1.
Ecocentrist who argued that we should protect America's pristine, unaltered state
Correct Answer
C. John Muir
Explanation
John Muir is the correct answer because he was an ecocentrist who advocated for the preservation of America's untouched and natural environment. He believed in protecting and conserving the pristine state of nature, and his efforts played a significant role in the establishment of national parks and the conservation movement in the United States. Muir's writings and activism emphasized the intrinsic value of nature and the need to protect it from human exploitation and development.
2.
Conservationist who advocated protection of nature for its beauty and usefulness; founder of the us forest service
Correct Answer
B. Gifford Pinchot
Explanation
Gifford Pinchot is the correct answer because he was a conservationist who advocated for the protection of nature for its beauty and usefulness. He is also known as the founder of the US Forest Service, which was established to manage and protect the country's forests and natural resources. Pinchot's belief in sustainable resource management and his efforts to balance conservation and economic development made him a prominent figure in the early conservation movement.
3.
American transcendentalist writer who viewed nature as a direct manifestaton of the divine
Correct Answer
C. Henry David Thoreau
Explanation
Henry David Thoreau is the correct answer because he was an American transcendentalist writer who had a deep appreciation for nature. He believed that nature was a direct manifestation of the divine and saw it as a source of spiritual inspiration. Thoreau's most famous work, "Walden," reflects his beliefs and explores the connection between nature and spirituality. Therefore, Thoreau's views align with the description given in the question.
4.
Forest ranger in Arizona and New Mexico in the early 1900s who advocated preservation of nautre's integrity. He wrote "...to keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering..." also known as the Land Ethic
Correct Answer
B. Aldo Leopold
Explanation
Aldo Leopold was a forest ranger in Arizona and New Mexico in the early 1900s who advocated for the preservation of nature's integrity. He is known for his quote, "...to keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering..." which emphasizes the importance of preserving the interconnectedness and balance of ecosystems. Leopold is also known for his concept of the Land Ethic, which promotes the idea that humans should have an ethical responsibility to care for and respect the land and its inhabitants.
5.
Ancient greek philosopher who said "the land is our ancestral home and we must cherish it even more than children cherish their mother"
Correct Answer
C. Plato
Explanation
Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, believed that the land is our ancestral home and should be cherished even more than children cherish their mother. He emphasized the importance of valuing and protecting the environment, recognizing its significance in sustaining life and providing a sense of belonging. Plato's philosophy highlights the interconnectedness between humans and nature, urging us to prioritize the preservation and care of our land.
6.
Critic of the industrial revolution who called cities "little more than labrotories for the distillation into heaven of venomous smokes and smells"
Correct Answer
A. John Ruskin
Explanation
John Ruskin is the correct answer because he was a critic of the industrial revolution and expressed his disdain for the pollution and negative effects it had on cities. His quote about cities being "little more than laboratories for the distillation into heaven of venomous smokes and smells" reflects his strong opposition to the industrialization and the environmental consequences it brought.
7.
American mariene biologist and nature writer whose writings are credited with advancing the global environment movement. In the late 1950s, this individual turned his/her attention to conservation and the environmental problems caused by synthetic pesticides. (Silent Spring)
Correct Answer
B. Rachel Carson
Explanation
Rachel Carson was an American marine biologist and nature writer known for her contributions to the global environmental movement. In the late 1950s, she shifted her focus to conservation and the environmental issues caused by synthetic pesticides. Her most famous work, "Silent Spring," brought attention to the harmful effects of pesticides on the environment and human health. Through her writing, Carson played a significant role in raising awareness about environmental conservation and advocating for the protection of nature.
8.
Acknowledged for founding the Green Belt Moment, as grassroots NGO that has planted over 30 million trees accross Africa. He/She is also recognized for her work as an activist for human rights, democracy and women's rights. In an Oct. 8 press release, the Noble committee stated that "..... stands at the front of the fight to promote ecologically viable social, economic, and cultural development in Kenya and in Africa... she thinks globally and acts locally."
Correct Answer
A. Wangari Maathai
Explanation
Wangari Maathai is acknowledged for founding the Green Belt Moment, a grassroots NGO that has planted over 30 million trees across Africa. She is also recognized for her work as an activist for human rights, democracy, and women's rights. The Nobel committee stated in a press release that she stands at the front of the fight to promote ecologically viable social, economic, and cultural development in Kenya and Africa. She is known for thinking globally and acting locally.
9.
My intuition is that the right to live is one and the same for all individuals, whatever the species.
Correct Answer
B. Biocentric
Explanation
The explanation for the correct answer, biocentric, is that it refers to an ethical perspective that values all forms of life equally, regardless of species. This means that the right to live is considered equal for all individuals, whether they are human or non-human. Unlike anthropocentric, which prioritizes human interests, and ecocentric, which prioritizes the well-being of ecosystems, biocentric ethics recognizes the intrinsic value of all living beings and promotes a more inclusive and holistic approach to environmental ethics.
10.
And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over everything creeping that creepeth upon the earth
Correct Answer
A. Anthropocentric
Explanation
The given statement suggests that humans were created in the image of God and given dominion over all living creatures on Earth. This aligns with the concept of anthropocentrism, which places humans at the center of the universe and emphasizes their superiority and importance over other beings.
11.
The tree has a right to exist, untouched. The river has a right to flow, unpolluted and undammed.
Correct Answer
C. Ecocentric
Explanation
Ecocentric is the correct answer because it aligns with the idea that both the tree and the river have inherent rights and value in and of themselves, regardless of their usefulness or importance to humans. This perspective recognizes the interconnectedness and interdependence of all living beings and ecosystems, and emphasizes the need to protect and preserve the natural world for its own sake. It goes beyond human-centric or biocentric views that prioritize human needs or the value of individual organisms, and instead focuses on the holistic well-being and flourishing of the entire ecosystem.
12.
A(n) ___ is best defined as one who evaluates an action or an ethical dilemma based on its impact on human health, economic costs and benefits, and aestheic concerns.
Correct Answer
anthropocentrist
Explanation
An anthropocentrist is someone who evaluates an action or an ethical dilemma based on its impact on human health, economic costs and benefits, and aesthetic concerns. This means that they prioritize the well-being of humans above other considerations such as the environment or animal welfare. They believe that human interests and needs should be the central focus when making decisions, and that the consequences for humans should be the main factor in determining the ethical value of an action or dilemma.
13.
A(n) ___ is best defined as one who considers abiotic (non-living) as well as biotic (living) environmental impacts when considering an action.
Correct Answer
ecocentrist
Explanation
An ecocentrist is someone who considers both non-living and living environmental impacts when making decisions. They prioritize the well-being of the entire ecosystem and believe that all components, both biotic and abiotic, are interconnected and should be taken into account. This approach recognizes the importance of maintaining a balance between human activities and the natural environment, ensuring the sustainability and health of ecosystems for future generations.
14.
___ is best defined as the knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people.
Correct Answer
culture
Explanation
Culture refers to the collective knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned behaviors that are shared by a specific group of people. It encompasses the customs, traditions, language, arts, and social institutions that shape and define a particular society. Culture is passed down from one generation to another through socialization and plays a significant role in shaping individual identities, social interactions, and the overall functioning of a community. It provides a framework for understanding and interpreting the world, influencing people's attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions.
15.
Who is best known as the founder of the Sierra club and the conservationist who urged the US President at that time to start the national park system in the us?
Correct Answer
John Muir
Explanation
John Muir is best known as the founder of the Sierra Club and a prominent conservationist who advocated for the establishment of the national park system in the United States. He was a key figure in the preservation of natural landscapes and played a significant role in shaping environmental policies and public awareness about conservation. Muir's efforts and activism have had a lasting impact on the preservation and protection of America's natural heritage.
16.
The EPA defines ___ as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national orgin, or income, with respect to the development, implentation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Correct Answer
environmental justice
Explanation
The EPA defines environmental justice as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies. This means that everyone should have equal access to a clean and healthy environment, and no one should be disproportionately burdened by pollution or environmental hazards based on their race, income, or other factors. Environmental justice aims to address and rectify the environmental inequalities and injustices that exist in society.
17.
Which American president is famous for instituting protection of the California wilderness in the early 1900s?
Correct Answer
Roosevelt
Explanation
The American president famous for instituting protection of the California wilderness in the early 1900s is Roosevelt. This is referring to President Theodore Roosevelt, who played a significant role in conserving natural resources and establishing national parks and forests. His efforts included the creation of Yosemite National Park in 1906 and the expansion of the national forest system. Roosevelt's conservation policies had a lasting impact on the preservation of the California wilderness and are still celebrated today.
18.
American school of philosophy exemplified by Emerson and Whitman which saw nature as a symbol of deeper spiritual truth
Correct Answer
transcendentalism
Explanation
Transcendentalism is an American school of philosophy exemplified by Emerson and Whitman that views nature as a symbol of deeper spiritual truth. It emphasizes the importance of individual intuition and experience in understanding the world and rejects the limitations of traditional societal norms and institutions. Transcendentalists believe in the inherent goodness of both humanity and nature and advocate for self-reliance, non-conformity, and the pursuit of personal growth and spiritual enlightenment.
19.
The concept of sustainability as applied to marine resources means we will manage these resources to
Correct Answer
B. Maintain viable populations of all fish species
Explanation
The concept of sustainability as applied to marine resources means that we will manage these resources in a way that ensures the long-term survival and health of all fish species. This includes maintaining viable populations of all fish species, regardless of their commercial or recreational value. By doing so, we can ensure the overall health and balance of the marine ecosystem, as well as sustain the potential for future harvest of commercially valuable species.
20.
The term that applies to whether or not a process can be continued indefinitely is
Correct Answer
sustainability
Explanation
Sustainability refers to the ability of a process to be continued indefinitely without depleting or harming the resources involved. It encompasses the concept of balancing economic, social, and environmental factors to ensure long-term viability. In the context of the given question, sustainability is the term that applies to whether or not a process can be continued indefinitely. This means that the process is designed and managed in a way that it can be sustained over time, without causing negative impacts on the environment or society.
21.
Which of the following characterizes the overall goal of environmental justice?
Correct Answer
D. To include ethical consideration is how we use the environment and the resulting impact on people
Explanation
The overall goal of environmental justice is to include ethical consideration in how we use the environment and the resulting impact on people. This means taking into account the fairness and equality in the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens among different communities, especially marginalized and vulnerable populations. It involves addressing environmental issues such as pollution, resource depletion, and climate change in a way that promotes social equity and protects human rights. The goal is not to stabilize population growth, eliminate polluting technologies, or solely focus on sustainable use of resources, although these may be important aspects of environmental justice.
22.
Concern for the unfair concentration of hazardous waste sites in areas that are populated by poor or minorties is:
Correct Answer
environmental justice
Explanation
The concern for the unfair concentration of hazardous waste sites in areas populated by poor or minorities is referred to as environmental justice. This concept recognizes that marginalized communities often bear a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards and seeks to address this inequality. It aims to ensure that all individuals, regardless of their socioeconomic status or race, have equal access to a clean and healthy environment. Environmental justice advocates for the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens, promoting inclusivity and equity in environmental decision-making processes.
23.
A natural resource can be considered sustainable if:
Correct Answer
C. The rate of harvest does not exceed the rate at which the resource is replaced or renewed by natural processes
Explanation
A natural resource can be considered sustainable if the rate of harvest does not exceed the rate at which the resource is replaced or renewed by natural processes. This means that the resource is being used at a rate that allows it to replenish itself naturally, ensuring its availability for future generations. By not depleting the resource faster than it can naturally regenerate, we can ensure its long-term sustainability and avoid exhausting it. This principle applies to various natural resources, including forests, fisheries, and water sources.
24.
The case study of Easter Island demonstrates that
Correct Answer
C. Failure to achieve sustainability may result in highly undesirable consequences
Explanation
The case study of Easter Island demonstrates that failure to achieve sustainability may result in highly undesirable consequences. This is evident from the collapse of the island's civilization due to overexploitation of natural resources and deforestation. The inhabitants of Easter Island exhausted their resources, leading to soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, and ultimately societal collapse. This serves as a cautionary tale highlighting the importance of sustainable practices and the potential dire consequences of failing to achieve sustainability.
25.
The most likely explanation for the collapse of the Rapa Nui society of Easter Island is:
Correct Answer
C. An unstable society brought on by over exploitation of natural resources
Explanation
The collapse of the Rapa Nui society of Easter Island is most likely due to an unstable society brought on by over exploitation of natural resources. This explanation suggests that the society's over-reliance on limited resources such as trees for construction and agriculture led to deforestation and soil degradation. As a result, the ecosystem became unbalanced, causing a decline in food production and social unrest. This ultimately led to the collapse of the society as they were unable to sustain themselves.
26.
Stewardship is an ethic that provides a guide to actrions taken to benefit the natural workd and humankind.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
The statement accurately describes stewardship as an ethic that guides actions for the betterment of the natural world and humankind. Stewardship involves responsible management and care for resources, ensuring their sustainability and protecting them for future generations. This includes actions such as conservation, sustainable development, and responsible consumption. Therefore, the answer "True" is correct as it aligns with the definition and principles of stewardship.
27.
Environmental racism refers to the placement of waste sites and other hazardous facilities in neighborhoods where the majority of the residents are nonwhite.
Correct Answer
A. True
Explanation
Environmental racism is a term used to describe the discrimination and unequal treatment of minority communities by placing environmentally hazardous facilities, such as waste sites, in their neighborhoods. This practice disproportionately affects nonwhite residents and is a form of systemic racism. Therefore, the statement that environmental racism refers to the placement of waste sites and other hazardous facilities in nonwhite neighborhoods is true.
28.
Can sustainability be reached if an ecological footprint overshoots or exceeds the biocapacity of a given area?
29.
The removal of livestock and predators, and the cessation of hunting in 1907 _____
Correct Answer
D. Increased r, allowing more births among Kaibab deer
Explanation
The removal of livestock and predators, and the cessation of hunting in 1907 increased r, allowing more births among Kaibab deer. This means that with the removal of these factors, the deer population was able to reproduce at a higher rate, leading to an increase in the number of births.
30.
The initial population of Kaibab deer in 1906 was about 4,000. In an area of about 800,000 acres, theis works out to an average density of 1 deer per 200 acres. What is the density in 1923?
Correct Answer
D. 1 deer per 8 acres
Explanation
The initial population of Kaibab deer in 1906 was 4,000, and the area they inhabited was 800,000 acres. To find the density, we divide the number of deer by the area: 4,000 deer / 800,000 acres = 1 deer per 200 acres. Therefore, the correct answer is 1 deer per 200 acres, not any of the options provided.
31.
An example of a density-independant factor would be ____.
Correct Answer
B. Cold weather causing the lake to freeze
Explanation
Cold weather causing the lake to freeze is an example of a density-independent factor because it does not depend on the population size or density of any particular species. The freezing of the lake would affect all organisms in the ecosystem, regardless of their population size or density. This factor would have the same impact on the ecosystem whether the population is large or small.
32.
A Type 1 survivorship curve is typical of ___.
Correct Answer
D. Large mammals such as gorillas
Explanation
A Type 1 survivorship curve is typical of large mammals such as gorillas. This means that these species have a high survival rate throughout most of their lifespan, with a low mortality rate until old age. They typically have few offspring, but invest a lot of time and resources in raising and protecting them. This type of survivorship curve is characteristic of species that have a long lifespan and are able to provide care and protection to their young, increasing their chances of survival.
33.
Groups of organisms with low biotic potential, such as gray whales, that produce at most one offspring every other year, a said to be ___.
Correct Answer
B. K-selected
Explanation
K-selected organisms are characterized by having a low biotic potential and producing few offspring, but investing a significant amount of time and resources in each offspring to ensure their survival. This is in contrast to r-selected organisms, which have a high biotic potential and produce many offspring with little parental care. The information given in the question suggests that gray whales, with their low reproductive rate of one offspring every other year, exhibit characteristics of K-selected organisms.
34.
The carrying capacity is the ___.
Correct Answer
A. Maximum population size that a given environment can sustain
Explanation
The carrying capacity refers to the maximum population size that a given environment can sustain. This means that it is the limit to which a population can grow in a specific area without depleting the available resources or causing harm to the ecosystem. It takes into account factors such as food availability, space, and other resources necessary for the survival and reproduction of the species. Once the carrying capacity is reached, the population growth rate slows down or stabilizes as it reaches a balance with the available resources.
35.
Unregulated populations tend to increase by ___.
Correct Answer
B. Exponential growth
Explanation
Unregulated populations tend to increase by exponential growth because in the absence of any limiting factors, such as predation, competition for resources, or disease, populations can grow at an accelerating rate. This means that the population size doubles over a fixed period of time, leading to a rapid increase in numbers. This pattern of growth is commonly observed in species with high reproductive rates and abundant resources, allowing for the exponential increase in population size.
36.
High population density can ___.
Correct Answer
D. Increase the incidence of disease transmission
Explanation
High population density can increase the incidence of disease transmission because when there are more individuals living closely together, it becomes easier for diseases to spread from one person to another. This is because there is a higher chance of coming into contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. Additionally, crowded living conditions can also lead to poor sanitation and hygiene, further facilitating the transmission of diseases.
37.
Population distributation describes ___.
Correct Answer
C. Spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem
Explanation
Population distribution refers to the spatial arrangement of individuals of a single species within a particular area or ecosystem. It describes how individuals of a species are distributed or spread out across a given habitat or geographical region. This can include factors such as the density, dispersion, and patterns of individuals within the population. By studying population distribution, scientists can gain insights into the interactions and dynamics between individuals, as well as the overall health and sustainability of the species in its environment.
38.
The innmate reproductive capacity of a species is its ___.
Correct Answer
A. Biotic potential
Explanation
The correct answer is biotic potential. Biotic potential refers to the maximum reproductive capacity of a species under ideal conditions, without any limiting factors such as predation, competition, or resource availability. It represents the maximum number of offspring that a species can produce, contributing to its population growth. Biotic potential is influenced by factors such as age at reproductive maturity, number of offspring produced, and frequency of reproduction.