledgeable individuals. This crucial difference highlights the contrasting perspectives on the role of the child's own exploration and the role of instruction in the learning process.

Selective attention refers to the ability to focus on specific stimuli while disregarding others. This cognitive process allows individuals to filter out irrelevant information and concentrate on what is important or relevant to them at a given moment. It enables us to direct our attention to specific tasks or stimuli while ignoring distractions, ultimately enhancing our ability to process information effectively and efficiently.

Intrinsic motivation refers to the drive or reason to pursue a goal that comes from within a person. It is the internal desire or enjoyment that motivates individuals to engage in certain activities or tasks. Unlike extrinsic motivation, which involves external rewards or incentives, intrinsic motivation is self-generated and stems from personal interests, values, or satisfaction derived from the activity itself. It is often associated with higher levels of engagement, persistence, and creativity, as individuals are driven by their own internal desires rather than external factors.

Children learn by observing and imitating their parents, teachers, and peers. If these individuals demonstrate healthy lifestyle habits, such as eating nutritious food, exercising regularly, and practicing good hygiene, the child is more likely to develop similar habits. Therefore, having parents, teachers, and peers who demonstrate healthy lifestyle habits is the biggest determinant of whether a child will develop healthy habits themselves.

Child-centered programs are called so because they prioritize the overall development and growth of children. These programs focus on providing opportunities for children to explore, learn, and develop their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional skills. By emphasizing development and growth, these programs aim to support children in reaching their full potential and becoming well-rounded individuals.

The correct answer is reaction time. When children shout "think fast" and immediately throw a baseball, they are testing their teammate's ability to react quickly and catch the ball. Reaction time refers to the time it takes for someone to respond to a stimulus, in this case, the shout and the thrown ball. This skill is important in sports like baseball, where quick reflexes are necessary to field balls effectively.

The correct answer is genetic vulnerability coupled with other factors. Autism is believed to have a complex etiology, with both genetic and environmental factors playing a role. While there is evidence of a strong genetic component, it is also recognized that other factors, such as prenatal and perinatal exposures, immune system dysregulation, and environmental influences, can contribute to the development of autism. Therefore, it is most likely that autism is caused by a combination of genetic vulnerability and other factors.

Girls usually develop emotional regulation ahead of boys, which is especially evident when comparing girls' and boys' externalizing emotions. This means that girls tend to be more advanced in their ability to regulate and control their emotions compared to boys. They are able to manage their emotions more effectively, which can be seen in how they express their emotions outwardly. This suggests that girls may have a better understanding of their emotions and have developed strategies to cope with and regulate them earlier than boys.

Krista's inability to understand that 10-6 equals 4 demonstrates irreversibility. This cognitive limitation refers to the difficulty in mentally reversing an action or operation. In this case, Krista can comprehend that adding 4 and 6 equals 10, but she struggles to reverse the process and understand that subtracting 6 from 10 results in 4. This inability to mentally undo or reverse an operation is characteristic of irreversibility.

Children with autism often have sensory sensitivities, and this includes being unusually sensitive to noise and light. They may become overwhelmed or distressed by loud noises or bright lights, causing them to exhibit behaviors such as covering their ears or avoiding certain environments. This sensitivity can impact their ability to focus, communicate, and socialize effectively. It is important to create a supportive and accommodating environment for children with autism by minimizing excessive noise and providing appropriate lighting conditions.

Asthma is a disorder caused by inflammation of the airways. Inflammation refers to the swelling and irritation of the airways, which can lead to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. This inflammation can be triggered by various factors, such as allergies, respiratory infections, or exposure to irritants like smoke or pollution. The inflammation causes the airways to become narrow and constricted, making it harder for air to pass through, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of asthma.

New concepts are best learned if they are connected to personal and cultural experiences because these experiences provide a context and relevance for the new information. When learners can relate new concepts to their own lives and cultural backgrounds, they are more likely to understand and retain the information. This connection also helps to make learning meaningful and engaging, as learners can see the practical applications and real-world connections of the new concepts.

Psychopathology is the correct answer because it refers to the study and understanding of mental disorders or illnesses. It encompasses various psychological and behavioral abnormalities that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. The term "craziness" is too vague and colloquial, while "insanity" is a legal term rather than a clinical one. "Mental disturbance" is a broad term that can encompass various mental health issues but does not specifically refer to the study or understanding of mental disorders.

Classification is the logical principle that objects can be grouped according to some characteristics they share. It involves the ability to categorize and organize objects or concepts based on their similarities and differences. This cognitive process allows individuals to make sense of the world by identifying commonalities and creating mental categories. It is an important aspect of cognitive development and helps in understanding and organizing information efficiently.

Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage and control one's emotions. In this scenario, the 5-year-old might stop herself from hitting another child because she has learned to regulate her anger and control her impulsive behavior. This indicates that she has developed emotional regulation skills, allowing her to handle her emotions appropriately and avoid aggressive actions.

Erikson's stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age is called "initiative vs guilt." During this stage, children begin to assert their independence and take initiative in their activities. They develop a sense of purpose and explore their surroundings. However, if they are overly criticized or made to feel guilty for their actions, they may develop a sense of guilt and become hesitant to take initiative in the future. This stage is crucial for the development of a healthy sense of self and confidence.

Piaget believed that children between the ages of 5 and 7 are in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. During this stage, they are able to think logically about concrete and visible examples. They can understand and manipulate objects and events that they can see and touch, but they may struggle with abstract concepts such as truth and justice, chemistry and physics, and questions of social justice. Therefore, the child in this age range would be able to apply logical principles to concrete and visible examples.

The professor's belief that our brains function similarly to computers in terms of learning, storing, and retrieving information aligns with the Information Processing theory. This theory suggests that the mind processes information through a series of stages, much like a computer processes data. It emphasizes the role of attention, memory, and problem-solving in cognitive development. Piaget's theory focuses on cognitive development through stages, Vygotsky's theory emphasizes social and cultural factors, and the biocognitive theory integrates biological and cognitive processes, but neither of them directly relates to the comparison between the brain and a computer.

The information-processing theory suggests that human thinking operates similarly to the functioning of computers. Like computers, humans receive input from the environment, process and store information, and produce output in the form of thoughts and actions. This theory emphasizes the role of attention, memory, and problem-solving strategies in human cognition, which are also key components of computer processing. By comparing human thinking to computers, the theory highlights the systematic and sequential nature of cognitive processes, as well as the importance of information storage and retrieval.

Instrumental aggression refers to a type of aggression where the individual uses aggressive behavior as a means to achieve a specific goal or obtain a desired object. Unlike reactive aggression, which is a response to a perceived threat or provocation, instrumental aggression is premeditated and purposeful. In the context of the question, aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or object fits the definition of instrumental aggression, as it involves using aggression as a strategy to achieve a specific outcome.

Preoperational intelligence refers to the stage of cognitive development in children between the ages of 2 and 7, where they are able to use symbols and language to represent objects and events. This stage goes beyond sensorimotor intelligence, which is focused on the development of sensory and motor skills. Preoperational intelligence includes logical reasoning, allowing children to think and solve problems using basic logical principles. It also involves the ability to think about objects and events that are not physically present, which demonstrates that it goes beyond senses and motor skills.

Mark intentionally knocking over Simon's blocks is an example of antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior refers to actions that disregard the rights and well-being of others. In this scenario, Mark's intentional act of knocking over someone else's blocks shows a lack of consideration for Simon's belongings and feelings. It demonstrates a disregard for the social norms and expectations of sharing and respecting others' property.

Developmental psychopathology is the correct answer because it involves the application of insights from normal development to the study of childhood disorders. This field focuses on understanding how disorders arise and progress in the context of typical development, taking into account biological, psychological, and social factors. It aims to identify risk and protective factors, as well as develop effective interventions and treatments for children with psychological disorders.

With concrete operational thoughts, children are able to think logically about tangible things. This means that they can understand and reason about objects and events that they can directly observe and interact with in the physical world. They can use logical thinking to categorize objects, understand cause and effect relationships, and solve problems that involve concrete materials or situations. This stage of cognitive development is characterized by the ability to think in a more organized and systematic way, which allows children to make logical deductions and draw conclusions based on observable evidence.

Janelle's parents are demonstrating an authoritative parenting style. This is evident as they have set a strict bedtime rule and enforce it, but they are also willing to make an exception for one night based on Janelle's request. They trust her to be responsible and get up in time for school, showing a balance between setting boundaries and allowing independence.

Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who are permissive. Permissive parents tend to have a lax approach to discipline and set few rules or boundaries for their children. They are often lenient and allow their children to do as they please without consequences or guidance. This lack of structure and discipline can result in children not developing self-control as they grow up, as they have not been taught how to regulate their behavior effectively.

Comorbidity is the term that applies to Henry having both ADHD and dyslexia together. Comorbidity refers to the presence of two or more medical conditions or disorders in an individual at the same time. In this case, Henry has been diagnosed with both ADHD and dyslexia, making it a comorbid condition.

This example is the best example of scaffolding because Miriam provides support and guidance to her son Ben while he is learning to make cookies. She breaks down the task into smaller, manageable steps by measuring out the ingredients and placing them in bowls, and she reads the recipe aloud to help Ben understand and follow along. Miriam's support allows Ben to actively participate in the process and gradually develop his skills and independence.

Jake's reaction to his first haircut, where he becomes upset and asks his father to make the barber stop, demonstrates the concept of irreversibility. Irreversibility is a cognitive limitation in which a child is unable to understand that certain actions can be undone or reversed. In this case, Jake does not comprehend that his hair will grow back after being cut, leading to his distress.

An IEP (Individualized Education Program) is a document that outlines the educational goals and plans for children with special needs. It is a personalized plan that is developed by a team of professionals, including parents, teachers, and specialists, to address the unique needs of the child. The IEP includes specific goals, accommodations, and services that are necessary for the child's academic success. It ensures that the child receives the appropriate support and resources to achieve their educational objectives.

Static reasoning refers to the cognitive process of assuming that the world is unchanging or static. This type of thinking disregards the dynamic nature of the world and fails to consider the possibility of change or evolution. It can lead to a rigid mindset and hinder adaptability and problem-solving abilities. This is why static reasoning is seen as a form of magical thinking, as it relies on an unrealistic belief in the permanence of things. Concentration and a focus on appearances only may be related concepts, but they do not directly capture the essence of static reasoning.

Preoperational children tend to demonstrate centration, which means they focus on only one aspect of a situation and ignore other relevant factors. This makes it easier for a magician to manipulate their perception by diverting their attention to one thing while performing tricks or illusions with another. By exploiting their tendency to focus on one aspect, the magician can deceive and fool the preoperational children more easily.

Metacognition refers to the ability to think about and reflect on one's own thinking processes. It involves being aware of one's thoughts, understanding how they are formed, and evaluating their effectiveness. This includes monitoring one's own thoughts, analyzing their content and quality, and being able to regulate and control them. Thinking about thinking allows individuals to become more self-aware and make informed decisions about their cognitive processes, leading to improved learning and problem-solving skills.

Autistic children often struggle with communication in early childhood. This can manifest in various ways, such as difficulty understanding and using language, limited vocabulary, or challenges with nonverbal communication like gestures or maintaining eye contact. These difficulties in communication can impact their ability to express their needs, understand others, and engage in social interactions effectively. Therefore, the answer "with communication" is the most appropriate explanation for the given statement.

Reactive aggression is the type of aggression that tends to be characteristic of 2-year-olds. This form of aggression is typically impulsive and occurs in response to frustration or provocation. It is often a result of a lack of emotional regulation skills at this age. Reactive aggression is different from instrumental aggression, which is goal-oriented, bullying aggression, which involves intentional harm to exert power, and relational aggression, which involves damaging relationships or social status.

Approximately two-thirds of individuals who take IQ tests score in the average range, which is generally considered to be between 85 and 115. This means that the majority of test-takers fall within this range, indicating an average level of intelligence. Therefore, the correct answer is 115, as it represents the upper limit of the average range.

The correct answer is "groups that experienced food deprivation a few generations ago but now have plenty of food." This is because when a population experiences a period of food deprivation, their bodies adapt to store more fat in order to survive. However, when they have access to an abundance of food, their bodies continue to store excess fat, leading to higher rates of obesity. This phenomenon is commonly observed in cultures that have undergone significant changes in food availability and is known as the "thrifty gene hypothesis."

The youngest children to demonstrate theory of mind in experiments are typically around the age of 4. This is because at this age, children start to develop the ability to understand that other people have different thoughts, beliefs, and perspectives than their own. They begin to understand that others can have false beliefs and can be deceived. This milestone in cognitive development is an important step towards understanding and predicting other people's behavior, and it usually occurs around the age of 4.

Metacognition refers to the process of evaluating one's own cognitive tasks to determine the most effective way to accomplish and monitor performance. It involves being aware of one's own thinking processes, strategies, and abilities. This includes setting goals, planning, monitoring progress, and making adjustments as needed. Metacognition is an important skill that allows individuals to reflect on their own thinking and make informed decisions about how to approach and improve their performance.

Personal motivation is listed in the textbook as a factor that increases the knowledge base. This means that when individuals are personally motivated to learn and acquire knowledge, they are more likely to actively engage in the learning process and seek out new information. Personal motivation plays a crucial role in driving individuals to expand their knowledge and deepen their understanding of various subjects.

Relational aggression refers to a form of aggression that involves damaging someone's social relationships or reputation. In this scenario, the three girls are spreading a rumor about Heather, which can harm her social standing and relationships with others. This behavior is an example of relational aggression because it aims to harm Heather's social status rather than physically or directly hurting her.

It is not mentioned in the question whether Joshua and Tiffany have different severity levels of ADHD or any other factors that could influence the likelihood of being prescribed medication. Therefore, without any additional information, it is not possible to predict who would be more likely to be prescribed medication.

Time out can be an effective discipline strategy when the child prefers to be with other children. This is because time out removes the child from the social environment they enjoy, which can serve as a deterrent for misbehavior. It creates a consequence that the child finds undesirable, motivating them to behave better in order to avoid being isolated from their peers.

According to Vygotsky, guided participation involves the child interacting with a mentor to accomplish a task. This means that the child is not left to discover the solution on their own or given instructions only once. Instead, they receive assistance and support from an adult until they can perform the task independently. This interaction with a mentor helps the child to learn and develop new skills through scaffolding and guidance.

Preschoolers rely on fast mapping, which allows them to learn new words after just a single exposure to them. This means that they can grasp the meaning of words after just one encounter. Therefore, the correct answer is that a preschooler learns some words after a single exposure to them.

The memory system in which signals are held for less than a second, yet long enough for one to process them further, if so desired, is called sensory memory. Sensory memory is the initial stage of memory where information from the senses is briefly held before it is either transferred to short-term memory or forgotten. It allows us to retain a brief representation of sensory information, such as what we just saw or heard, before it fades away.

Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society is "an apprenticeship in thinking". This term refers to the process of learning and development where individuals acquire knowledge and skills through guidance and support from more experienced individuals. It emphasizes the importance of social interaction and collaboration in cognitive growth, highlighting the role of mentors or experts in scaffolding the learning process for the learner.

The experiment described in the question tests the concept of conservation of number. By elongating one of the rows of checkers and spacing them farther apart, the experimenter is changing the arrangement of the checkers without changing the total number of checkers. This experiment helps to determine if individuals understand that the quantity of objects remains the same even if their arrangement changes.